...A PAPER ON “SELF-HEALING POLYMER TECHNOLOGY” [pic] SUBMITTED BY: Sreeja Gadhiraju, Naga vaishnavi.A, III/IV Mech, Sri Sivani Institute Of Technology. sreeja.btech@gmail.com INDEX |Topic |Page No. | | | | |ABSTRACT |1 | |introduction |2 | |INTRINSIC SELF-HEALING |2-3 | |EXTRINSIC SELF-HEALING |4-5 | |HEALING MECHANISM | 5-7 | |APPLICATION |7-8 | |PROBLEM AND CHALLENGES |9 | |CONCLUSION ...
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...3 Case study on Plastics : PET Bottle Life Cycle of Plastics Crude Oil Polymer Product Use Waste Recovery Polymer Product Use Overview of PET bottle recycling Containers and Packaging Recycling Law Specified business entities Fiber Industry (wash, crash, melt, spin) Bottle Industry Obligation to recycle Local governments (deporimerization) Consumers Selective collection and storage Selective discarding Players Producers n n n n Plant designers Product designers Energy suppliers Related industrial sectors Consumers Municipal and governmental authorities Waste treatment agencies Role of KIH ‘configuration engine’ To inform players of their role in life cycle as a stakeholder To accumulate knowledge/information of life cycle from information suppliers To interpret massive life cycle data with transparency for rational decision making 1. 2. 3. Overview of PET bottle recycling Containers and Packaging Recycling Law Specified business entities Fiber Industry (wash, crash, melt, spin) Bottle Industry Obligation to recycle Local governments (deporimerization) Consumers Selective collection and storage Selective discarding Objective of this case study To develop a ‘configuration engine’, which takes LCA as an environmental metric concurrently with an economic metric, for chemical process designer, To clarify steps, tools and information in a form of business-model. To show actual design...
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...Institute of Food Technologists has issued this Scientific Status Summary to update readers on food packaging and its impact on the environment. Keywords: food packaging, food processing dvances in food processing and food packaging play a primary role in keeping the U.S. food supply among the safest in the world. Simply stated, packaging maintains the benefits of food processing after the process is complete, enabling foods to travel safely for long distances from their point of origin and still be wholesome at the time of consumption. However, packaging technology must balance food protection with other issues, including energy and material costs, heightened social and environmental consciousness, and strict regulations on pollutants and disposal of municipal solid waste. Municipal solid waste (MSW) consists of items commonly thrown away, including packages, food scraps, yard trimmings, and durable items such as refrigerators and computers. Legislative and regulatory efforts to control packaging are based on the mistaken perception that packaging is the major burden of MSW. Instead, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) found that approximately only 31% of the MSW generated in 2005 was from packaging-related materials, including glass, metal, plastic, paper, and paperboard—a percentage that has remained relatively constant since the 1990s despite an increase in the total amount of MSW. Nonpackaging sources such as newsprint, telephone books, and office communication generate...
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...Introduction to Fertilizer Industry of Pakistan Over the years, Pakistan’s economy has been heavily dependent on agricultural segment. It is considered to be the backbone of economy as it supports high percentage of GDP among other sectors, generating massive inputs for the agro based industry. During Fiscal year 2011, agricultural sector growth rate was 1.2% which supported huge sectors of economy like manufacturing, exports etc, which in turn resulted in increased consumption and has continued its growth rate at an exponential rate. The fertilizer sector is one of the important sectors as it is a provider of raw materials to different industries, contributing heavily to Pakistan’s export. On the contrary, it is also a large market for agro products such as pesticides, farm implements and fertilizers. It also contributes to agro based industries consisting of textiles, food, sugar etc. Due to significance of this sector, the government ensures that it always maintain consistent and transparent policies related to investments, prices and supply/demand of products and materials. When it comes to distribution of natural resources to industries, fertilizer industry tops the list for rationing of resources such as gas and water. Introduction to Engro Corporation Ltd Engro Corporation is a public listed multinational organization based in Karachi. The company portfolio is composed of six subsidiaries involved in production of different products including Fertilizers, food...
