...textbook (Paper Life Cycle, 2011) Step 1 (Forest) Firstly, the producer will seek materials for making papers, the woods is the main material of making papers. The manufacturers will purchase lots of woods from the supplier of trees to progress their papers. So that the, supplier will cut down the trees from the forest instead to supply to the producers. When these happened, if the landowners failed to practice sustainable, this will cause the failure of sustainability of managing forest and damaged to the environment heavily (Life Cycle, 2011). Step 2 (Transportation) Secondly, after harvested the trees and clean up and get the woods ready for deliver to the paper manufacturer. The woods would be store in an inventory before gather up and transfer to the manufacturers. This step requires the machine to arrange and pick to the transportation or inventory which is man power hardly to do. The woods will deliver to the manufacturer accordingly to the quantity of order. During this step, the social impact toward the society could be offered job opportunity and not much impact to the environment (Life Cycle, 2011).. Step 3(Paper Making) Thirdly, the process is to remove all of the bark from logs. Afterward chipping the logs, we cook the wood chips in a large vessel under pressure with heat and chemicals. When the cooking is complete, the pulp is washed to separate the fiber from the lignin and cooking chemicals. Then come to the paper making process. During these...
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...Urban Waste Management Solid wastes are those organic and inorganic waste materials produced by various activities of the society, which have lost their value to the first user. Improper disposal of solid wastes pollutes all the vital components of the living environment (i.e., air, land and water) at local and global levels. There has been a significant increase in MSW (municipal solid waste) generation in India in the last few decades. This is largely because of rapid population growth and economic development in the country. Due to rapid growth of urban population, as well as constraint in resources, the management of solid waste poses a difficult and complex problem for the society and its improper management gravely affects the public health and degrades environment. The population of Mumbai grew from around 8.2 million in 1981 to 12.3 million in 1991, registering a growth of around 49%. On the other hand, MSW generated in the city increased from 3200 ton per day to 5355 ton per day in the same period registering a growth of around 67% (CPCB 2000). This clearly indicates that the growth in MSW in our urban centers has outpaced the population growth in recent years. This trend can be ascribed to our changing lifestyles, food habits, and change in living standards. Waste referred as rubbish, trash, garbage, or junk is unwanted or unusable material. According to European councils’ directive “Waste is any substance or object which the holder discards or intends or is required...
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...Client Understanding Paper Client: The ADT Corporation Lydia Ferdin I thank you for the opportunity to work with The ADT Corporation on this important project. As I was analyzing the papers provided, I realized that additional information is requested by your representatives. It was brought to my attention that ADT and its affiliates are unclear about why the additional information was requested on the adjusting lower cost of market inventory on valuation, the capitalizing interest on building construction, the recording of gains or losses on asset disposal, and the adjusting goodwill for impairment. The adjusting lower cost of market inventory on valuation is specified in Accounting Research Bulletin No. 43 (ARB No. 43). The Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 34 is the statement, which deals with capitalization of interest as part of the cost of the asset. The SFAS No. 144 addresses the reporting and accounting for the impairment of the disposal of long-lived assets. New rules for the accounting for goodwill have been addressed in SFAS No. 142. To be able to complete the analysis of the work papers of my clients’, certain information must be obtained. To alleviate the concern of the client of why the information is requested analysis of each topic and its importance will be discussed in this paper. The adjusting lower cost of market inventory valuation is essential because through the life cycle of inventories, the inventories will decline in value...
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...Client Understanding Paper Sharon Sherman ACC/541 December 13, 2010 Rebecca Kime Client Understanding Paper To be able to complete the analysis of the work papers of the current clients’ work papers certain information must be obtained. The topics of the information requested are the (1) adjusting lower cost of market inventory on valuation, (2) capitalizing interest on building construction, (3) recording gain or loss on asset disposal, and (4) adjusting goodwill for impairment. To alleviate the concern of the client of why the information is requested analysis of each topic and its importance will be discussed in this paper. The adjusting lower cost of market inventory valuation is essential because through the life cycle of inventories the inventories will decline in value. Although the primary basis of accounting for inventories is cost when when inventories usefulness become lower than cost then the use of adjusting lower cost of market is accepted. There are many advocates that think that inventories should be valued at market price. The belief is assets should reflect current values. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles instructs that when inventories decline in value the future selling price should move in the same direction in the same time period. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants provides the following definitions for use when applying the lower cost or market rule to inventories. These definitions are: 1. Market should not...
