...only of how you can write your paper. This example is in A.P.A. format, but you may use any format that is professional. You must be consistent! Begin your paper with the title on the top of the page and centered. It should be the same type size as the text. Every page should have a running header. This is located at the top right of the paper. The title of the paper (the first 3 words) and the page number should be included in the running header (Keele, 2009). Do not include your name anywhere in the body of the paper; it should only appear on the cover page. The first paragraph of the paper is the introduction. In the introduction the paper informs the reader what the topic is. The introduction of this paper should briefly describe the disease or disorder (Mann, 2008). Tell the reader what you are going to write about in the paper and what they can expect to learn by reading your paper. Remember that the paper is to typed using a standard professional 12-point font such as Times Roman or Courier. The paper should be double spaced. The margins on the paper should be one inch on the top, bottom and sides. The beginning of each paragraph should be indented five to seven spaces or about one-half inch (Henderson, 2007). Pathophysiology After the introduction, begin by giving the pathophysiology of the disease or disorder. This is an explanation of what the disease is and how if affects the body. Discuss what causes the disease. Use medical terms as much as...
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...Insulin Resistance and Beta Cell Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Andrea Kingsley North Island College Insulin Resistance and Beta Cell Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a disease that alters the health of individuals worldwide (Nolan, Damn, & Prentik, 2011). T2D requires a genetic predisposition, which, in combination with environmental factors and lifestyle leads to its development (McCance, 2012). Insulin resistance is a key factor responsible for the progression, which may lead to beta cell dysfunction (Schofield & Sutherland, 2012). In the pre-diabetic phase, glucose levels remain normal but once beta cell dysfunction occurs, sufficient amounts of insulin secretion decreases (Ismail-Beigi, 2012). The purpose of this paper is to relate beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance to the development of type 2 diabetes. In this paper I discuss both the pathogenesis and risk factors of the disease. I examine how the cells of the pancreas respond to increased glucose levels and how this progresses. I also consider the treatment and prevention of the disease. Defining Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus can be defined as a disorder that results in chronic hyperglycemia (McCance, 2010). T2D is characterized by insulin resistance and elevated glucose production, (Mannino & Sesti, 2012), associated with excessive lipid accumulation in tissue (Corpeleijn et al., 2008). Etiology T2D is a result of both genetic...
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...because I have seen lots of patients with rheumatoid arthritis is my country. So this paper will briefly discuss about the sign and symptoms, Causes, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management, Prevention and treatment options for this disease. Rheumatoid Arthritis Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease in which your immune system mistakenly attacks your joints. This abnormal behavior causes inflammation in your joint and can damage your joint or organ which is affected by the attack. People Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is so common in United States. Approximately 1.5 million people have Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Its most common in female age around 30 to 60. Pathophysiology Rheumatoid...
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...(Provide reference listing using APA format) Reference List Criteria for Case Study I. Introduction – purpose of paper A. Significance B. Objectives II. Assessment a. Include date of admission; date of care; allergies; history b. Address and list analysis of Gordon’s Functional Patterns (list all 11). Integrate treatments, meds, nursing implications, and related assessments in paper. Includes nutritional analysis. III. Literature Review (at least three resources at least one professional journal) a. Disease Description b. Diagnostic Confirmation c. Signs & Symptoms (textbook vs. patient’s actual symptoms being experienced) d. Treatment and Rationale e. Disease Outcome Expectations f. Rehab needs g. Related to client situation IV. Nursing Plan of Care a. Problems Prioritized (list 3 diagnosis) b. Actual Diagnosis c. Potential Diagnosis d. Outcome e. Goals (short and long term) f. Actions/actual diagnosis g. Actions/potential diagnosis h. Rationales (resources documented) i. Evaluation/Revision V. Discharge Planning a. Resources for coping b. Knowledge/Teaching c. Referrals/Continuing Care VI. Summary VII. Format a. Length of paper should be - between 15-20 pages typed b. APA format c. Cover page, reference page, etc… d. Grammar, punctuation, sentence structure, etc… Faculty Signature_______________________________________________ Date________________________________ Name__________________________ Semester______________________ |Criteria...