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...in the search for urgent and appropriate replacement for the chromate conversion coatings. It is a very difficult task given the high performance levels of chromate conversion coatings. In fact there is nothing that is easy to coat and capable of performing better than the chromates. The high levels of efficiency that come with chromate conversion coatings make the search for their replacement to be very hard. The conductive polymer coatings are the best placed to replace the chromate conversion coatings because of their good qualities. They have high levels of performance and are relatively easy to apply on the metal surface. The purpose of this study is to find a suitable replacement for chromate conversion coatings as a method of protecting aluminium alloys. Introduction Corrosion is the degradation of material because of the reaction with the environment. It often leads to the physical deterioration of the properties of the material. The weakening of the material can be because of a loss of some of the cross-sectional area, cracking of the polymer due to sunlight or shattering of the surface because of hydrogen embrittlement. Chromate conversion coatings have been for a long time the preferred material in protecting surfaces from the adverse effects of corrosion. They are normally used to increase the resistance to corrosion and paintabilty of aluminium alloys. Chromate conversion coatings have high levels of efficiency in performance; however their use in surface finishing...
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...Company introduction Engro Corporation Limited (the Company), is a public listed company incorporated in Pakistan under the Companies Ordinance, 1984 and its shares are quoted on Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad stock exchanges of Pakistan. Engro Corporation is one of the Pakistan’s largest conglomerates with a large business portfolio. Business portfolio Its business portfolio includes Engro fertilizers, engro foods, engro polymer, engro Eximp (agriproducts), engro powergen, Sindh engro coal mining company and engro vopak. Registered office 7th & 8th Floors, The Harbor Front Building, HC # 3, Marine Drive, Block 4, Clifton, Karachi-75600, Pakistan Tel: +92(21) 35297501 – 35297510 Fax:+92(21) 35810669 E-mail: info@engro.com Website: www.engro.com Board of Directors 1. Hussain Dawoo 2. Shahzada Dawood 3. Shabbir Hashmi 4. Khawaja Iqbal Hassan 5. Frank Murray Jones 6. Ruhail Mohammed 7. Shahid Hamid Pracha 8. Saad Raja 9. Sarfaraz A Rehman 10. Khalid S. Subhani Vision To be the premier Pakistani enterprise with a global reach passionately pursuing value creation for all stakeholders. Analysis on the financial statements An analysis on the different financial statements of the company is given below. Income statement Income statement of engro corporations reveal that the consolidated net income (Profit After Tax) earned Rs.7, 801 million in 2014, which is (6%) less than that of the income...
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...is carried out by the informal recycling sector. Waste pickers collect recyclables by sorting through mixed waste on the streets or at the dumpsites. Some informal recyclers also collect waste by going house to house and offering incentives to the households. At several locations, the informal waste sector, AMA, EPA and private companies are collaborating. For example, the new Tema landfill provides a special shed for informal waste recyclers to sort out recyclables. Also, the new Accra Composting and Recycling Plant (ACARP) of Zoomlion has a nominal capacity of 600 tons per day (TPD) and currently accepting 300 TPD of mixed waste (Annepu & Themelis, 2013). 1.2 Statement of the problem The poor and indiscriminate disposal of refuse and its management at final disposal sites remains a bottle-neck faced by metropolitan authorities. Flooding and flood related loss and destruction of properties, traffic disruption and displacement of persons is a regular occurrence during rainy seasons and the approach of rainy season now viewed with anxiety and insecurity by many a resident of all cities and large towns. This is because majority of uncovered drains in the Accra metropolis have become the storage locations for most plastic wastes uncollected. Plastic wastes that find themselves in our marine environment, either entangles or is ingested by marine animals. As corroborated by Ackah, Carboo and Gyamfi, (2012), plastic wastes often pile up in the city of Accra, choking gutters and drainages...
