...Bhopal disaster Co o r din at es: 2 3 °1 6 ′ 5 1 ″ N 7 7 °2 4 ′ 3 8 ″ E From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Bhopal dis as te r (commonly referred to as Bhopal gas trage dy) was a gas leak incident in India, considered one of the world's worst industrial catastrophes.[1] It occurred on the night of December 2–3, 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. A leak of methyl isocyanate gas and other chemicals from the plant resulted in the exposure of hundreds of thousands of people. The toxic substance made its way in and around the shantytowns located near the plant.[2] Estimates vary on the death toll. The official immediate death toll was 2,259 and the government of Madhya Pradesh has confirmed a total of 3,787 deaths related to the gas release.[3] Others estimate 3,000 died within weeks and another 8,000 have since died from gas- related diseases.[4][5] A government affidavit in 2006 stated the leak caused 558,125 injuries including 38,478 temporary partial and approximately 3,900 severely and permanently disabling injuries.[6] UCIL was the Indian subsidiary of Union Carbide Corporation (UCC), with Indian Government controlled banks and the Indian public holding a 49.1 percent stake. In 1994, the Supreme Court of India allowed UCC to sell its 50.9 percent share. Union Carbide sold UCIL, the Bhopal plant operator, to Eveready Industries India Limited in 1994. The Bhopal plant was later sold to McLeod...
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...Mainstreaming Disaster Management Name: Institution: Date: A disaster is an unforeseen event causing great loss in a community or society. It involves a widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts. These impacts exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its resources. Disaster management is an effort of the people to either prevent disasters, mitigate the effects or recover from disasters. These disasters are either man-made, natural or acts of terrorism. If possible communities or disaster managers should try to prevent emergencies from occurring. However, if that is not possible, efforts and resources should be used to mitigate the effects and restore the position of the affected society. For effective disaster management, the following priority actions are to be considered. Action 1: Ensure that the disaster prevention is a local and national necessity with a strong institutional basis for implementation. Institutions that develop policy, legislative and institutional frameworks for disaster risk reduction and can track the progress through specificied and measurable indicators that have greater capacity to control risks. They are also able to manage widespread consensus for involvement and compliance with disaster risk control measures in all sectors of a society Action 2: Outline, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance pre-caution. The start of reducing disaster risk and promoting a culture of disaster resilience...
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...Disaster Management and Disease Control Name Institution Disaster Management in Rural Areas Local disaster management organizations face many decisions to be made in a short period. However, the course of action is not always pleasant as the organization considers the greater good for the society rather than individual interests. This may give rise to lawsuits where the organization ignored one’s property to be damaged in a disaster to save lives of the majority. Again, acts of negligence on the part of the organization in response to emergency issues may give rise to legal action taken against the organization. In addition, employees have to show due care and skill in the execution of the emergency response activities to minimize hazards associated with poor response lawsuits. For the above reasons, organizations managing disaster have to evaluate course of action before it is executed. This involves evaluation of the legal impact each action will have. Furthermore, employee training is vital in mitigating hazards that may emerge from negligence on the course of responding to emergency. Disease Control Measures In this case, among effective counter measures is to create a barrier to prevent the transmission of communicable diseases. Towards this end, the federal government takes necessary measures to prevent infection of individuals by setting quarantines and isolating those infected from healthy persons (CDC, 2014). Evidently, this move reduces the possibility of transferring...
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...Communications of the IIMA 25 2006 Volume 6 Issue 2 Disaster Planning and Management Holmes E. Miller Muhlenberg College, Allentown, PA 18104 Kurt J. Engemann Iona College, New Rochelle, NY 10801 Ronald R. Yager Iona College, New Rochelle, NY 10801 ABSTRACT Recent events such as hurricanes, tsunamis, earthquakes, power outages, and the threat of pandemics have highlighted our vulnerability to natural disasters. This vulnerability is exacerbated by many organizations’ increasing dependence on computer, telecommunications, and other technologies, and trends toward integrating suppliers and business partners into everyday business operations. In response many organizations are implementing disaster recovery planning processes. In this paper we discuss how to identify threats and scenarios; how to articulate the disaster recovery strategies; and four elements of the generic disaster recovery plan: Mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. We then provide examples of software that can help disaster recovery professionals in the planning and implementation process. Finally we present some trends that will reinforce the criticality of the issue. Keywords: Disaster Recovery Planning; Business Continuity Planning; Risk Assessment INTRODUCTION Several major natural disasters that have occurred in the past few years have placed disaster management on the front pages: The Tsunami of late 2004, Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, and the earthquake in Pakistan in 2005 affected both...