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...Tay-Sachs Disease Tay-Sachs Disease is a neurological disorder that is passed on from parent to child in the same way that other genetic traits are passed on. The first section of this paper, on pathophysiology, will go into this subject further. It will explain not only how the trait for this disease is passed from generation to generation, but also the specific mutations that cause it. This section will explore the trait that is expressed when the gene is turned on, how it effects cell metabolism, and in turn, the disorder that is caused in the body as a result. The second section will describe the clinical manifestation of the disease. It will cover what is typical in a patient with the disease, initial and continuing symptomology, and unfortunately, the cause of death in most people who have the disease. Lastly, the final section will reveal the medical management of the disease. Tay-Sachs has caused so much suffering, but with the advances made in genetic technology, and a little luck, the current generation of researchers are hoping to change that (Wise, 2012). Pathophysiology Tay-Sachs disease results from a number of different mutations on the fifteenth chromosome. When the gene functions correctly, it results in an enzyme called hexosaminodase. This enzyme breaks down molecules in the body called gangliosides. Without the proper enzyme to break these molecules down, they build up in what are called ganglion cells. These cells then swell keeping the neurons fro functioning...
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...to Immune Disorders Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Date Due Maladaptive Responses to Immune Disorders Introduction This paper evaluates the pathophysiology of two diseases namely Psoriasis and the Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus (HIV). Basically, psoriasis is an autoimmune inflammatory disease which is said to be complex. The disease is mainly common among individuals who are genetically susceptible and is mainly presented by the inflammatory plaques which develop on one’s skin. Apart from genetic susceptibility, psoriasis is also caused when the immune system mistakes viable cells to be external components. In the past few decades, the pathogenesis of this disease was mainly said to be keratinocyte hyperproliferation. Currently, the pathogenesis of the disease also focuses on the dysregulation of one’s immune system. Primarily, the inflammatory plaques appear as silver-white patches. Conversely, the pathogenesis of HIV is basically attributed to by the extensive degradation of one’s immune system. The HIV pathogenic mechanism is prompted by the presence of HIV virus in one’s immune system. The weakening of the immune system culminates in increased susceptibility to various infections (Dann, 2009). Differences There are major evident differences between the two maladaptive responses of the given diseases. For instance, the two diseases result in different ramifications upon one’s immune system. While HIV tends to weaken one’s immune system, psoriasis does not do the...
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...Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside arteries, limiting or stopping the flow of blood to the organs tissues. The purpose of this paper is to relate the underlining cellular events of atherosclerosis to its pathology and treatment. In this paper I will discuss the causes that influence the events and advancement of atherosclerosis. I will review the risk factors, pathogenesis, signs & symptoms, dietary implications and drug treatments. Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis is a progressive process that leads to the hardening and thickening of arteries. This is caused by plaque build-up due to the accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages (McCance& Huether. 2010). The formation of plaque deposits can slow down or block the flow of blood to other parts of the body, depriving the organs of oxygen. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process that affects the body’s whole vascular system leading to many coronary artery and cerebrovascular diseases Etiology: There are many theories pertaining to the etiology but, studies are still unclear about the direct cause of atherosclerosis (Mallika, Goswami, & Rajappa, 2007). Risk factors There are many risk factors that lead to the progression of atherosclerosis. The risk factors all led to an excessive amount of cholesterol in the blood which can lead to plaque build-up ( Mallika, Goswami & Rajappa, 2007). Here are some atherosclerosis risk factors, increased age, obesity, genetics, Hyperlipidemia; which is high...
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...Atrial Fibrillation And Nursing Considerations As a nurse one must provide holistic care. To better understand aspect of providing holistic nursing care one must have an in-depth understanding of primary body systems and their pathology. This paper will educate the prudent nurses who read it with detailed information about the specific cardiac pathology of atrial fibrillation. Written with a basic understanding of human heart function/structure as a prerequisite, this paper will first discuss key terms one must be familiar with before providing researched information explaining the pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation (AF). Next, it will discuss the etiology, clinical manifestations, common laboratory diagnostics, and interventions. Lastly, this paper continues by providing readers with nursing diagnoses and patient teachings associated with AF. Key Terms As a nurse one must become a scientist of sorts and must be familiar with technical nursing terminology. Atrial fibrillation, or AF, is a cardiac dysrhythmia in which “multiple rapid impulses from many atrial foci depolarize the atria in a totally disorganized manner at a rate of 350 to 600 times per minute” [ (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010) ]. A dysrhythmia is a disorder of the heartbeat involving a disturbance in cardiac rhythm and an irregular heartbeat; whereas an arrhythmia is basically a fast or irregular heartbeat caused by a disorder in the heart's electrical system. Tachydysrhythmia is an abnormal...
