...Disadvantage of Sampling through few Sampling methods: 1. cluster sampling Higher sampling error, which can be expressed in the so-called "design effect", the ratio between the number of subjects in the cluster study and the number of subjects in an equally reliable, randomly sampled unclustered study. 2. Probability Sampling: * Requires that you have a list of all sample elements * More time-consuming * More costly * No advantage when small numbers of elements are to be chosen 3. Non-Probability Sampling * Greater risk of bias * May not be possible to generalize to program target population * Subjectivity can make it difficult to measure changes in indicators over time * No way to assess precision or reliability of data DISADVANTAGE OF SAMPLING The disadvantages of sampling are few, but important. The main disadvantages stem from risk, lack of representativeness, and insufficient sample size, each of which can cause errors. Inattention to any of these potential flaws will invalidate survey results. DISADVANTAGES OF SAMPLING 1. Requires selection of relevant stratification variables which can be difficult. 2. Is not useful when there are no homogeneous subgroups. 3. Can be expensive to implement. Disadvantages of Sampling through different sampling methods: 1. Simple random sample: Disadvantages: * Difficult to obtain * Due to its very randomness, "freak" results can sometimes be obtained...
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...Probability Sampling Cultural Studies Essay A probability sampling method is any method of sampling that utilizes some form of random selection. In order to have a random selection method, you must set up some process or procedure that assures that the different units in your population have equal probabilities of being chosen. Humans have long practiced various forms of random selection, such as picking a name out of a hat, or choosing the short straw. These days, we tend to use computers as the mechanism for generating random numbers as the basis for random selection. Probability sampling methods are those in which every item in the universe has a known chance, or probability of being chosen for sample. This implies that the selection of the sample items is independent of the person making the study that is the sampling operation is controlled so objectively that the items will be chosen strictly at random. Types of probability sampling Simple Random Sampling: The simplest form of random sampling is called simple random sampling. Neither of these mechanical procedures is very feasible and, with the development of inexpensive computers there is a much easier way. Simple random sampling is simple to accomplish and is easy to explain to others. Because simple random sampling is a fair way to select a sample, it is reasonable to generalize the results from the sample back to the population. Simple random sampling is not the most statistically efficient method of sampling and you...
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...SAMPLING Definition: the act, process, or technique of selecting a representative part of a population for the purpose of determining parameters or characteristics of the whole population. TYPES OF SAMPLING TECHNIQUES: Cluster sampling Cluster sampling is a sampling technique where the entire population is divided into groups, or clusters and a random sample of these clusters are selected. All observations in the selected clusters are included in the sample. Cluster sampling is typically used when the researcher cannot get a complete list of the members of a population they wish to study but can get a complete list of groups or 'clusters' of the population. It is also used when a random sample would produce a list of subjects so widely scattered that surveying them would prove to be far too expensive, for example, people who live in different counties in the Country. Advantages One advantage of cluster sampling is that it is cheap, quick, and easy. Instead of sampling the entire country when using simple random sampling, the research can instead allocate resources to the few randomly selected clusters when using cluster sampling. A second advantage to cluster sampling is that the researcher can have a larger sample size than if he or she was using simple random sampling. Because the researcher will only have to take the sample from a number of clusters, he or she can select more subjects since they are more accessible. Disadvantages One main disadvantage of cluster...
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...BSHS 435 Week 2 Sampling and Data Collection To purchase this visit here: http://mindsblow.us/question_des/BSHS435Week2SamplingandDataCollection/2788 Contact us at: help@mindblows.us BSHS 435 Week 2 Sampling and Data Collection in Research Paper BSHS 435 Week 2 • Student described observation and measurement as they relate to human services research. • Student addressed each of the following points in the paper: o Sampling • What is the purpose of sampling? • How can you avoid bias when selecting samples for human services research? o Data Collection • Describe the scales of measurement used in research • What are the types of reliability? Provide examples of the types of reliability as they apply to human services research or to human services management research. • What are the types of validity? Provide examples of these types of validity as they apply to human services research or to human services management research. • Why is it important to ensure that data collection methods and instruments are both reliable and valid? • What are the advantages and disadvantages of: Telephone surveys Online surveys Focus groups Surveys via websites Which of the above examples of survey research you would like to use if you are collecting data and why? • The paper is 700 to 1,050 words in length. • The introduction provides sufficient background on the topic and previews major points. • The conclusion is logical, flows, and reviews the major points. BSHS 435 Week...
