...foreign aid to Africa African continent has struggled with chronic poverty and under-development. Hundreds of billions of dollars have been given to African governments. More billions were lent to these same governments. Countless tons of food have inundated the continent, and swarms of consultants, experts, and administrator have descended to solve Africa’s problems. However the state of development in Africa is no better today than it was when all this started. Per capita income, for most of Africa, is either stagnant or declining. For this debate analysis I will address the different types of aids foreign nations give to African countries. I will also discuss the debate of the advantages and disadvantages of the provision of foreign aid to Africa. In the end I will provide a conclusion on what I think should be done. Over the past 6o years at least $1 trillion of development-related aid has been transferred from rich countries to Africa. Yet real per capita income today is lower than it was in the 1970s, and more than 50% of the population over 350 million people live on less than a dollar a day, a figure that has nearly doubled in two decades. Food aid is the source of the international aid system, although it represents only a small proportion of total aid. With the help of international emergency response, famines and other natural and human-made disasters no longer kill in the numbers they used to prior to the 1980s. Development aid is another...
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...structural differences within countries in a specific period of time. As seen through history, financing has showed that the combination of political and historical factors influence the resulting situation whether it is development or not reflected on its economic growth, by designing a unique path that later will have implications on social issues not being address at first. Depending on the initial situation and a clear idea of the expected results from an entering cash flow to the economy could influence to be a beneficial transference. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the dilemma on whether cross-border cash flows into a financial system increases or decreases economic growth translated somehow in industrialization, mostly from under a economic point of view that takes into consideration the macroeconomic policies, taking this factors as components of development; knowing that there are other social, cultural and political issues that are part of this process that while are not being approached entirely in this essay as poverty and inequality, are indirectly implied as part of the process. First I briefly present the historic trend of political economy that has lead among different stages of the global financial system; second, I refer to theoretical arguments on how financing undermines development. After the World War II there was a striking Keynesian tendency, where the state played a important role to control cash flows within countries; during the 70’s most of world...
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...production facility in Mexico which ships engines to it manufacturing site in Texas. This would be backward vertical FDI. Vertical foreign direct investment with an example Investment from one country into another (normally by companies rather than governments) that involves establishing operations or acquiring tangible assets, including stakes in other businesses. Vertical: when different stages of activities are added abroad. Forward vertical FDI is where the FDI takes the firm nearer to the market (for example, Toyota acquiring a car distributorship in America) and Backward Vertical FDI is where international integration moves back towards raw materials (for example, Toyota acquiring a tyre manufacturer or a rubber plantation). Common law system and how it differs from a civil law system Common law is based on tradition, precedent, and custom. When law courts interpret common law, they do so with regard to these characteristics. This gives a common law system a degree of flexibility that other systems lack because it allows the judge to interpret the law. Civil law system and how it differs from a common law system Civil law is based on a very detailed set of laws organized into codes. When law courts interpret civil law, they do so with regard to these codes. Over 80 countries, including Germany, France, Japan, and Russia, operate with a civil law system. A civil law system tends to be less adversarial that a common law system, since the judges rely upon detailed...
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...internationally. International trade is made exchange product, service, and factor of product in different country or place. International trade also called word trade. It reflects that Countries in the world economy on the coexistence relationship. * to exploit comparative advantage 2. Providing a recent example, explain what is meant by free trade. Free Trade mean that state cancel constraints and obstacles on import and export trade, Cancel all kinds of preferential treatment and privileges of national import and export commodities，without interference and restrictions for Import and export commodities, let goods free import and export，Free competition in the domestic market of trade policies. For example: In April 7,chain with New Zealand concluded free trade agreements（FTA），this is first free trade agreement with developed countries. Now chain have building or discuss FTA have 12, involved 29 countries or place, cover 1/4 of chain total foreign trade. In 2007 Trade between the two countries reached 159.9 billion U.S. dollars. Expected in 2008, bilateral trade will reach 170 billion U.S. dollars，2010 get200 billion，5years later 2013 will get 250 billion. 3. Explain absolute and comparative advantage what is meant by free trade. Absolute advantage is said occur when one country can product a good or service to a pre-determined quality more cheaply than another country. Comparative advantage was first described by David Ricardo. Each country has an absolute...
