...Relationship between the Savings Rate and Economic Growth of China By: Muhammad Saddam Hossain Institute of Business Administration, Jahangirnagar University Submitted to: Dr. Shuddhasattwa Rafiq Associate Professor, Institute of Business Administration, Jahangirnagar University Submitted by: Muhammad Saddam Hossain Batch: 21st Class ID: 1565 Date of Submission: June 11, 2013 Institute of Business Administration, Jahangirnagar University 1 Table of Contents: Contents 1. Introduction 2. Savings Rate 3. China’s High Savings Rates 4. How to calculate Savings Rate a. Private saving b. Public saving c. National Saving d. Savings Rate 5. China’s Comparative Savings Rate 6. Relationship between the saving rate and economic growth 7. Savings Rate Vs Economic Growth of China 8. Conclusion Page 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 6 7 9 Illustrations: Contents Figure 1: National Saving Rate by Region Figure 2: Relation Between savings rate and Growth Figure 3: Saving and Investment Rate of China Table 1: National Reserves by Countries Page 5 6 7 8 2 Introduction: A savings rate is refers to the percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) savings by households in a country. It indicates the financial state and growth of the country, as household saving is the main source of government borrowing to fund public services. It varies among countries and is influenced by various factors such as retirement age, borrowing constraints, income distribution over lifetime...
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...Question 1. :-Define economics? Answer:-It is the study of allocation of resources available to organization or business. It is fundamentally concerned with the art of economizing i.e. making rational choice to yield maximum return of output in minimum resources & efforts by selecting best alternative course of action among various. Question 2. : - Contraction and extension of demand? Answer:-A variation in demand implies “extension” or “contraction” of demand. When with a fall in price more of a commodity is bought there is an extension of demand. Similarly, when a lesser quantity is demanded with a rise in price there is a contraction of demand. In short demand extends when the price falls and it contracts when the price rises. Both of the terms are technically used in stating the law of demand. Question 3. :-Opportunity cost / alternative cost? Answer:-It is measure in terms of the forgone benefits from the next best alternatives use of a given resources in simple words scarifies or loss of alternative use of a given resource is turn as an opportunity cost. The alternative or opportunity cost of one unit of product A is the amount of product B that has been sacrificed by allocating the resources to produce A rather than B. Question 4. :-Low of Demand? Answer:-According to Ceteris Paribus, “The higher the price of the commodity the smaller is the quantity demanded and lover the price larger the quantity demanded other things remain...
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...Introduction: Economics has become an increasingly significant part of contemporary life. Regardless of the daily expenditure of our life or the allocation of the social wealth, all this affairs related can be explained by the economics and the functions of economics are playing the essential role. The essay is aimed to define the economics and discuss how we can use economics in our future career or daily life. What is economics Professor Israel Kirzner in The Economic Point of View points out that even among professional economists, there are ‘a series of formulations of the economic point of view that are astounding in their variety’. Many people feel that they are generally familiar with economics. However, if what the economics is asked, people will find that it is difficult to define the subject. After all, economics is more than money. As Mankiw mentioned in his book, economics is a study of mankind in the ordinary business of life, it examines that part of individual and social action which is most closely connected with the attainment and with the use of the material requisites of well-being. More generally, economics is the science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses, and scarcity refers to the limited nature of society’s resources. That is to say, economists not only study the consumption determination and investment portfolio, but also pay attention to the results that led by the consumption and investment...
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...Discuss the difference between Keynesians and monetarists over the effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policy in the IS-LM framework. Introduction In economics there are two main schools of thought; these schools differ in their belief of what policies are best suited to attain full employment in the economy. Keynesians tend to favour demand side policies and are more prone to intervene in the market and therefore prefer to use fiscal policy whilst monetarists believe adjustments in money supply is more appropriate in stabilising the market ,therefore preferring monetary policy. In this essay I will discuss the views of Keynesians and monetarists regarding the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policies in controlling aggregate demand through the IS-LM framework. I will first provide a brief description of the curves explaining their formation and what they represent and then I will go on to examine monetary and fiscal policy within the IS-LM framework. Finally, I will examine the views of monetarist and Keynesians regarding the effectiveness of both policies in raising the level of national l income and also consider the extreme cases. IS-LM framework The IS-LM model was initially developed by John Hicks in 1937 but was made popular in 1949 by Hansen in order ‘to provide a framework for analyzing the factors determining the level of aggregate demand’. The IS-LM model is a short run model of the determination of output. It shows the unique combination of income...