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...us through the world we are living in in terms of consumption. She breaks the cycle of consumption down into five parts and devotes a chapter of the book to each: extraction, production, distribution, consumption, and disposal. Each section of the book tells of the environmental and health dangers of our current practices. While Leonard does try to tell us about the good things that are going on in each chapter and includes promising laws and possible helpful individual actions in appendices, the overall tone of the book is dark. She highlight’s our countries’ wrongdoings, and offers theoretical Leonard begins her journey of “stuff” with the process of extraction. The first chapter deals with how, where and what resources are collected in order to begin their arduous transformation into everyday consumer items like cell phones, clothing, and paper. Our precious stuff would be nothing without the raw material necessary to create them. Leonard organizes all basic resources into 3 simple categories: tree, water and rock. With each of the categories, The Story of Stuff explores a plethora of environmental and moral concerns in harvesting. She outlines the ecological, economic, and social ramifications of over-extraction. Deforestation, the process necessary in paper manufacturing, is devastating natural forests and their potential for biodiversity. It is destroying the homes of indigenous cultures, and could unknowingly be decreasing the scope of medicinally useful plant species...
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...White Paper Asset Disposal for Oil & Gas Industry Nov 2015 Table of Contents Abstract 1 1. Asset Disposal 1 1.1 Indicators for Asset disposal 1 1.2 Review of disposal/continuation 2 2. Effect of current market condition on Asset disposal 3 3. Conclusion 4 4. Value to IGATE business/vertical 4 5. References 5 6. About the Authors 5 Abstract Effective asset management is the core for sustainable business success for oil & gas industry whether its plants, equipment, property, wells or other. Asset management can improve financial performance by focusing on increasing the ability to operate the physical assets and identify and improve the operating limits of them. Sometime assets are bottlenecks due to their operating limits...
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...Is Recycling Efficient? Antonio Childress Baker College ECN 202 Sections 00630 Mr. R. Jordan May 19, 2012 Is Recycling Efficient Recycling is the process of converting waste products into reusable materials; it is an ancient practice with many modern applications, recycling differs from reuse, which simply means using a product again. It refers to the recovery and reuse of materials from spent products. In recent years recycling has become a major part of environmental policy, mainly because of the increased costs of solid- and hazardous-waste disposal, the scarcity of natural resources, and the growing concern over polluted land, water, and air. There are two types of recycling operations: internal and external. Internal recycling is the reuse in a manufacturing process of materials that are a waste product of that process. Internal recycling is common in the metals industry. External recycling is the reclaiming of materials from a product that has been worn out or considered obsolete. An example of external recycling is the collection of old newspapers and magazines for the manufacture of newsprint or other paper products. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), about 30 percent of U.S. solid waste is recycled. About 15 percent is incinerated and about 55 percent goes into landfills. Recycling is appealing because it seems to offer a way to simultaneously reduce the amount of waste disposed in landfills and save natural resources....
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...(Penang). Segregation of recyclables is widely used in these transfer stations. However, segregation of the recyclables is carried out as an easy-going activity as most of the recycling process actually need a higher cost. In reality, there are several issues occurred at transfer stations in Batu Maung where no solid waste compaction. The solid waste is just being transferred to the disposal site without undergoing compaction process. The main purpose of compaction is very important as it can reduce the size of solid waste before transfer to...
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...Inorganic waste, Medical waste, Organic waste, Recyclable waste Toxic waste, etc. Population explosion, uncontrolled urbanization and rapid industrialization have caused high waste generation quantities and rates in a country, (NEST 1991) waste generation increases not only because people multiply and hence the space available to each person becomes smaller, but also because the demand per person are continually increasing, so that each person throws away more waste year by year. If the world’s population were evenly distributed over the earth surface, most of these wastes could probably remain unnoticed and perhaps harmless. But as city population increases, their residues also increases and concentrate around them. The management and disposal of these waste materials poses a...
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...Running head: Client Understanding Client Understanding Paper Letitia Edwards University of Phoenix July 1st, 2013 Professor Boswell Abstract One of the most important responsibilities of accounting personnel is to ensure compliance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. To ensure compliance, a new employee would need to review the firms’ current financial statements and get clarification if needed. Client Understanding Paper Reorganization of personnel is almost a constant factor with organizations. In terms of the financial statements, new employees/accountants need to gain understanding on company policy of stating transaction. For this paper we wanted to discuss four key factors: Adjusting lower cost of market inventory on valuation, Capitalizing interest on building construction, Recording gain or loss on asset disposal, and Adjusting goodwill for impairment. To explain to the client why this information is important, we will discuss each topic. First we decided which topic we would do our research on, and then we assembled all the data and analysis to create this paper. Adjusting lower cost of market inventory on valuation: Ending inventory in one accounting period will automatically become the beginning inventory for the next. For that reason and others, it is important to keep accurate information. Lower of cost or market refers to the valuation process that may result in an asset that can be reported at an amount lower than...