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...BMW Group Information 2004 Employing environmental principles to build cars Holistic concepts that lead to optimum solutions Taking an actively responsible approach to the protection of our natural environment is of fundamental importance to the development, manufacture, use and recycling of vehicles and their components. The BMW Group has thus for many years consistently employed methods such as Life Cycle Assessment and Design for Recycling in its decision-making. The application of these holistic philosophies generates results that are often surprising – and decisive. BMW Group research & development The BMW Group Concept: Sustainable Mobility In every corner of the world, individual mobility is an essential requirement for maintaining economic growth and prosperity. As traffic on the road grows steadily, it is imperative that solutions be found which are compatible with the needs of people and the environment. In this context, the BMW Group pursues a holistic approach in its efforts to entirely eliminate or continuously reduce the environmental impact of its products and processes through intelligent technology-based solutions. Key aspects of this strategy are: • Mobility-based research focused on the intelligent networking of various modes of transport • Improving environmental awareness and safety in the transport sector • Encouraging suppliers and partners to adopt the BMW Group guiding principle of sustainable development. • Further integration of the automobile...
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...environment. To start with, pose a hygiene problem as their poor disposal leads to blockage of sanitary and drainage systems. This accelerates cases of water borne illnesses amongst people in the neighborhoods (Mathias, 2009). Moreover, the lack poor disposal of plastic bags affects agricultural activities as it hinders water penetration into the soil besides interfering with the formation of manure. To add to this, the photo-gradable plastics are easily broken down by light into chemicals that are harmful in nature (Bushnell, n.d). The production of the bags results into environmental pollution as chemicals emitted into the atmosphere interfere with the water and rainfall cycles. The manufacture of the bags is also viewed as wastage of natural resources as it depletes the quantities of petroleum that could have been potentially helpful in other areas (Vera, 2010). Animals are also negatively affected as consumption of plastic. Poor disposal results in death and suffocation for aquatic animals. Marine life is affected by plastic bags disposed into the sea, for instance the case spotted at the North of the Arctic Circle as well as the South close to the Falkland Islands (Moorthy, 2010). Studies indicate that plastic bags constitute 10 percent of waste deposited at the U.S coastline. Furthermore, the increased deposit of plastic bags at one location leads to increased toxicity as they breakdown into petro-polymers. In the long run, the toxic substances attributed to these plastic...
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...Introduction The goal of this paper is to identify the optimal level of styrene in the gel coating production for Cook Composites and Polymers Co. as well as to determine its environmental impact. Also, we will discuss potential production and environmental implications of getting involved into By-Product Synergy Initiative. The main question of the paper is to decide whether or not it is reasonable for CCP to invest into concrete coating production. Industry and company overview Gel coats are chemical compounds used in manufacturing industry to increase products’ durability and resilience as well as to provide color. The coating industry is estimated to be worth $85 billion. Half of the market is controlled by 10 major companies and the other half is fragmented. Gel coat producers usually work directly with other manufacturers and tailor their gel coats to meet the particular standards. Therefore, precision and reliability are very important. Cook Composites and Polymers Co. (later CCP) was founded in 1918 and one of its plants is located in North Kansas City, Missouri. The company manufactures resins and emulsions and has gel coating as one of its major products. In fact, in 2007 CCP was the world’s leader in gel coat manufacturing. Quality, customers’ satisfaction and environmental impact are all among the priorities for CCP. However, the production of gel coating requires CCP’s vice president to solve a dilemma. High-quality gel coating manufacturing requires the use...
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...December 31, 1998 Transaction overview Transaction description UK Holding Company Structure Amoco shareholders exchanged their shares in Amoco for ADRs representing shares in BP Accounting/reporting Accounted for as a merger under UK GAAP (or "pooling" under US GAAP) BP to report in US dollars, under UK GAAP with supplementary US GAAP information provided Dividends Dividends to be declared in dollars, with a sterling alternative to be offered to all UK shareholders of BP who require Sterling Listing/index BP Amoco remains in the FTSE 100 index FTSE weighting increased The following material contains statements, particularly those regarding capital employed, capital expenditure, cashflows, costs, savings, debt, demand, disposals, dividends, earnings, efficiency, gearing, growth, margins, performance, prices, production, productivity, profits, reserves, returns, sales, strategy, synergies, tax rates, trends, value, volumes, and the effects of BP merger and acquisition activity, which are or may be forward looking statements that involve risk and uncertainty that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in such statements. There are a number of factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward looking statements, including future levels of industry product supply, demand and pricing; currency exchange rates; political stability and economic growth in...