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...Course Syllabus - FALL 2011 ECON 201-ALL SECTIONS PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS (MACRO) SEC | CRN | DAYS | TIME | CLASSROOM | INSTRUCTOR | 201-HR | 21507 | TR | 12:30-1:45PM | ST-321 | Sarki, A | 201-02 | 21509 | MWF | 9:00-9:50AM | BU-122 | Ferdnance, T | 201-03 | 21512 | TR | 11:00-12:15PM | BU-101 | Toney, S | 201-05 | 21513 | TR | 9:30-10:45AM | ST-336 | Sarki, A | 201-07 | 21514 | TR | 2:00-3:15PM | BU-101 | Toney, S | 201-09 | 21516 | MWF | 1:00-1:50PM | BU-122 | Ferdnance, T | PROFESSORS OFFICES OFFICE HOURS PHONE Dr. Ayuba J. Sarki Science & Tech (301C) TBA (757) 727-5868 Dr. Tyrone Ferdnance Buckman (107B) TBA (757) 727-5134 Dr. Susanne Toney Buckman (214C) TBA (757) 727-5760 REQUIRED TEXTS: Case, Karl E., Fair, Ray C., & Oster, Sharon M; Principles of ECONOMICS 10th Edition, Pearson/Prentice-Hall, 2012 ISBN-10: 0132552914; ISBN-13: 9780132552912 0132744856 OR Case, Karl E., Fair, Ray C., & Oster, Sharon M; Principles of Macroeconomics 10th Edition, Pearson/Prentice-Hall, 2012 ISBN-10: 0131391402; ISBN-13: 978-0131391406 AND MyEconLab (Required) (Note that all the required materials can be purchased from Hampton University Virtual Bookstore). CATALOG DESCRIPTION: A first course on modern market economies. Emphasizes the determination of national income, fluctuations, and growth; the monetary system; the problems of...
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...Version 1 General Certificate of Education (A-level) January 2013 Economics ECON2 (Specification 2140) Unit 2: The National Economy Final Mark Scheme Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal Examiner and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation events which all examiners participate in and is the scheme which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation process ensures that the mark scheme covers the candidates’ responses to questions and that every examiner understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for standardisation each examiner analyses a number of candidates’ scripts: alternative answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed and legislated for. If, after the standardisation process, examiners encounter unusual answers which have not been raised they are required to refer these to the Principal Examiner. It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of candidates’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending...
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...Fiscal and Monetary Policy in the Is-Lm Framework In: Business and Management Keynesians and Monetarists over the Effectiveness of Fiscal and Monetary Policy in the Is-Lm Framework Discuss the difference between Keynesians and monetarists over the effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policy in the IS-LM framework. Introduction In economics there are two main schools of thought; these schools differ in their belief of what policies are best suited to attain full employment in the economy. Keynesians tend to favour demand side policies and are more prone to intervene in the market and therefore prefer to use fiscal policy whilst monetarists believe adjustments in money supply is more appropriate in stabilising the market ,therefore preferring monetary policy. In this essay I will discuss the views of Keynesians and monetarists regarding the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policies in controlling aggregate demand through the IS-LM framework. I will first provide a brief description of the curves explaining their formation and what they represent and then I will go on to examine monetary and fiscal policy within the IS-LM framework. Finally, I will examine the views of monetarist and Keynesians regarding the effectiveness of both policies in raising the level of national l income and also consider the extreme cases. IS-LM framework The IS-LM model was initially developed by John Hicks in 1937 but was made popular in 1949 by Hansen in order ‘to provide a framework...
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...ECONOMICS EXAMINATION GUIDELINES GRADE 12 2014 These guidelines consist of 25 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over Economics 2 Examination Guidelines DBE/2014 INDEX PAGE 3 1. INTRODUCTION 2. ASSESSMENT IN GRADE 12 2.1 Format of the question papers 2.2 Detail of question papers 4 4 4 3. CONTENT 6 4. CONCLUSION Copyright reserved 25 Please turn over Economics 1. 3 Examination Guidelines DBE/2014 INTRODUCTION The Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) for Economics outlines the nature and purpose of the subject Economics. This guides the philosophy underlying the teaching and assessment of the subject in Grade 12. The purpose of these Examination Guidelines is to: • • Provide clarity on the depth and scope of the content to be assessed in the Grade 12 National Senior Certificate (NSC) Examination in Economics. Assist teachers to adequately prepare learners for the examinations. This document deals with the final Grade 12 external examinations. It does not deal in any depth with the School-Based Assessment (SBA). This guideline should be read in conjunction with: • • • The National Curriculum Statement (NCS) Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS): Economics The National Protocol of Assessment: An addendum to the policy document, the National Senior Certificate: A qualification at Level 4 on the National Qualifications Framework (NQF), regarding the National Protocol for Assessment (Grades R–12) The national policy pertaining...
