...These are some suggested AS Macro Economic essays. The essays are from different exam boards. In practise they ask similar questions. There are different ways to answer questions. But, all these answers contain enough material to get the top grade. Whenever the question requires evaluation, the essay contains the necessary critical distance. Note: These essays are for revision purposes giving suggestions for how to answer questions. Don’t try to pass them off as your own work. AS Micro Essays 1.Evaluate the case for and against governments intervening to try to stabilise the price of copper, for example, through setting up a buffer stock scheme. 2.Evaluate advantages and disadvantages of various methods of government intervention to correct market failure arising from aircraft emissions. 3. Discuss the likely effects on the retail market for coffee if there is a large increase in city centre rents. 4.In the UK, students face increasing tuition fees. Discuss the benefits and costs to society of abolishing all tuition fees. 5.Discuss three policies to reduce the level of cigarette smoking amongst under 21s. 6.Discuss the extent to which governments should subsidise companies who are developing cars which run on clean fuels such as hydrogen? 7.Discuss whether the government is mistaken to worry about monopoly power? 8.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the government intervening in agricultural markets? 9.Discuss the effects on UK business of a...
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...assess 804 adolescents between ages 12 to 18, a multi-generational survey that measures a variety of health indicators among the parents and their children. The study group was further broken down by sex, household income, and income inequality in their neighborhoods. They further went on to analyze the cortical thickness and compare it to expressions of stress and sex-hormone related genes. Dr. Paus explains, “During adolescence, the brain is vulnerable to developing psychiatric disorders as it undergoes changes related to puberty, the social environment and academic demands," he continues to say: "The brain may be particularly sensitive to the influence of income inequality at this time." Additionally, he added “Wealth disparity and low family income may generate additional social stress on kids and this extra pressure could be changing the way their brain structure evolves." (Care, 2017). They concluded that there is a correlation between the higher chances of mental illnesses and stress when exposed to inequalities of...
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...Inflation rates …………………………………………………… 4 3.2 Unemployment rates ……………………………………………4 3.3 Growth rates………………………………………………………4 3.4 Political……………………………………………………………5 3.5 Economic ………………………………………………………… 5 3.6 Social………………………………………………………………6 3.7 Technological ……………………………………………………6 4. Conclusion ………………………………………………………… 7 5. Recommendation ………………………………………………… 7 6. Reference List……………………………………………………… 8 Li Ning Company Survey report Summary We have researched Li Ning Company, a Chinese enterprise which produces sport clothing and sport shoes. And we have surveyed the US market in many aspects at the same time. We will introduce that how this Chinese company enters America market in this report through omnifarious analysis. Introduction The report will look at: · The current situation of America · Inflation rate of America · Unemployment rate of America · Growth rate of America · PEST analysis of America market · Recommendations for action Findings America is the best economic power around the world. Its great influence in political, economic, military and many other areas is unmatched by other countries. Li Ning entering the American market will be facing a lot of new challenges and opportunities inevitably. Here we will analyses America market for Li Ning entering America in inflation rates, unemployment rates, growth rates and PEST analysis. Inflation rates In economic, inflation rate is the increasing speed of the average price level, reflecting the...
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...INDIES (CAVE HILL) CAMPUS FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS FINA3010 – SUPERVISED RESEARCH PROJECT How Has The International Monetary Fund Impacted the Caribbean Business Environment? Student Name: William Franklyn April 1st, 2014 ID#:407002804 Professor: Mr. Wilberne Persuad Contents Introduction: 3 Literature Review: 4 Background: 4 Further look at the IMF: 4 The World Bank: 5 Loans facilities offered by the IMF: 5 Definition of Caribbean Business Environment (The Small Open Economy Model): 6 Characteristics of the Caribbean Business Environment: 6 Definition of a Financial Crisis: 7 What causes a Financial Crisis to occur? 8 Conclusion: 9 Descriptive analysis 10 Methodology 15 Conclusion 16 Social Instability: 16 Further look at the impact of the IMF’s procedures/objectives: 16 Potential Threat 17 Policy Responses: 18 Internally: 18 Externally: 18 Bibliography: 20 Introduction: This research paper aims to analyze the process of The International Monetary Fund in Barbados and how the country was affected by their guidelines. Barbados has been said to be one of the developing countries within the Caribbean Business Environment. However due to external shocks as well as weak domestic policies, Barbados was forced to ask the IMF for their aid as a last option, to stabilize the country’s economy. This research paper intends to highlight that the significance of...
