...‘Conscience is the voice of God within us’ Discuss In order to discuss whether the conscience is the result of the voice of God within us or whether in fact it is the result other environmental or biological factors we must firstly understand what a conscience is. Conscience is defined as a ‘direct intuitive awareness of right and wrong’ and therefore it is a ‘way of selecting moral ideas, resolving conflict and deciding which will work or not’. The conscience itself has three main functions, the first is that it has a decision-making function; this is seen as the most important function as it decides between right and wrong, the second is that it has a imperative functions; that is it commands and the third is that it has a reflective function; that is that it reflects on former decisions and considers the consequences of actions. However the question raised within this essay is whether our conscience comes from the voice of God within us, therefore is it acquired from God and is the result of an internal influence or is it required as a result of environmental factors, therefore is formed from an external influence whether this is from our parents or our own life experiences. Within this essay I shall discuss the theories in favour of the conscience being the voice of God within us (focussing on Butler, Augustine and Newman), and those that instead propose that it is acquired from other sources whether this is through our reason (Aquinas) or in our early childhood (psychologists...
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...[pic]Maynooth University Department of Law Declaration on Plagiarism I hereby certify that this material, which I now submit for assessment on the programme of study leading to the award of Law and Business, is entirely my own work and has not been taken from the work of others save and to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work. Student Name: Nicoletta Hodyas Student Number: 13383056 Date: 20/04/2015 Student Signature: Nicoletta Hodyas Assignment title: ‘A majority of the Group is of the view that the current exclusionary rule is too strictly calibrated, and would wish to see a situation develop where the court would have a discretion to admit the evidence or not, having regard to the totality of the circumstances and in particular the rights of the victim’ (Balance in the Criminal Law Review Group, 2007: 161). Word count without bibliography: 1997. Introduction. This essay will analyze the exclusionary rule, focusing on its development mainly in Irish law. It will examine the development of the rule providing the arguments for an urgent change and analyze the Gardaí improvements in accountability. Finally, it focuses on the most recent Supreme Court decision in DPP v. JC [1], which overturned decision in People (DPP) v. Kenny[2]. Exclusionary rule allows evidence that was obtained through deliberate and conscious breach of accused’s constitutional rights to be excluded in the case, unless extraordinary circumstances appear...
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...make a profit for its shareholders. Public sector organisations: A "public sector" organisation is one that is controlled by the government. It is called "public" because the government is responsible to the entire public. Commercial interest classification: Profit oriented: Profit-oriented means pricing strategies rely on setting a product or service's price to attain a specific, programmed net profit percentage. Non-profit oriented: In the broadest sense, an organisation in which no part of any net earnings can grow for the benefit of any private shareholder or individual. Size oriented classification: Large scale: To access the large-scale data sources efficiently and automatically, it is necessary to classify these data sources into different domains and categories. Medium scale: The demands on an intensely-managed landscape need a regional landscape planning system, which balances the social economic needs with geo-biological conditions. Small scale: Title for firms of a certain size which fall below certain criteria in terms of annual income, number of employees, total value of assets. Formal and...
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...Assignment on Business Environment Introduction: Business environment is composed of two words ‘Business’ and ‘Environment’. In economic sense ‘Business’ means human activities like production, purchase or extraction or sales of products or services that are performed to earn money. Meanwhile ‘Environment’ means the aspect of surroundings. Business environment is the set of conditions institutional, political, economical, legal or social that is uncontrollable and affects the functions of the organization. Business environment consists of two components: external environment and internal environment. Internal environment includes of 5 M’s like management, money, machinery, material and man. On the other hand, External environment consists of demo-graphical factors, socio-cultural factors, political factors, geo-physical factors, government and legal factors. 5. Understand the organizational purpose of business 1.1 Identify the purpose of different types of organizations There are different types of organizations and mainly all kinds of organizations are divided in three sectors: public sectors, private sectors and voluntary sector organizations. The purposes of those organizations are not same. Public sector is owned and run by the government for the people. People pay taxes to the government and this money is used to finance most of the public sectors. The main purposes of public sectors organizations are to provide essential public services and to use resources...