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...Public Health Community Teaching Work Plan Proposed Community Teaching A disaster is described as an event that causes great damage and loss of life. The world is changing fast, more people are becoming vulnerable to disasters or are forced to cope with acts of violence, financial crises and growing uncertainty, often without adequate support from their governments. With new challenges to humanitarian coordination, concerns over standards and accountability, more capable states and National Societies exercising leadership over humanitarian response and presenting new opportunities to mobilize the collective resources of the IFRC in non-traditional ways, the IFRC must learn, adapt, innovate, and lead to ensure that we remain relevant and achieve greater impact with our humanitarian work. A disaster can be an earthquake, flood, fire, explosion, hurricane, or any event that is catastrophic to infrastructure and claims lives. Disasters affect the lives of thousands of people every year. Being prepared for a disaster can reduce fear and anxiety. Being prepared can also help to decrease the amount of losses that can occur. Individuals and families need to know what to do in the event of a disaster like a hurricane ("FEMA," “n.d”). Communities that consist of military bases face different risks related to disasters. They are at increased risk for nuclear accidents and acts of terrorism. For these reasons, disaster preparedness for the families of Hampton Roads Virginia would be necessary...
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...Group B: Social Media’s Role in Disaster Preparedness Social Media presence in this day and age is viral. The media not only covers so called everyday matters but also focuses on world events. Some of the most horrific and widely covered events are disasters. During times of disaster, our populations turn to some form of mass media for information. Few have not used the Internet during severe weather to check for warnings? Few have not turned on the television to check for the last developments or for directions on how to respond appropriately to a disaster? According to Veenema (2013) when asked where people usually turn to for information in the case of a local emergency, in 2007, 61% of respondents named TV; 29%, radio; 6%, the Internet; 2%, newspapers; 1% did not know. This presents the question, what is the role of mass media in the time of natural disasters? Mass media’s presence during disaster can expose a community’s strengths or weaknesses related to disaster preparedness. Media agenda is referred to as the deliberate coverage of topics or events with the goal of influencing public opinion and public policy (Barnes, et al., 2008). In the case of Hurricane Katrina, the gulf coast appeared to be in a panic. The media repeatedly highlighted the flaws in local, state, and federal emergency preparedness procedures. One should note that during this same time, there were many courageous and dangerous rescues made, all of which seemed to be over looked or over...
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...NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 1. Introduction. Pakistan is located in a region which is prone to number of natural disasters. Due to its diverse range of terrain and existence of fault lines, the country is susceptible to wide ranging hazards from earthquake to droughts and floods to cyclones. Pakistan has suffered floods almost every year as monsoon rains cause rivers to outflow from their banks. The country also experiences earthquake regularly ranging from moderate to severe in intensity. We have been suffering from drought like situation of varying degrees from many years and the coastal areas are prone to cyclones. There is no comprehensive, integrated disaster management policy at national level for dealing with major disasters like earthquake of 2005 and floods of 2010 and 2011 partially due to limited resources, economic instability and partially due to absence of well trained and equipped disaster management infrastructure. We also lack proper system for disaster prevention and preparedness that could ensure effective mitigation to reduce the loss of life and property damage in the face of a natural disaster. 2. Disaster management is unfortunately seen as provision of relief rather than the management of all of its phases and long term management of risk. We therefore need a comprehensive preparedness, prevention and mitigation strategy with a view to better manage and coordinate activities of various line ministries, departments and civil society. Pakistan...