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...org/OurWork/Schools/Fieldwork+and+local+learning/Fieldwork+techniques/Sampling+techniques.htm Two categories of sampling techniques, and variety of sampling techniques within each category Sampling techniques What is sampling? • A shortcut method for investigating a whole population • Data is gathered on a small part of the whole parent population or sampling frame, and used to inform what the whole picture is like Why sample? In reality there is simply not enough; time, energy, money, labour/man power, equipment, access to suitable sites to measure every single item or site within the parent population or whole sampling frame. Therefore an appropriate sampling strategy is adopted to obtain a representative, and statistically valid sample of the whole. Sampling considerations • Larger sample sizes are more accurate representations of the whole • The sample size chosen is a balance between obtaining a statistically valid representation, and the time, energy, money, labour, equipment and access available • A sampling strategy made with the minimum of bias is the most statistically valid • Most approaches assume that the parent population has a normal distribution where most items or individuals clustered close to the mean, with few extremes • A 95% probability or confidence level is usually assumed, for example 95% of items or individuals will be within plus or minus two standard deviations from the mean • This also means that up to five per cent may lie outside of this - sampling, no matter how good can...
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...Sampling and data collection in research paper BSHS/435 January 18 2016 Sampling and data collection in research paper Introduction In this essay, I will discuss two ways for him to service professional to conduct research through sample lien and data collection. Through the use of research and he was there's a vessel can be better assist their clients ensuring their clients have the skills needed to reach their goals and objectives. What is the purpose of sampling Sampling allows the human service professional to research one narrow topic at a time instead of a whole group "A major reason for studying samples rather than the whole group is that the whole group sometimes is so large that studying it is not feasible" ( Monette, D. R., Sullivan T. J., & DeJong, C. R. (2011). A human service professional will receive better information through sampling; a sample is one or more elements of a population. The characteristics of probability and nonprobability "Probability sampling techniques is too sure that each element has an equal chance of inclusion"(Monette, D. R., Sullivan T. J., & DeJong, C. R. (2011). There are four aspects of probability sampling, simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and area sampling. When probability sampling is not always the appropriate technique to use "Nonprobability sample's in which the investigator does not know the probability of beads populations elements inclusion in the sample"(Monette...
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...RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & INFORMATION – STUDY NOTES Definitions: 1. BRAINSTORMING 2. CASESTUDY 3. CLUSTER SAMPLING 4. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING 5. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH 6. DESCRIPTIVE DATA 7. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH 8. FOLLOW-UP 9. LONGITUDINAL STUDY 10. NON PARAMETRIC STATISTIC 11. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING 12. PARAMETRIC STATISTIC 13. POPULATION 14. PILOT TEST 15. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING 16. PROBABILITY SAMPLING 17. QUOTA SAMPLING 18. RESEARCH ETHICS 19. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 20. SAMPLING FRAME 21. SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL RATING SCALE 22. SIGNIFICANCE TESTING 23. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING & SNOWBALL SAMPLING 24. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING 25. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING 26. CRITICAL VALUES: The value of the standard statistic (z or t) beyond which we reject the null hypothesis. It is the boundary between the acceptance & rejection regions. Eg. For a 2 tailed hypothesis test being tested at α = 5% the critical values are ± 1.96. 27. TYPE I ERROR (OR) LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE (OR) PRODUCER’S RISK (α): A value indicating the % of sample values that are outside certain limits, assuming that the null hypothesis is true. It is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true. Eg: α=5% indicates that 5 times out of 100 the null hypothesis gets rejected when it is true. 28. TYPE II ERROR (OR) CONSUMER’S RISK (β): It is the probability...