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...more than the systematic recognition that law is always fluid, pluralistic, contested and subject to often contradictory pressures from both inside and outside its jurisdiction; that it reflects an always unstable diversity of traditions, interests, allegiances, and ultimate values and beliefs. If the comparative perspective on law was once a view of the exotic ‘legal other’ or of the ‘external relations’ of one’s own law with the law of other peoples in other lands, now it is a view of transnational legal patterns and of the cultural complexities of law at home. We live in conditions where the law of the nation-state must respond to a great plurality of demands from different population groups within its jurisdiction. At the same time, it must respond to powerful external pressures. Legal thought in national contexts is being fragmented from within in a new ‘jurisprudence of difference’…and globalized from without in demands for transnational harmonization or uniformity. (“Culture, Comparison, Community” by Roger Cotterrell) Kindly react to this statement, supporting your personal views and conclusions with research, analysis, examples and well-reasoned argumentation. I. Introduction 1 The phenomenon of ‘globalisation’, exemplified by the growing interconnectedness between nations, leads to inevitable interactions between legal systems. Roger Cotterell’s statement illuminates the myriad of overlapping concepts in comparative law that facilitates our understanding of these...
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...To meet the challenge of development countries need two distinct and not necessarily complementary sets of institutions: (i) those that foster exchange by lowering transaction costs and encouraging trust, and (ii) those that influence the state to protect private property rather than expropriate it. 1 The first set of institutions includes contracts and contract enforcement mechanisms, commercial norms and rules, and habits and beliefs favoring shared values and the accumulation of human capital. Among the second set of institutions are constitutions, electoral rules, laws governing speech and education, and legal and civic norms. Today’s underdeveloped countries must acquire these institutions under particularly difficult conditions -- in a global market competing with already developed countries (North 2002). Although there may be some advantages to 1 I use the term development to mean countries which have achieved a level of per capita income that puts them in the World Bank’s high income category (above $9,266 in 2000), as well as high scores on selected social indicators (life expectancy at birth of over 70 years, infant mortality rate of less than 10...
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...Studies examination was challenging for many students. Many common misunderstandings about various aspects of the legal system were evident in responses to the examination. Few students were able to demonstrate knowledge of a directions hearing. Incorrect cases were used as examples of the High Court protecting rights. In Question 3a. few students correctly identified that the Court of Appeal was higher than the Supreme Court (Trial Division) in the court hierarchy. Many students had a limited understanding of the operation of section 109 of the Constitution and struggled to provide a thorough response to Question 3b. Students should become familiar with the study design throughout the year. Students are expected to demonstrate the ability to discuss, explain and evaluate. Students’ ability to evaluate requires more attention. Students should not rely on rote-learned or pre-prepared answers as they will rarely address the question. Time management was an issue in this examination, with many students writing lengthy responses to questions that only required a shorter response, therefore not allowing enough time for longer questions. A shorter question that asks for an outline (for example, Question 1a.) requires no more than one or two sentences in response. Good examination technique is essential and students should practise their technique throughout the year. If students continue their answers at the back of the booklet, they should indicate that they have done so (for example, by...
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...Northern Consortium United Kingdom – Politics Past paper questions for June exam < Module 1 > Section A 1a What are the differences between Public Bills Committees and Select Committees? [5] Public Bills Committee is part of legislative process, whereas Select Committee is part of scrutiny process. In the former committee, the bill is examined by line by line to ensure that its wording and language is clear to allow any amendments on the bill. In the latter committee, there are two departments – governmental and non-governmental. They examine government departments’ expeditures , policies and policies. There are between 16 to 50 members in the PBC who are selected by Committee of Selection whose 7 out 9 members are ships. On the other hand, there are 11 members in the SCs and to eliminate “the conflict of interest, all the members are backbench members who are elected using the Alternative vote system. 2a What are the main functions of Parliament and how well does it perform them? [5] < This question is a 20-mark question > 3a What are the differences between direct and representative democracy? [5] In direct democracy, people are directly involved in decision-making processes, whereas in representative democracy, people elect MPs who will represent and form a government in Parliament. For instance, some qualified members of Athenian society were involved in decision-making and a referendum is a limited form of direct democracy. Also general elections...