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...Environmental Taxation and Revenue for Development by A Sandmo* Revenue Potential of the Tobin Tax for Development Finance: A Critical Appraisal by M Nissanke* A Development-Focused Allocation of the Special Drawing Rights by E Aryeetey* The International Finance Facility Proposal by G Mavrotas* Private Donations for International Development by J Micklewright and A Wright* A Global Lottery and a Global Premium Bond by T Addison and A Chowdhury* Remittances by Emigrants: Issues and Evidence by A Solimano* The Way Forward by A B Atkinson Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 * These chapters are available on the WIDER website. Chapter 1 Innovative Sources for Development Finance 1 A B Atkinson, Nuffield College, Oxford Introduction 1 Innovative Sources to Meet a Global Challenge 2 New Development Finance: Innovative Sources 3 Origins of the Proposals 4 Political Economy 5 Criteria for Evaluation 6 Guide to the Contents of the Book Box 1 The Millennium Development Goals Box 2 Innovative Sources of Development Funding Considered Here Introduction Two powerful and divergent forces grip the world at present. On the one hand the effectiveness of international organisations has been called into question. The role and functioning of the United Nations is debated. Some nations exhibit frustration with multilateral co-operation. There is increasing resort to unilateral action. Solutions are sought in...
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...franchises worldwide. It focuses on international business risk assessment and develops a model of country evaluation that students can use to analyze international business and market entry decisions in a variety of industries, regions, and countries. Teaching Objectives 1. Develop skills in industry analysis 2. Develop skills in global industry analysis. 3. Develop knowledge of franchising and the costs and benefits of expanding globally using franchises versus company-owned stores. 4. Develop skills in international business risk analysis. 5. Develop skills in country portfolio evaluation and assessment. Suggestions for Using the Case This case has been used successfully in undergraduate, MBA, and Executive MBA classes in strategic management, marketing management, and international business. It can be used in undergraduate courses to develop student skills in industry structure analysis, strategy analysis, and international business risk assessment. The teaching note is designed to give students practice in each of these three areas. Instructors may choose to use the case to discuss only one of these three areas during a single class period or to cover all three areas over two class periods. The case can be also used for student presentations and projects, especially for projects on country evaluation and risk assessment. This note was prepared by Professor Jeffrey Krug as an aid to instructors to accompany the...
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...cultural differences and customs must be acknowledged and understood. Labor laws, compensation practices, equal employment legislation, and the enforcement of a firm’s established code of conduct are examples of the complexity in the role of a global HRM. Knowing how to staff, develop, compensate, and evaluate key management positions for global posts are critical to ensuring the success of an expatriate manager and the costs associated with doing business in another country. This paper will go into greater detail the strategic role of a global HRM in an International business setting; discuss the four major tasks associated with a global HRM which include: staffing policies, management training and development, performance appraisal, and compensation policies. Lastly, this paper will discuss the international labor relations; the relationship between management of labor relations and the firm’s overall strategy. CONTENTS Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………………..2 The Strategic Role of an International Human Resouce Manager ……………………………….4 Staffing Policy ……………………………………………………………………………………5 Expatriate Managers ...……………………………………………………………………………9 A Global Mindset …………………………………………………………………………….….12 Training & Management Development …………………………………………………………13 Expatriate Training ……………………………………………………………………………...13 Repatriation of Expatriate ……………………………………………………………………….14 Management Development & Strategy …………………………………………………………15...
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...Molecules, Biodiversity, Food and Health Biological Molecules Biological Molecules (a) describe how hydrogen bonding occurs between water molecules, and relate this, and other properties of water, to the roles of water in living organisms; Water is a polar molecule. This is because the oxygen atom pulls the shared electrons towards it, meaning that water is slightly negatively charged at the oxygen and positively charged at the hydrogen ends, so they can form hydrogen bonds with each other. This are continuing breaking and reforming, so the molecules can move around. Property of water Solvent Importance Metabolic processes in all organisms rely on chemicals being able to react together in solution Examples 70-95% of cytoplasm is water. Dissolved chemicals take part in processes such as respiration and photosynthesis in living organisms Liquid The movement of materials around organisms, both in cells and on a large scale in multicellular organisms requires a liquid transport medium Water molecules stick to each other creating surface tension at the water surface. Cohesion also makes long, thin water columns very strong and difficult to break Blood in animals and the vascular tissue in plants use water as a liquid transport medium Cohesion Freezing Water freezes, forming ice on the surface. Water beneath the surface becomes insulated and less likely to freeze Thermal stability Large bodies of water have fairly...