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...Disaster Management Theory Many changes are abounding in the field of emergency management. These changes include how policy is written, how research is conducted, and how responses are being handled. Questions are brought to light such as are the four fundamental concepts of emergency management (preparedness, mitigation, response and recovery) truly guiding in today’s modern world or is it out dated? There is a delicate balance in finding the right level of emergency management and how much of it plays into terrorism and the Department of Homeland Security. Some argue that “Homeland security is a step back from the proactive approaches being recommended today, and it de-emphasizes all hazards other than terrorism” (MacEntire, 2004). Research is changing and students in academic research are finding there is more to the larger picture than many modern day professionals want to see in the world around them. Many have forgotten the past and only focus on the present, and on occasion the future. Typically, however, these focuses on the future are derived from some kind of catastrophic event having taken place that is forcing them to see a problem or error in the system they have come to rely on. They react to changes in society and bureaucratic changes in government. In fact, according to Sjoberg (1962), the government takes more control of situations and decisions after a disaster has occurred. In trying to come up with answers to how society reacts, how disasters...
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...A JOINT STUDY OF THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK AND THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK INSTITUTE Disaster Risk Management in Asia and the Pacific ISSUES PAPER Disaster Risk Management in Asia and the Pacific Issues Paper April 2013 A Joint Study of the Asian Development Bank and the Asian Development Bank Institute © 2013 Asian Development Bank Institute All rights reserved. Published 2013. Printed in Japan Printed using vegetable oil-based inks on recycled paper; manufactured through a totally chlorine-free process. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Disaster risk management in Asia and the Pacific: issues paper / Asian Development Bank Institute p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. 1. Disaster incidence. 2. Vulnerability. 3. Social and economic impacts. I. Asian Development Bank Institute. The views expressed in this book are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), or their Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB and ADBI do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accept no responsibility for any consequence of their use. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB and ADBI do not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. ADBI encourages printing or copying...
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...Security and Disaster Recovery Management Dr. Kenneth Phillips August 26, 2013 Introduction The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality has evolved from a means of recognizing and promoting exemplary quality management practices to a comprehensive framework for world class performance, widely used as a model for improvement. As such, its underlying theoretical framework is of critical importance, since the relationships it portrays convey a message about the route to competitiveness. This paper will compare how two schools us the support related to the validity of the Baldrige framework by examining both schools plans at the level of its theoretical constructs. By moving beyond the specific criteria, I seek to examine it in a larger context, how these schools and business in general can use it for strategic planning. Baldrige and Plans The Baldrige literature has been influential in providing guidance for achieving performance excellence in businesses. The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Improvement, which embodies many elements from UC Berkeley and UC Boulder strategic IT plans, offers a framework for implementing a set of high-performance management practices, including customer orientation, business process management, and fact-based management. This framework points to the interconnections between information and analysis, process management, customer management, and performance management and acknowledges that the management of IT assets...
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...IT Security and Disaster Recovery Management Every company or organization must be aware of all the risks that can occur. In order to do this, a risk assessment must be conducted. In the military, I must work to provide information to my leadership in order for them to assess a risk or threat from occurring. By understanding the risk assessment process it will provide a guideline on the thought process it will take in order to assess the risks within my organization. The risk assessment process provides an idealistic view of how senior leaders and executive will utilize information in determining their decisions on determining the appropriate course of action in response to a threat (NIST, 2011). The first component in a risk assessment process is to create a frame for a risk. This means that the senior leaders must come up with established guidelines as to how threats will be dealt with on every level within the organization. The second component is to assess the risk or threat. In order to do this, three sets of information must be gathered; what is the immediate threat, what the impact on the organization is, and what vulnerabilities will be affected by the threat. The third component is the process to respond to a risk. This is where senior leadership and the organization’s executives must determine the course of action in order to respond or counteract against a threat. The fourth component of the risk assessment process is to monitor the risk. This is the...