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...a coal combustion product consisting fine particles is a residual, waste matter arising from the combustion of coal from boilers used for the steam generation power plant at GHCL. Its disposal at GHCL has become a huge problem. The study aims at understanding the characteristics of the generated fly ash in detail and will investigate about finding innovative, possible solution for addressing the fly ash disposal problem at GHCL. Gujarat Heavy Chemicals Ltd. (GHCL) was establish in March 1988, by investment of $220 million at Sutrapada, Gujarat. The plant manufactures high-grade dense & light soda ash, for domestic and international use. GHCL is distinguished by its growth, financial performance and outstanding people and processes....
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...Final Project Report Topic: - Feasibility of waste-to-energy projects in Industries Submitted by: - Sanchita Tiku Roll No. 13020243022 Submitted to :- Dr. Prakash Rao Contents Topics Page No. 1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………1-9 2. Literature Review………………………………………………………………..10-13 3. Methodology……………………………………………………………………………14 4. Analysis & Interpretation…………………………………………………….15-17 5. Main Findings………………………………………………………………………17-21 6. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………..22 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Waste as described in Basel Convention: - Wastes are those materials which are supposed to be disposed or are intended to be disposed under the national law. Waste is any substance that is off no more use or that should be disposed off e.g. waste of leftover construction material, food waste, e-waste, hazardous waste, sludge from industries, packaging items, garden waste etc. There are numbers of ways available through which waste can be prevented, reduced, re-used and recycled. So, the leftover substance which cannot be treated should be land filled. Wastes are of following types:- 1. Municipal Solid waste: - Municipal solid waste is generated by households, commercial activities...
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...DECLARATION The group hereby declares that except for references to other people’s work, which has been acknowledged, this dissertation is the outcome of our own independent investigation under the supervision of Mr. Sumani John Bosco. NAME ID SIGNATURE GYAMFI KINGSLEY KWAKU IDS/3498/06 ………………………….. JEBUNI BERNARD IDS/3548/06 …………………………. SALIA ELIZABETH ZENABU IDS/3794/06 ………………………… YANGFO JACOB IDS/3902/06 ………………………… ZIEM ABRAHAM IDS/3934/06 ………………………… …………………………… Mr. Sumani John Bosco (Supervisor) Date…………………….. DEDICATION This work is dedicated to the parents and relatives of the group members for their love, care, prayers and support. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The group wishes to render its first thanks to the Almighty God without whose divine intervention the work would not have been possible. We also acknowledge the immense contribution of the chiefs, elders and people of Zanko and Sokpayiri communities who contributed in diverse ways to making our research a successful one. The group also...
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...Client Understanding Kelly Ableman ACC/541 August 5, 2013 Jonathan Rubin As a newly hired Staff I, the responsibilities that are required are to analyze the work papers for one of the clients of the organization. This client is not clear about why the company is asking for information on the following topics: adjusting lower cost of market inventory on valuation; capitalizing interest on building construction; recording gain or loss on asset disposal; and adjust goodwill for impairment. This paper will strive to answer these questions for the client. Adjusting Lower Cost of Market Inventory on Valuation One of the requirements of the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is that inventory be recorded at lower of cost or market rule, also known as LCM. In a company’s’ financial statements, assets are generally stated in the financial statements according to the cost principle. However, when it comes to inventory, cost principle is abandoned and lower of cost or market rule takes its place. The LCM states that inventory should be measured at the lower of cost or market value (Accounting Explained). What market value means basically is the replacement cost of the company’s inventory. This replacement cost can be in the form of a purchase cost or a manufacturing cost; simply stated, market value is the amount a company would have to pay to acquire their inventory of the same quantity and quality through purchase or through manufacturing. There are upper...
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...contributing to it. People need to become more responsive on this issue by complying on several ways to prevent water pollution. The chemical industry and factory farms need to follow the guidelines of operating their business, by using proper disposal methods for hazardous materials and waste materials. Chemical industry and factory farms need to follow the guidelines behind water pollution. To begin with, factory farms should be regulated accordingly. They must obtain permits, monitor water quality and pay for cleaning up and disposing of their waste. Also, factory farms must strengthen their new technology standards. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) must consider recent technological advances that significantly reduce pathogens. In addition, residents and local government should get involved and must have a say in whether to allow factory farms in their communities. The public also has the right to review and comment on the contents of pollution reduction plans and to enforce the terms, when a factory farm is in violation. The politically powerful chemically industry should enforce federal laws that permits underground waste disposal. A better and potentially safer method of disposal is incineration, which can convert poisonous chemicals into harmless compounds. As a matter of fact, these are the two main sources of today’s water pollution that our nation and other growing nations are contributing to. These industrial and economic...
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