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...无忧雅思网 助我越重洋 雅思 8 分作文解决方案 A Solution to Score 8 in IELTS Writing 孙肇春 著 版权所有 翻印必究 第 1 页 共 53 页 无忧雅思网 助我越重洋 作者简介 孙肇春，1971 年生于山东烟台，1999 年毕业于广东外语外贸大学博士点（原广州外国 语学院） ，文学硕士。研究方向句法学和理论语言学。兴趣爱好广泛，对词源学具有浓厚的 兴趣和较深的研究，喜欢英美文学和欧洲文化史。2000 年在暨南大学任教，曾担任口译、 英美散文欣赏等课程。2001 年辞职。现任深圳环球雅思学校校长，主讲雅思写作、阅读和 词汇速记法。业余爱好：平民类运动项目。擅长篮球、乒乓球、羽毛球、健身等运动， 。 座右铭：If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 第 2 页 共 53 页 无忧雅思网 助我越重洋 Preface Building upon my experience as an IELTS writing teacher and professional writer, I collected abundant writing materials authentic from test centers and other media. This book is the result of a combination of two years of teaching experience and the research of IELTS writing skills, built upon equally as many hours creating original writing samples to students preparing to take their IELTS test. This book has been developed to be used in the classroom and for self-study. The book covers both the General Training and Academic test. Using a step-by-step approach, a detailed explanation of how to approach writing in IELTS is given, with each unit concentrating on one particular aspect of the writing test. The exercises are designed to teach the required skills, focusing on practical application of knowledge. Model answers are also included for students to compare their own writing against, thereby gradually guiding students in wring articles that fully meet the requirements of the IELTS writing test in every aspect. The materials in this...
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...useful in teaching the basic skills. In office management the use of computer has made great impact on the area of our modern office equipment which had been automated such as typewriters, communication system and language translation. In business and professional office, computer is used in inventory. Control information processing, accounting programs payroll, designing and so on to mention but a few. Man enjoys entertainment, of the computer at home after a number of advantages, it allows on to practice in private keeps one of the street and it teaches one so many things in the area of Government, taking decision planning forecasting and budgeting and so on, the use of computer to process information and to make logical decision much faster than man is steadily being exploited. Computer have become an integral part of our lives having more advantage than disadvantage. Apart from the positive impacts of computers in our world, they affect our lives in some ways which are not beneficial those include crime aid, invasion of individual policy and changing the job and home environments. 1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM There are numerous problems in use of computer in organization services. These problems include: the use of computer in modern organization has come with so many challenges despite the improvement, it has made on our...
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...CHAPTER SEVEN STRATEGY FORMULATION: CORPORATE STRATEGY True/False 1. Corporate strategy deals primarily with the choice of direction for the firm as a whole and the management of its business or product portfolio. Answer: T (pp.164-165) 2. Corporate parenting is the coordination of cash flow among units. Answer: F (p.165) 3. The most widely pursued corporate directional strategies are those designed to achieve growth. Answer: T (pp.165-166) 4. A merger is a transaction involving two or more corporations in which stock is exchanged, but from which only one corporation survives. Answer: T (p.166) 5. A strategic alliance is a partnership of two or more corporations or business units to achieve strategically significant objectives that are mutually beneficial. Answer: T (p.166) 6. The two basic growth strategies are concentration and strategic alliances. Answer: F (p.166) 7. Vertical integration is going backward on an industry’s value chain. Answer: F (p.167) 8. Vertical integration is the degree to which a firm operates vertically in multiple locations on an industry’s value chain from extracting raw materials to manufacturing to retailing. Answer: T (p.167) 9. Forward integration is often more profitable than backward integration. Answer: F (p.167) 10. BP Amoco and Royal Dutch Shell are examples of fully integrated firms because they internally make 100% of their key supplies and completely control their distributors...