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...*21266* Fri, Nov 9, 2001 11:52 AM C H A P T E R The Science of Macroeconomics The whole of science is nothing more than the refinement of everyday thinking. — Albert Einstein 1 O N E 1-1 What Macroeconomists Study Why have some countries experienced rapid growth in incomes over the past century while others stay mired in poverty? Why do some countries have high rates of inflation while others maintain stable prices? Why do all countries experience recessions and depressions—recurrent periods of falling incomes and rising unemployment—and how can government policy reduce the frequency and severity of these episodes? Macroeconomics, the study of the economy as a whole, attempts to answer these and many related questions. To appreciate the importance of macroeconomics, you need only read the newspaper or listen to the news. Every day you can see headlines such as INCOME GROWTH SLOWS, FED MOVES TO COMBAT INFLATION, or STOCKS FALL AMID RECESSION FEARS. Although these macroeconomic events may seem abstract, they touch all of our lives. Business executives forecasting the demand for their products must guess how fast consumers’ incomes will grow. Senior citizens living on fixed incomes wonder how fast prices will rise. Recent college graduates looking for jobs hope that the economy will boom and that firms will be hiring. Because the state of the economy affects everyone, macroeconomic issues play a central role in political debate.Voters are aware of how the economy...
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...beneficial relationship between foreign aid, economic policy and growth of per capita GDP using a new database on foreign aid that had just been developed by the World Bank. They run a number of regressions in which the dependent variable of growth rates in developing countries depends on initial per capita national income, an index that measures institutional and policy distortions, foreign aid and then aid interacted with policies. We find that aid has a positive impact on growth in developing countries with good fiscal, monetary, and trade policies but has little effect in the presence of poor policies.” I will first discuss expanding their dataset to include more recent evidence and then explore how their results are affected even within the original dataset by different definitions of “aid,” “good policy” and “growth.” Easterly, Levine and Roodman (2003) use the exact same specification as Burnside and Dollar (2000), but simply added more data that had become available since their study was performed, as well as hunting for more data in their original sample period of 1970–1993 construct an index number for what is meant by good policy that includes the budget surplus, the inflation rate and a measure of the openness of an economy developed by Sachs and Warner The standard model used to justify aid is called the “two gap” model. It was developed by Chenery and Strout in the mid-1960s. The first gap in the model addresses the difference between the amount...
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...*21266* Fri, Nov 9, 2001 11:52 AM C H A P T E R The Science of Macroeconomics The whole of science is nothing more than the refinement of everyday thinking. — Albert Einstein 1 O N E 1-1 What Macroeconomists Study Why have some countries experienced rapid growth in incomes over the past century while others stay mired in poverty? Why do some countries have high rates of inflation while others maintain stable prices? Why do all countries experience recessions and depressions—recurrent periods of falling incomes and rising unemployment—and how can government policy reduce the frequency and severity of these episodes? Macroeconomics, the study of the economy as a whole, attempts to answer these and many related questions. To appreciate the importance of macroeconomics, you need only read the newspaper or listen to the news. Every day you can see headlines such as INCOME GROWTH SLOWS, FED MOVES TO COMBAT INFLATION, or STOCKS FALL AMID RECESSION FEARS. Although these macroeconomic events may seem abstract, they touch all of our lives. Business executives forecasting the demand for their products must guess how fast consumers’ incomes will grow. Senior citizens living on fixed incomes wonder how fast prices will rise. Recent college graduates looking for jobs hope that the economy will boom and that firms will be hiring. Because the state of the economy affects everyone, macroeconomic issues play a central role in political debate.Voters are aware of how the economy...
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...Budget Deficits, National Saving, and Interest Rates William G. Gale and Peter R. Orszag September 2004 Brookings Institution and Tax Policy Center. This paper was prepared for the Brookings Panel on Economic Activity, September 9-10, 2004. We thank Emil Apostolov, Matt Hall, Brennan Kelly, and Melody Keung for outstanding research assistance; Alan Auerbach, William Brainard, Robert Cumby, Bill Dickens, Doug Elmendorf, Eric Engen, Laurence Kotlikoff, Thomas Laubach, Maria Perozek, George Perry, Frank Russek, Matthew Shapiro, and David Wilcox for helpful discussions; and Eric Engen, Jane Gravelle, and Thomas Laubach for sharing data. ABSTRACT This paper provides new evidence that sustained budget deficits reduce national saving and raise interest rates by economically and statistically significant quantities. Using a series of econometric specifications that nest Ricardian and non-Ricardian models, we obtain evidence of strong non-Ricardian behavior in aggregate consumption. Consistent with several recent studies, we find that projected future deficits affect longterm interest rates, but current deficits do not. Our estimates suggest that each percent-ofGDP in current deficits reduces national saving by 0.5 to 0.8 percent of GDP. Each percent-of-GDP in projected future unified deficits raises forward long-term interest rates by 25 to 35 basis points, and each percent-of-GDP in projected future primary deficits raises interest rates by 40 to 70 basis points...