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...Primary prevention. For events like natural disasters, it is impossible to prevent any injury or damage from happening. All that can be done is to minimize the damage and keep resources ready at all times to provide help in a timely manner. The government should ensure the people always have access to the basic necessities of life such as fresh food, water and shelter. For areas that are prone to any natural disasters, local authorities and health workers can educate people about what to do in an event of a disaster. All of these measures take place before the disaster itself, therefore they mostly fall under the preparedness phase of disaster management. Secondary prevention. The government could provide public buildings and transportations with first aid kits. They could also make sure all the hospitals and clinics have necessary supplies and equipment that could at least treat people in the vicinity of that hospital or clinic. One thing from the journal of the GCU student that caught my attention was when there was a large number of people with fractures and casts on them but the facility did not have any x-ray machines. Medical equipment are crucial in diagnosing and treating injuries or diseases. Since all of this relates to the time immediately following the disaster, this would be considered the response phase of disaster management. Tertiary prevention. Nurses and health care workers can provide the people affected with treatment and medication. The GCU student...
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...Discuss the assertion that disasters in Africa occur when hazards and vulnerability meet. Disasters are adverse or unfortunate events especially sudden and extraordinary misfortunes or calamities. Inhabitants of sub-Saharan Africa are threatened by natural disasters. This has led to consequences like poverty and disease (World Risk Report 2013). The assertion that disasters in Africa occur when hazards and vulnerability meet is true. Disasters in Africa tend to affect the vulnerable. Natural disasters occurring in African countries undermine the economic survival of poor communities. Many populations in countries throughout the continent have suffered under the impact of such hazards, which have killed thousands and caused injuries to many others. Mainly it is the vulnerable groups of people and their locations that are exposed to risk of these disasters. It is of paramount importance to note that these disasters can be natural or man-made. It is the scope of this paper to deliberate if disasters in Africa really occur when hazards and vulnerability meet or not. Increasing disaster threats not only reflect the onset of events such as earthquakes or floods, but also the changing demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the population. A large, violent tornado, for instance, passing through an open field presents little danger. On the other hand, a relatively weak tornado can pose significant risks to human life and can result in great economic losses in densely populated...
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...d. Key Stakeholders Analysis Disaster affected people is a composite category. It includes different groups of people with varied economic and social background. However, the poor and extreme poor people are most affected due to their fragile economic condition, presence in risky locations and no potential for self recovery. They try to cope with the situation through multiple strategies. Firstly, austerity – mange situation with resources available (e.g. eat less, distress selling and desertation etc. ); secondly, forfeiture – make sacrifices to ensure survival (e.g. accept low wage for labour, accept bondage for advance payment of wage, send children to work for income, sell assets, leave home to seek job and income) and thirdly, requital – try accessing additional resources (e.g. seek loans, seek gift in kind, seek relief). Generally, disaster affected people do not perceive that they have any entitlement. They depend on immediate relief for the emergency period through NGOs, and GO. They are more dependent on the ‘safety net’ programmes of government as most vulnerable groups. CBOs – a community based formal set up, it is civil society non-profits that operate within a single local community. They are essentially a subset of the wider group of nonprofits. Like other nonprofits they are often run on a voluntary basis. It has ability to respond in emergency promptly due to its presence within the affected society. However, their capacities and resources are very limited....
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...responsibilities with no order or monetary reward. They are determined to give their time and effort to a cause. There is usually a large Volunteer presence that emerges in the aftermath of major disaster. Volunteers have tangible monetary value in terms of the reduction in actual labor costs that would have been required in the absence of volunteer. They also contribute financially by speeding up the recovery process. Disaster is an event where additonal man power is needed, it is in the best interest of the disaster operations to harness the efforts of the volunteers. Well treated volunteers will have a positive energy which can spread to the disaster victims. It is vital that the disaster management official as utilize these resources properly. There are two types of volunteers: spontaneous and NGO volunteers. The spontaneous volunteers are those who are not part of any organization but who appear at the scene of disaster. The volunteer group possess skills, training and experience that can not be ignored by those managing the disaster. The problem is that, they make lack the specific training needed for the disaster and inexperienced volunteers tend to hinder rather than help the response and recovery operation. So it crucial to prepare the volunteers appropriately before the disaster occurs. There should be effective public preparedness program that exceeds simply raising the awareness of hazard but also trains the public to perform specialized actions. Public education...
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