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...Summary Australian law is based on the culture of English law. The following characteristics derive from the English background of our law: * A system of representative democracy, using parliaments to make laws. See chapters 7 & 8. * A legal profession divided formally or informally into solicitors and barristers. See chapter 3. * A ‘common law’ system: * The system of law derived from the English legal system. Uses judicially decided cases as the basic form of law. See chapter 10. * The way that the law is made: Judges make law based on decided cases (precedents) and develop sets of legal principles which emerge from the judgments in decided cases.’ See chapter 12, 13, and 14. * The category of laws which grew from the medieval royal courts (‘the courts of common law’) and other areas of law, which came from the medieval Lord Chancellor’s role (‘equity’). See chapter 10. * Decision making in courts after an adversarial trial: derived from historical ‘trial by battle’ introduced by Normans. The battle has since then become a verbal one. See chapter 2. * A court system for dispute resolution: See chapter 11. However, Australian law has developed distinct characteristics of its own: * A federal system made up of a Commonwealth and States and Territories: separates out the powers of different bodies of government. See chapter 8. * A limited recognition of indigenous customary law: Mabo (No 2) held that native title to land could...
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...government must come to an end. I will restore the proper process of government. I want to be Prime Minister of this country not a President (Source: David Cameron, The Times, 5th October 2006) “The Cabinet is the committee at the centre of the British political system. Every Thursday during Parliament, Secretaries of State from all departments as well as other ministers meet in the Cabinet Room in Downing Street to discuss the big issues of the day. The Prime Minister chairs the meeting, selects its members and also recommends their appointment as ministers to the monarch. The present Cabinet has 23 members (21 MPs and two peers). The secretary of the Cabinet is responsible for preparing records of its discussions and decisions”. (Source: From a modern textbook) (a) What criticism is David Cameron making of Tony Blair’s style of decision making in source 1? [5] (b) Explain the main functions of the cabinet [10] (c) To what extent have UK Prime Ministers become “presidential”? [25] Or 2 QUESTION TWO THE JUDICIARY A powerful coalition of judges, senior lawyers and politicians has warned that the Government is undermining the civil liberties citizens...
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...According to the Justice Department’s Bureau of Justice Statistics, out of a total population of 1,976,019 incarcerated in adult facilities, 1,239,946 or 63 percent are black or Latino, though these two groups constitute only 25 percent of the national population. Some of the greatest racial disparities in rates of incarceration happen in states in which minorities are massed in urban areas, which tend to have both higher rates of crime and greater law enforcement activity. This paper will also discuss how these incarcerations affect the offenders, public safety, criminal policies and procedures. Racial Disparities in Corrections There are many factors regarding the disproportional rates of incarceration in communities of color. Data generated by the U.S. Department of Justice predicts that if current trends continue, one out of every three black males born today will go to prison in his lifetime, as well as one of every six Latino males. The rates of incarceration for women overall are lower than for men, but similar racial/ethnic disparities still apply. Some law makers are looking at ways to develop policies and practices to reduce insupportable racial disparities in the criminal justice system, it is essential to analyze the factors that have produced the increasing levels of incarceration in relations to racial/ethnic disparity. Research has shown that the factors are disproportionate crime rates, overlap of race and class...
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...------------------------------------------------- Development of laws and customs Assignment – History [Date] Arjun pk Roll No. 931 [Date] Arjun pk Roll No. 931 DEVELOPMENT OF LAWS AND CUSTOMS Assignment – History Submitted By Arjun PK Roll No. 931 Second Semester National University of Advanced Legal Sudies(NUALS) Kochi - Kerla Index Introduction (3) Theories Regarding the origin of Law (5) Legal Systems of the World (8) Custom (20) International Law (22) Annexure (28) Bibliography (33) Acknowledgment (34) Introduction There ought to be, and many times is, a close nexus between manmade law and justice – law should aim at justice. Laws should be the objective expressions of the nature of reality rather than merely the subjective prejudices or whims of some person, group of people, or society as a whole. Natural law is objective since it is inherent in the nature of the entity to which it relates. The content of natural law is accessible to human reason. For example, it is easily understood that since each man has a natural right to survive, flourish, and pursue his own happiness, no other man or group of men should attempt to deprive him of a chosen value or action through the initiation or threat of force. Historically, socially emergent ideas of legal principles, oftentimes in accord with the nature of reality...