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...A-LEVEL ECONOMICS ECON4/Unit 4: Mark scheme 2140 June 2014 Version 1.0 Final The National and International Economy Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation events which all associates participate in and is the scheme which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation process ensures that the mark scheme covers the students’ responses to questions and that every associate understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for standardisation each associate analyses a number of students’ scripts: alternative answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed and legislated for. If, after the standardisation process, associates encounter unusual answers which have not been raised they are required to refer these to the Lead Assessment Writer. It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. Further copies of this Mark Scheme are available from aqa.org.uk Copyright © 2014 AQA and its licensors. All...
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...Version 1 General Certificate of Education (A-level) January 2013 Economics ECON2 (Specification 2140) Unit 2: The National Economy Final Mark Scheme Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal Examiner and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation events which all examiners participate in and is the scheme which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation process ensures that the mark scheme covers the candidates’ responses to questions and that every examiner understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for standardisation each examiner analyses a number of candidates’ scripts: alternative answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed and legislated for. If, after the standardisation process, examiners encounter unusual answers which have not been raised they are required to refer these to the Principal Examiner. It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of candidates’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending...
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...Research Paper No. 2008/20 Entrepreneurship in Economic Development Wim Naudé * March 2008 Abstract What is the role of entrepreneurship in economic development? At a minimum the answer should be able to explain the role of entrepreneurs in the structural transformation of countries from low income, primary-sector based societies into high-income service and technology based societies. More broadly though, it should also be able to explain the role of entrepreneurs in the opposite pole of stagnating development (including conflict) and in high innovation-driven growth. Although economic development lacks a ‘general theory’ of entrepreneurship, which could encompass a variety of development experiences, much progress has been made in extending the understanding of entrepreneurship in the process of development. This paper surveys the progress with the purpose of distilling the outlines for a more general theory of entrepreneurship in economic development. Entrepreneurship in developing countries remains a relatively under-researched phenomenon, so by surveying the current state of research, and by discussing the role of entrepreneurship in dual economy models of structural transformation and growth, a secondary objective of this paper is to identify avenues for further research. Finally, the policy implications from the economic literature suggest that a case for government support exists, and that this should focus on the quantity, the quality, and the allocation of entrepreneurial...
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...Economic and Monetary Policy Auditing and Business Concepts Submitted by: Edmore H. Delaney Perspective of the Economic and Monetary Policy Framework of the Republic of Liberia This paper is intended to capture the framework of the economy and monetary policy of the Republic of Liberia and the effectiveness it pursues in the implementation its institutional framework. The economy continues to be plagued by a multiplicity of social, financial and economic challenges which has seen production level of the sector far below prewar levels (Findlay & O’Rourke, 2007). Consequently, the government’s approach has been directed towards vigorous pursuing money and credit supply to stabilize the economy. In order for Liberia to implement a sound economic and monetary policy, the government needs to ensure that a monetary aggregate is achievable. The Central Bank of Liberia in 2005, initiated a program to ensure stability of money demand functions where interest rate and income will significantly have impact on the money demand function (Matthew, 2009). The real gross domestic product (GDP) growth in 2014, which was initially projected at 5.8%, is estimated to decline to 2.5% or less by the end of the year. According to the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning due to the absence of EVD, growth projections in 2014 reflected a weaker economic outturn as compared to the previous year (2013). This growth was driven largely by the expansion...