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...useful in teaching the basic skills. In office management the use of computer has made great impact on the area of our modern office equipment which had been automated such as typewriters, communication system and language translation. In business and professional office, computer is used in inventory. Control information processing, accounting programs payroll, designing and so on to mention but a few. Man enjoys entertainment, of the computer at home after a number of advantages, it allows on to practice in private keeps one of the street and it teaches one so many things in the area of Government, taking decision planning forecasting and budgeting and so on, the use of computer to process information and to make logical decision much faster than man is steadily being exploited. Computer have become an integral part of our lives having more advantage than disadvantage. Apart from the positive impacts of computers in our world, they affect our lives in some ways which are not beneficial those include crime aid, invasion of individual policy and changing the job and home environments. 1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM There are numerous problems in use of computer in organization services. These problems include: the use of computer in modern organization has come with so many challenges despite the improvement, it has made on our...
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...CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION Governments of all political leanings show an interest in their housing sectors, since housing touches people's lives directly. In socialist countries, governments take care of everything including housing. However, capitalist governments are also keen to improve their housing sectors. For instance, both Conservative and Labour governments in the United Kingdom have concentrated on housing at times of closely fought elections demonstrating how important politics has been to public housing investment. In the UK both Conservative and Labour parties attempt to draw as many voters as possible towards them at election time through highlighting this priority. However, despite this political attention to providing housing particularly in third world countries, several problems still face many countries such as providing infrastructures, education, and health care services and Jordan is one of these countries. One of the most important difficulties in Jordan is housing, which manifests itself in a shortage of housing as a result of insufficient finance where the expenditure ratio on housing in development plans decreased from 25.7% in 1970 to 9.1% in 1992 (General Committee of Planning, 1997). In addition, the General Council of Planning report highlights that there are also finance difficulties faced by the housing sector (General Council of Planning, 2002). This research deals with the housing problem in Jordan in general, and discusses...
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...2.1 – Human Resource Planning * Human resource or workforce planning: analyzing and forecasting the number of workers and the skills of those workers that will be required by the organization to achieve its objectives 2.1.1 – Identify the constraints and opportunities provided by demographic change. 2.1.2 – Discuss the significance of changes in labour mobility, both domestic and international. * Separated into occupational mobility of labour (based on workers’ willingness to take jobs requiring different skills) and geographical mobility of labour (based on willingness to move locations for jobs) * High labour mobility helps a country achieve economic efficiency if jobs are lost in one area, workers are willing/able to move to other occupations * Developed economies labour is typically immobile; emerging market economies labour mobile * The more mobile workers are, the higher the supply of labour tends to be * However, a high degree of geographical mobility, especially between rural and urban areas, can lead to overcrowding and worsened living conditions 2.1.3 – Compare present human resources with future requirements and evaluate strategies for developing future human resources. * HR departments need to calculate future staffing needs to avoid having too few or too many staff, or staff with the wrong skills * HR departments must respond to business (corporate) plan and its objectives, to build workforce plan * Starting workforce...
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...course, students are introduced to these challenges as they explore the tools and processes needed to accurately assess the political, legal, technological, competitive, and cultural factors that affect a firm’s strategies and operations within international and cross-cultural contexts. Integrative case studies are used to familiarize students with the challenging strategic decisions that global companies face as they work to ensure sustainable competitive advantage. Emphasis is placed on how the variable of culture interacts wth other national and international factors that affect managerial procesess and behaviors. This course also focuses on effective strategic, organizational, and interpersonal management as students learn how to develop the skills necessary to design and implement global strategies, conduct effective cross-national interactions, and manage daily operations in foreign subsidiaries. The growing competitive influence of technology is also discussed throughout the course. Prerequisites KG 592 Foundations of Business Management and Marketing Learning Objectives Students who successfully complete this course should be able to: 1. Use Porter's Five Forces Model to analyze specific domestic and international industries (Assessed by: BPP-Industry Analysis paper). 2. Analyze (compare/contrast) the effects of political, economic, legal and social dimensions on the global managerial challenges (Assessed by:...
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