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...Law Society of Western Australia – Personal Injury Law Update 8 October 2013 BULLYING AND PSYCHIATRIC INJURY; RECENT AND PROPOSED DEVELOPMENTS IN THE LAW Geoffrey R Hancy B.Juris(Hons), LLB(Hons), B.Ec(UWA), LLM(Melb) geoff@hancy.net www.hancy.net Introduction 1 My paper covers: 1.1 Amendments to the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) to allow the Fair Work Commission (FWC) to deal with bullying claims; 1.2 Recent court decisions on claims for damages for psychiatric illness; 1.3 The nature of a recognisable psychiatric illness. Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) 2 On 28 June 2013 the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) was amended to incorporate, among other changes, express provisions addressing bullying in the workplace. 3 These provisions will come into operation on 1 January 2014. They are found in a new Part 6-4 B – Workers’ Bullied at Work (sections 789FA to 789FL). Bullying 4 A worker is bullied at work if one or more individuals repeatedly behave unreasonably towards the worker, or a group of workers of which the worker is a member, and that behaviour creates a risk to health and safety: s789FD. Reasonable management action carried out in a reasonable manner is not bullying: s789FD. Not to be copied without the express permission of the author -2- Criteria for and orders that can be made 5 If the Fair Work Commission is satisfied that : 5.1 The worker has been bullied at work; and 5.2 There is a risk the worker will...
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...McDonald’s Job Satisfaction Hai Viet Le haile1505@gmail.com MGMT 591-Leadership and Organization Behaviors Professor: Tad Hove Introduction McDonald’s is a one of biggest fast food company all around the world. They have more than 34,000 restaurants and serving around 69 million people over 119 countries each day. My position is with a team member as a crew of one of McDonald’s restaurant. Their main focus is improving performance by implementing changes to increase productivity. These changes can include improved validation rules for approving financial content to new software implementations to increase productivity. McDonald’s Corporation directly about 15% restaurant, they develop their business thought franchise agreement. By collection franchise fees and marketing fees help them have more chance to bring their restaurant go around the world. With some agreements in the contact, they make sure that the franchisee follow their rule that they have to build all of restaurant is exactly the same with the order. McDonald’s Corporation a. Brief History “Dick and Mac McDonald opened their eponymous burger stand in 1948 in San Bernardino, Calif. Under the guidance of Ray Kroc, a onetime milkshake-mixer salesman wowed by the restaurant's success, McDonald's franchises grew swiftly: by the end of the 1960s, there were more than 1,000 across the U.S. The first international franchise opened in 1967 in British Columbia” (James, 2009). On the other hand, with the creation...
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...larger marketing mix, the concept is typically practiced with unsought goods – those that buyers do not normally think of buying, such as encyclopedias and funeral plots it starts with the factory, focuses on the company’s existing product and calls for heavy selling and promotion to obtain profit sales. Consumers will not buy enough of the organization’s products unless it undertakes a large scale effort in selling and promotion. A selling oriented organization thus focuses on short terms results; because they care only for their sales not for customer’s satisfaction and they are not searching or looking for long term relationship with customers. 2. Goods and services Answer: Goods and services Goods (tangible, stored, production precedes, consumption, low customer contact, transported, quality is evident) Service (intangible, can't be stored, production and consumption are simultaneous, high customer contact, can't transported, quality difficult to judge) 1- Tangibility: - Goods are tangible and services are intangible. 2-Storability:-Goods are storable while services are non-storable. 3-Transportability: - Goods are transportable but services are not. 4-Simultaneity: - Goods are produced prior to their use by the customer receiving, while services are provided on the spot. 5-Customer contact: - Customers have low contact with the operation which produce goods, but services because they are...
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