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...NURSING PROCESS PAPER Student Name: Date of Care: 10/14/09 Date of Admission: 10/10/09 I. HEALTH STATUS | Admitting Dx: COPD Exac/Chest Pain | Pt. Init.D.R | Rm No.353 | Age60 | SexM | RaceCaucasion | ReligionCatholic | OccupationDisabled | Surgery: Medical Treatment: Back Surgery/ Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting COPD Exac/Chest Pain | Chief Complaint/Reason for Hospitalization & Hx. of Present Illness (with 1-8 critical characteristics, Jarvis pg. 85) Chest Pain | | 1.Location: Midsternal chest pain radiating to left arm. 2. Quality/characteristics: Squeezing, tightening, felt like chest was going to explode. 3. Quantity: 8 on a scale from 1-10 4. Setting: at rest 5. Associative factors: SOB and nausea 6. Aggravating/relieving factors: Aggravated by activity, unable to relieve in any position 7. Timing (Onset, duration, frequency): Sudden and constant pain 8. Patient perception: Thought he was having a heart attack. | Other illness or conditions & year of onset. | | AllergiesNKA | COPD- 2004 Deep Vein Thrombosis -2002Anxiety-2000Depression-1998Lumbar/Cervical Spondylosis-1982HTN- 19XX-Patient cannot recall exact year | | Immediate Teaching Needs | | Hospital safety- Reminded patient to call for assistance, call light within reach, non skid footwear for reduction of falls. Talked with patient regarding fall safety. Teach non-pharmachological...
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...Disease in the News Brittney Johnson HCS/245 November 14, 2012 Vernita Kelley Disease in the News The article that the author of this paper chose was focus of this Disease in the News article is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A review of Current Trends by Oman Medical Journal. The article explains what the disease is, what causes the disease, the epidemiology of the disease, how the disease is detected and diagnosisdiagnosed, and the treatments that are available. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disorder where the body does not produce enough insulininsulin; and it is one of the oldest diseases known. The prevalence of this disease has been steadily increasing steadily globally which means the disease is spreading even more now amongst the world. The article states some of the treatments include the correct screening and diagnosis, diabetic medications, and through promotion of a healthy lifestyle. One of the The first steps in diagnosing diabetes would be is to have a doctor run tests to make suredetermine if a patient is diabetic or not,; if tests come back positive than the next step to diagnosis the patient with what type of diabetes. The doctor can prescribe medications including insulin if acceptable to help control the disease. Recommendations for controlling the disease include The patient would havelifestyle changes to change their lifestyle such as by eating healthier, exercisinge, no smoking, moderate consumption of alcohol, and takinge the appropriate...
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...MMWR Paper on Hepatitis B Microbiology 212-A April 27, 2012 Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a DNA virus that affects the liver and belongs to the Hepadnaviridae group (Takkenberg, Weegink, Zaaijer, & Reesink, 2010). According to an article in Vox Sanguines, an international journal of transfusion medicine, (Takkenberg, Weegink, Zaaijer, & Reesink, 2010) “about 400 million people worldwide are chronically infected with HBV, and 2 billion people have serological evidence of past or present HBV infection”. HBV, formerly known as serum hepatitis (Huether & McCance, 2008), has eight genotypes (A-H) with genotype D being associated with viral or acute hepatitis B and prevalent mainly in Europe, North Africa, and the United States (Takkenberg, Weegink, Zaaijer, & Reesink, 2010). The virus is about 40nm in diameter, partially double stranded and circular, and has an envelope which is host cell derived (The Board of Trustees of the University of South Carolina, 2011). HBV functions by entering into the nucleus of a hepatocyte and then is transcribed into viral RNA. It is then transported out to the cytosol where transcription occurs and new DNA strands are made that can form new viruses (Takkenberg, Weegink, Zaaijer, & Reesink, 2010). Hepatitis B virus needs to get past the first lines of defense and enter into the body with transmission primarily coming through exposure to blood or body fluids (Adams, Holland, Jr., & Urban, 2011). Main risk factors for...