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...* CONSTANTS – refer to the fundamental quantities that do not change in value. Fixed costs and acceleration due to gravity are examples of such. * VARIABLES – are quantities that may take anyone of a specified set of values. These set of values can be classified as qualitative (categorical) and quantitative (numerical) variables. * It may also refer to any observable characteristics or attributes of group of objects, individual or events. Those variables having cause – and – effect relationships are called independents / endogenous and dependent / exogenous variables. * QUALITATIVE – are non – measurable characteristics that cannot assume a numerical value but can be classified into two or more categories. Data obtained from this type of variable come from qualitative data. * DICHOTOMOUS – consists of one or two values; example of which is gender (male or female) * TRICHOTOMOUS – three values; example is in an opinion poll (for, against or undecided) * MULTINOMOUS – four and more; example of which are the responses coming from the a survey like “Smoking Habits”(always, very often, often, seldom, very seldom) * QUANTITATIVE – are those quantities that can be counted with your bare hands, can be measured with the use of some measuring devices, or can be calculated with the use of mathematical formula. Data involving quantitative variables are called quantitative data. * DISCRETE – consists of variates (actual values) usually obtained...
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...E.63 a) An advantage would be that it would be less costly and more efficiency. And if he was trying to put up his store faster, he could do sampling. A disadvantage is sampling risk, where the sampling conclusion does not represent the overall population. b) An advantage would be that it allows you to control part of the sampling risk in which some sampling doesn’t allow. A disadvantage would be that is takes more time and money to do this way. Always a cost benefits relationship. c) 1. Sampling risk- the likelihood that the decision made based in the sample will differ from the decision that would have been made if the entire population by the necessary sample size. Non-sampling risk- the likelihood that an incorrect conclusion will be reached because of reasons unrelated to sampling. 2. Sampling risk- He make sure that is appropriately picking the right sampling size and making sure that he is evaluating the results from the sampling correctly. Non-sampling risk- Make sure that you are correctly performing the sample and correctly evaluating the sample. 3. Sampling risk- Reagan might pick a sampling that represents the overall population to be high but in reality the sample size doesn’t represent the overall population and the real represent is that its lower than that amount. Non-sampling risk- Reagan might accidently do a mathematical error in calculating the sampling result. d) Reagan would need to make sure that the households were numbered off and...
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...Chapter 4 Review Questions 1. What are the five questions typically used in fact-finding? What additional questions can be asked during this process? The five questions are who, what, where, why, how. * Who? Who performs each of the procedures within the system? Why? Are the correct people performing the activity? Could other people perform the task more effectively? * What? What is being done? What procedures are being followed? Why is that process necessary? Often, Procedures are being followed for many years and no one knows why. You should question why a procedure is being followed at all. * Where? Where are operations being performed? * Why? Where could they be performed? Could they be performed more efficiently elsewhere? When? When is a procedure performed? Why is it being performed at this time? Is this the best time? * How? How is a procedure performed? Why is it performed in that manner? Could it be performed better, more efficiently, or less expensively in some other manner 2. What is a systems requirement, and how are systems requirements classified? A System Requirement is characteristic or feature that must be included in an information system to satisfy business requirements and be acceptable to users. System requirements serve as benchmarks to measure the overall acceptability of the finished system. System requirements fall into five general categories: outputs, inputs processes, performance, and controls. 3. What...
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...Independent Variable: The independent variable is the leading/ non-leading question asked to participants. Dependent Variable: The dependent variable is the estimation of the speed (mph) of the car in the video clip shown to participants. The two variables above will determine the final results acquired from the experiment I will be conducting with my group. Controlled Variable: I will ensure that the two groups contain equal number of participants. For e.g. 9 students in group 1 (leading) and 9 students in group 2 (non-leading). Also I will make sure that participants in both groups are shown the video clip of car twice only. Design: Independent Groups Design Advantage of this design: * Easy to see variations between set of results. * Avoids order effects. Disadvantage of this design: * Individual differences e.g. age,...