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...rapid development of dynamic global economy, increasingly countries are seeking breakthroughs of their economy development. Stimulated by these ever-increasing competition pressures, exploitation of new ideas and businesses which are of great potential to thrive economies, accordingly, is gainning widespread attention (Mansfield, 1972; Wong et al., 2005). In consequence, on a global scale, not only some developed countries with strong capability to absorb and implement new ideas, but also some emerging developing countries, are taking measures to inspire entrepreneurship and innovation with purposes of benefiting economic development from these competitive advantages (Stoneman, 1995; Zhao, 2001). It is universally held that entrepreneurship and innovation are complementary and their combination can efficiently contribute to economy performance (Grupp, 2001; Stoneman, 1995). During the transfer from idea creation to eventually economy development, innovation is supposed to be a necessary condition, but it also demonstrates great insufficiency which can be completed by entrepreneurship’s mediating effects (Audretsch, 1995; Camp, 2005). This essay will primarily conduct a brief definition of entrepreneurship and innovation while introduce the role of problem solving and creativity, and thereby observe the synergy between entrepreneurship and innovation. Then theoretical and practical analysis will be made in their repective relationship with economy development. Ultimately, the holistic...
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...“Rostow’s pattern of thought of economic development is often compared and contrasted with that of Alexander Gerschenkron, though the two are more or less compatible and complementary.” Critically discuss this statement. The theory of economic development throughout history has been of significant discussion especially in regard to the works of Rostow and Gerschenkron. The differentiation between the pattern of thoughts and ideals is a hotly debated topic within economics. The ideals the two theorists create, each substantially creditable in their own right, entail degrees of correlation and variation. Leaving the conclusion, do the to patterns of economic thought complement one another or is there distinct disparity between the two. Applied examples will be used below to analyse the extent of segregation or association between the works of Rostow and Gerschenkron. The two theories of work are mainly discussed with Asian development as it is more relevant, timely and there is significantly more information available than previous developed countries such as Great Britain. Walt Whitman Rostow developed one of the major historical models of economic growth in 1960, The Stages of Economic Growth: A non-communist manifesto. This piece portrays the process of economic development in a previously unseen approach, evidently forging it as a milestone in economic literature. Rostow's Stages of Growth model, The five stages are (1) the traditional society, (2) the preconditions...
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...Block IV MACROECONOMICS – II UNIT 17 Inflation 1-14 UNIT 18 Banking and Money Supply 15-31 UNIT 19 International Trade and Balance of Payments 32-50 UNIT 20 Economic Indicators 51-62 UNIT 21 Business Cycles 63-71 UNIT 22 Economic Growth, Development and Planning 72-84 Economics for Managers Expert Committee Dr. J. Mahender Reddy Vice Chancellor IFHE (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad Prof. Y. K. Bhushan Vice Chancellor IU, Meghalaya Prof. Loveraj Takru Director, IBS Dehradun IU, Dehradun Course Preparation Team Prof. Ramalingam Meenakshisundaram IFHE (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad Ms. Pushpanjali Mikkilineni IFHE (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad Mr. Pijus Kanti Bhuin IU, Sikkim Ms. Preetaq Dutta Rai IU, Jharkhand Ranchi Prof. S S George Director, ICMR IFHE (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad Dr. O. P. Gupta Vice Chancellor IU, Nagaland Prof. D. S. Rao Director, IBS, Hyderabad IFHE (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad Ms. Hadiya Faheem IFHE (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad Mr. Mrinmoy Bhattacharjee IU, Mizoram Aizawal Prof. Tarak Nath Shah IU, Dehradun Mr. Manoj Kumar De IU, Tripura Agartala © The ICFAI University Press, All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise – without prior permission in writing from The ICFAI University Press, Hyderabad. Ref. No. Eco Mgrs SLM – 09...