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...Block IV MACROECONOMICS – II UNIT 17 Inflation 1-14 UNIT 18 Banking and Money Supply 15-31 UNIT 19 International Trade and Balance of Payments 32-50 UNIT 20 Economic Indicators 51-62 UNIT 21 Business Cycles 63-71 UNIT 22 Economic Growth, Development and Planning 72-84 Economics for Managers Expert Committee Dr. J. Mahender Reddy Vice Chancellor IFHE (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad Prof. Y. K. Bhushan Vice Chancellor IU, Meghalaya Prof. Loveraj Takru Director, IBS Dehradun IU, Dehradun Course Preparation Team Prof. Ramalingam Meenakshisundaram IFHE (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad Ms. Pushpanjali Mikkilineni IFHE (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad Mr. Pijus Kanti Bhuin IU, Sikkim Ms. Preetaq Dutta Rai IU, Jharkhand Ranchi Prof. S S George Director, ICMR IFHE (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad Dr. O. P. Gupta Vice Chancellor IU, Nagaland Prof. D. S. Rao Director, IBS, Hyderabad IFHE (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad Ms. Hadiya Faheem IFHE (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad Mr. Mrinmoy Bhattacharjee IU, Mizoram Aizawal Prof. Tarak Nath Shah IU, Dehradun Mr. Manoj Kumar De IU, Tripura Agartala © The ICFAI University Press, All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise – without prior permission in writing from The ICFAI University Press, Hyderabad. Ref. No. Eco Mgrs SLM – 09...
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...B CHAPTER FOUR THE ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT OBJECTIVES • To appreciate the importance of the economic analysis of foreign markets • To identify the major dimensions of international economic analysis • To compare and contrast the economic indicators of countries • To profile the characteristics of the types of economic systems • To discuss the idea of economic freedom • To profile the idea, drivers, and constraints of economic transition CHAPTER OVERVIEW When companies source, manufacture, and/or market products in foreign countries, they encounter fascinating and often challenging economic environments. Chapter Four first explores the economic environments of countries in which an MNE might want to operate by discussing the importance of economic analysis and identifying the major dimensions of that process. It then compares and contrasts key macroeconomic indicators, such as economic growth, inflation, and the surpluses and deficits reflected in the balance of payments. Finally, it reviews the characteristics of the major types of economic systems, explores the principles of economic freedom, and concludes by examining the idea, the drivers, and the constraints associated with the transition from a centrally-planned to a market-based economy. CHAPTER OUTLINE OPENING CASE: MCDONALD’S AND RUSSIA’S ECONOMIC TRANSITION [See Map 4.1.] This case exemplifies the extraordinary challenges of operating in a transition economy. In fascinating...
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...Number: 448851 Course: Economics 1 (ECON 1000) Topic: Essay – Semester 2 (2010) (Final Copy) Essay Topic 2: “During the 2006-2008 period COSATU called for changes to government fiscal policy citing “prospects for a more expansionary fiscal policy” (COSATU Secretariat Report to the Ninth National Congress, Sept 2006) and arguing that “[fiscal policy] is unduly focused on chasing macro-economic targets, such as low budget deficits” (COSATU General Secretary, Zwelinzima Vavi’s address to the AGM of NEHAWU Securities, Nov 2008).” Answer the following: By making reference to the compulsory readings, discuss whether you think it was advisable for the South African government to increase government spending during the 2006 and 2007 financial periods. Explain why you feel this way with reference to the information contained in the readings. Tutor: Maite (14:15 - 15:00) Due Date: 20 September 2010 No. Of Words: 1097 INRODUCTION: This essay will explore the meaning of the fiscal policy, an increase in government expenditure and how it relates to inflation and the aggregate expenditure model. It will discuss whether it was advisable for the South African government to increase government spending during the 2006 and 2007 financial periods. The mains views that will be discussed will be based on how an increase in government expenditure affects the aggregate expenditure curve, what is the result of this on the GDP gap and also its effect on the inflation rate. Economic theories prove that...
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