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...Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS) is a syndrome that needs more attention than several other diseases that is curable by modern technologies. This syndrome is said to be a traitor when a person is infected because it has no definite causation and definition. Many people claimed that they have Multiple Chemical Sensitivity but most accounts are disregarded because of factors that made doctors conclude that they have allergies, some similar diseases, or they are psychologically “hypnotized” by the alarming issue. MCS have specific symptoms such as chest pain, headache, depression, memory loss and many more. These symptoms are very common and most diseases nowadays have congruent symptoms as with MCS. MCS is considered as a dangerous illness because it bears other effects that bothers the minds and threatens the life of many. These effects are neurological disorders, cardiovascular disorders, convulsions and seizures. Now, caution and prevention are implemented in order to put the consciousness of the people affected to silence. These preventions done are neutralization of hazardous chemicals and other simple ways to avoid the activation of MCS. Multiple Chemical Sensitivity can be a dreadful disease but can also be deactivated to a calm state. I. Background of the study The condition now most commonly known as multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) was brought to the attention of the U.S. medical establishment when the late Theron Randolph...
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...people. This paper will attempt to explain the populations susceptible, the community health and public nurse role, ways in which transmission is prevented utilizing local and national disease control authorities. Pathophysiology of Influenza Influenza A, B, and H1N1 are also known as the flu to many. This virus a contagion that infects the respiratory tract in susceptible populations. This virus constantly mutates, requiring immunization that is developed based on previous season’s strain type. Communicable disease is defined as “an infectious disease transmissible (as from person to person) by direct contact with an affected individual or the individual’s discharges or by direct means” (Merriam-webster, 2014). The influenza virus is transmitted through droplets, during talking, sneezing or coughing from up to 6ft away. However, it does linger on surfaces such as computer key boards, telephones, or objects (Flu.gov, 2014). This infection takes 1-4 for symptoms to begin after exposure. Healthy adults may be able to transmit the virus one day before symptoms appear (CDC, 2013). The influenza virus causes numerous complications including ear infections, bronchitis, sinus infections, and most commonly pneumonia. Gastrointestinal symptoms are often very dangerous causing dehydration resulting in electrolyte imbalance, and possibly death. Muscle weakness, pain and fatigue, and chills are often present (Flu.gov, 2014). Determinants of Health Contributing to Disease Development ...
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...Diabetes in the Youth: Epidemiology Paper May 2, 2016 University of Phoenix NUR/408 Diabetes in the Youth: Epidemiology Paper Diabetes has become a serious issue in our youth, even though the mortality rates have decreased over the years the rate is still too high. According to the CDC (2012), From 1968–1969 to 2008–2009, the death rate from diabetes among youths under the of 19 decreased 61%, from 2.69 per million to 1.05 per million. The death rate among youths under 10 years of age decreased 78%, from 1.80 per million to 0.39 per million, and the death rate among youths aged 10–19 years decreased 52%, from 3.56 per million to 1.71 per million (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2012). The seriousness of these statistics shows that diabetes is disease requiring significant attention in the youth population. Epidemiological studies are needed in order to direct healthcare in the youth population and to provide effective interventions designed to reduce the prevalence and incidence rates of diabetes amongst our youth. Definition and Purpose of Study The purpose of epidemiology is to study disease and as a tool of community health it performs this function through a series of steps: 1. Search for determinants – A search for causes and factors that influence public health such as disease or high risk behaviors such as drug use. 2. Study of events- Health-related states or events need to be studied such as chronic diseases, injuries, birth defects, maternal-child...
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...Multimorbidity is a clinical condition which is defined as a state where three or more chronic illness conditions prevail in a patient either centrally or dependant upon one or more central condition (Fortin et al., 2007). This clinical condition is characterised by overlapping pathophysiology, synergetic disease intensity and intersection of individual illnesses management (Boyd et al., 2010). Few examples of the composing illnesses include coronary heart diseases, dyspepsia, migraines, sleep disturbances, bowel imbalance and Sarcopenia ( Fortin et al., 2007) Prevalence of multi morbidity varies across different parts of the world depending upon variance of population sample, age group of the society, advancement of health care monitoring systems and ethnic conditions. In developing countries like most of the Asian countries, rates of life expectancy are reported to increase due to advances is environmental and working conditions of the population. With the increase in life expectancy rates, the prevalence of coexistence of these diseases also steeply increases and is directly proportional (Akker et al., 1998). Further more, the prevalence of this clinical condition is more in developing countries when compared to that of developed countries due to increased percentage of vulnerable groups like young children, diseased and unattended patients and poor economical conditions (Valderas et al., 2009). The government of UK launched a initiative in collaboration with the NHS...
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