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...10.5923/j.ijfa.20130207.04 Role of Pension Funds in Financial Intermediation Ondabu Ibrahim Tirimba Finance and Economics Department, PhD Candidate Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya Abstract This paper aimed at discussing the various roles that pensions play in financial intermediat ion. Descriptive research design was adopted with the population being all the available literature on the online web as pertaining pension funds and also financial intermed iation. Using key word characters, the search in itially identified 50 journals and after a tentative scrutiny, 37 journals were selected in a random sampling manner in o rder to give the birth of this discussion paper. The key objective of this article was to discuss the role of pension funds in financial intermed iation. A mong the roles identified in this paper were; provision of a mechanis m for pooling of funds and subdivision of shares, provision of ways to transfer economic resources, provision of ways to manage uncertainty and control risk, provision of ways to manage uncertainty and control risk, provision of pricing informat ion and the provision of ways to deal with incentive problems. This paper provides practical insights into the roles of pension in financial intermed iation and thus highlighting the key importance of such pension funds into the success of any economy. This paper is one of the very first to recognize the key roles that pension funds play in the 21st century. Keywords...
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...This Project has been submitted by Mr. Dheeraj K Id No. 213031 On ECONOMICS I During the MONSOON Semester 2014 The Economic Effects of Tourism Industry and Need for Sustainability Dheeraj K 213031 II Year Monsoon Semester (2014) The West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences The Economic Effects of Tourism Industry and Need for Sustainability The Tourism industry is one of the biggest contributors to the global economy. It is a fast growing and constantly expanding industry. The tourism industry has other associated industries it thrives on and this makes this one of the most important sectors of the economy. This paper seeks to examine the economic impacts of the tourism industry, track its growth and effect on the global scale and discuss the need for a sustainable growth. Introduction The Tourism industry encompasses all the firms, organizations and facilities which are intended to serve the specific needs and wants of the tourists. It is a booming and ever growing industry which currently constitutes 9.2 percent of the World’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In the post-world-war era, most of the developing countries had to turn to tourism to increase revenues and remedies for balance of payments deficits. The nature of demand and supply conditions of the tourism industry has also influenced its growth. The industry utilizes simple technology and resources like sunshine, existing scenery and manpower. The demand for tourism...
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...FEBRUARY 2010 Policy Brief ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT Economic Survey of China, 2010 What are the key challenges facing the economy? How should the monetary policy framework evolve? What reforms are needed in financial and product markets? How should social safety nets be strengthened? How has the labour market evolved? Can pensions be enhanced? How should health care be improved? For further information For further reading Where to contact us? Summary Since the OECD’s first Economic Survey of China in 2005, China has continued to expand rapidly. The economy is also weathering the global crisis remarkably well, not least thanks to prompt and vigorous macroeconomic policy action. Economic expansion is projected to continue over the medium run, and China’s share in the world economy is set to grow further. Despite the recent decline in the current account surplus, some imbalances remain, notably an overly high national saving rate, but ongoing reforms can be expected to help alleviate them over time. Structural reform has continued on a broad front in recent years, with an increasing focus on the need for social cohesion. Even so, efforts are under way or still needed in a number of areas to sustain improvements in living standards over the longer run. Further upgrading the monetary policy framework. China’s monetary policy framework has gradually become more market-based, with money growth as the main intermediate target. Going forward, it...
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...elections. Liberals support constitutionalism and consent because they fear that govt may become a tyranny against the individual, based on the assumption that power is inherently corrupting and concentrations of power will lead to absolute corruption. This assumption is rooted in the liberal view of human nature: as individualism implies self- interest, those with power over others are apt to abuse it for their benefit and at the expense of others. Liberal constitutionalism is expressed through support for various external and internal devices, such as codified constitutions, bills of rights, the separation of powers, federalism or devolution, and so on. Liberal support for consent is evident in support for electoral democracy in general and, more specifically, sympathy for referendums and proportional representation. 2. Distinguish between negative freedom and positive freedom, and explain the implications of each for the state. (Jun 02) Negative freedom is the absence of external constraints upon the individual, usually understood as non-interference. It is manifest in freedom of choice and consistent with privacy. Negative freedom implies rolling back the state, because the state as a compulsory and coercive body is by definition an offence against freedom. Positive freedom can be variously defined as self-mastery, linking freedom to democracy, or as personal growth and self-realisation, the achievement of individual potential....
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