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...a stratified sampling method by choosing a specific segment of the population. 2 Discuss the sample design for the Troy-Bilt/Marcus Thomas study. In order to secure a sample design 5 questions must be answered (Cooper and Schindler, 2014) A. What is the target population? The target populations were people who were yard work and home improvement enthusiasts. This is seen in the fact that the study was geared toward commercials seen during a home improvement show. B. What are the parameters of interest? The parameters were those who enjoyed yardwork and those who only tolerated it. The screening process also included age and geographic location as well as gender and television watching habits. C. What is the sampling frame? The sampling frame therefore was narrowed to those who were and were not in the market for lawn and garden as well as control products such as paint. D What is the appropriate sampling method? A non-probability sample was chosen for this study. This is shown in that there were other elements introduced to this sample method included questions about the show that they were watching E. What size sample is needed. For this study a sample size of 1000 was chosen. Since the population for this survey was varied and dispersed it would need a larger sample size in this specific study. Also there was a pretty high confidence level in the estimate so a larger population was required. 3 What are the advantages and disadvantages of the control...
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...BSHS/435 Sampling A sample is drawn from a population, which refers to all possible cases of what the researcher is interested in studying. A sample consists of one or two elements selected from a population. To select a good sample we have to clearly define the population from which we will be drawing a sample. Failure to do so can result in inaccurate conclusions. In probability sampling each element has an equal chance of inclusion. The simplest technique for probability samples is Simple Random Sampling. Simple random sampling treats the target population as a unitary whole. We might start off with a sampling frame which has a list of the whole population—or as much information as we can obtain. Next we would number the elements in the sampling frame sequentially and select elements from the list randomly. We would not know what the outcome would be, but each has an equal shot at being chosen. We can also program the computer to choose a random sample. Researchers may also use non probability sampling. In this type of sampling the researcher does not know the probability of each population’s elements inclusion in the sample (Dejong, 2011). Data Collection There are many different ways to collect data for research. Measures differ from one another in terms called levels of measurement. Nominal measures classify observations into mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories. They represent nominal variables such as sex, ethnicity, religion...
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...Question1: Is the methodology appropriate for the research objectives? What are the disadvantages of the sampling plan and the method of questionnaire administration? Our answer: Not exactly. Since we conclude that the methodology can be divided into two steps (exploratory research& descriptive research), we would compare the advantages and disadvantages of the two steps as below. Advantages Disadvantages Step1: exploratory research Sampling a group of restaurant employees. This step gets researchers familiar with the question and gathers information for further research. It needs expanding the methods. Researchers can do observation by disguising customers to get more real information. Step 2: descriptive research Surveying a randomly selected group of restaurant customers using the questionnaire. It can thoroughly describe the market characteristics, derive the proportion of different customers and evaluate future customers' response by analysing the data collected. It needs expanding the sample range and size. Researchers may have depth interview with 5~10 customers to get more real, detailed description. Disadvantages of the sampling plan 1) The sample range is not representative. It said the sample included randomly selected respondents on two different weekdays between the hours of 5 and 7 p.m. The customers selected at the time of "weekdays" and "hours of 5 and 7 p.m." cannot represent all the customers. They only investigated restaurant customers...
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...Business Decision Making Introduction Decision making is one of the very important tasks that we all have to do in every now and then. And when it is in terms of business then it makes a lot of sense incorporated with a lot of values as well as importance. Whether an organization succeed or fail this all depends on the effective decision making. Valid information & expertise plays a vital role to make good decisions. If decision is great we get good outcomes and the result is actually vice versa if fail to make good decisions. So it is quite evident that before making a decision regarding any issue we must analyze the problems and side effects and then approach for the decision making with the best alternatives as well. So in Short we can conclude that decision making is really very important for a business organization to make profit as well as to be successful in an industry. PART A P1. a plan for the collection of primary and secondary data for a given business problem From Mr. Graeme we can get to know that the passenger volume for the route 23 is not sufficient & has been proved as a losing concern. So as a result initially he decided to stop the bus service in that very route. As a partner & business consultant of a company called Capital Consultant it is my earnest duty to provide my opinion regarding stopping the bus service in route no 23 with proper evidences 7 logics to Mr. Graeme,the business development director of “Travel for London”...
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