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...[Energy Efficient Material as 3D Printing Supplies] Contents 1. Introduction 1.1 Background…………………………………………………………… 1.2 Definition of Terms…………………………………………………… 1.3 Objective……………………………………………………………… 1.4 Overview……………………………………………………………… 2. Needs for Energy Efficient Materials 2.1 Contemporarily Used Materials……………………………………… 2.2 Reason for Energy Efficient Materials……………………………… 3. Properties and Development of Energy Efficient Materials 3.1 Properties…………………………………………………………… 3.2 Development………………………………………………………… 4. Advantages and Disadvantages of 3D Printing Energy Efficient Supplies Compared to Conventional Materials 4.1 Advantages…………………………………………………………… 4.2 Disadvantages………………………………………………………… 5. Opportunities for the Development of Energy Efficient Materials in 3D Printing 6. Recommended Solutions to Deal with Challenges for Energy Efficient Materials in 3D Printing 7. Conclusion 8. References 3 Energy Efficient Material as 3D Printing Supplies 1. Introduction 1.1 Background The 3D printing technology has become popular nowadays (Sharma, 2013). This technology has made it possible for mankind to produce almost everything they can imagine. Furthermore, since the energy efficient material is a new concept that has been developed in recent years, a discussion on the potential application of those materials in this additive manufacturing method appears to be necessary. 1.2 Definition of Terms As the first issue of this essay, some key terms should be...
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...CHARCOAL AS AN ALTERNATIVE INK A Science Investigatory Project Presented to the Faculty of the Special Science Class Leonora S. Salapantan National High School San Miguel, Iloilo CRIS BERNADETTE S. CALDEDERO Special Science Class fourth year Section A March 2015 09071949701 Chapter I Introduction Background of the Study One of the most important historical applications of wood charcoal was as a constituent of gunpowder. It was also used in metallurgical operations as a reducing agent, but its application has been diminished by the introduction of coke, anthracite smalls, etc. A limited quantity is made up into the form of drawing crayons; but the greatest amount is used as a fuel, which burns hotter and cleaner than wood. Charcoal is often used by blacksmiths, for cooking, and for other industrial applications. One additional use of charcoal rediscovered recently is in horticulture. Although American gardeners have been using charcoal for a short while, research on Terra preta soils in the Amazon has found the widespread use of biochar by pre-Columbian natives to turn otherwise unproductive soil into very rich soil. The technique may find modern application, both to improve soils and as a means of carbon sequestration. The world today is suffering for an economic crisis; many people seem to realize the importance of each item that needs to be bought. Ink is an ordinary item but prevalent in everyday use. Some things that provide ink for its functions...
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...broken into lower molecular weight compounds. 3) Identify that ethylene, because of the high reactivity of its double bond, is readily transformed into many suitable products The two bonds of ethylene are not identical. The second bond (pi-bond) is weaker than the first bond (sigma-bond). Thus, only a small amount of energy is needed to enter the system in order to convert a double bond into a single bond. This results in ethylene’s high reactivity. 4) Identify that ethylene serves as a monomer from which polymers are made • • • Ethylene is polymerised to polyethylene High pressures produce soft, low density polyethylene, consisting of tangled chains (with molecular masses 100,000) 5) Identify polyethylene as an addition polymer and explain the meaning of the term Addition polymerisation: a process in which many identical small molecules combine to form one large molecule, with no by-products. The small molecules are called monomers, while the large molecule is called a polymer. H C C H H H C H C H n H H n In addition polymerisation, no other products are formed. 6) Outline the...
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...textile machinery DyeCoo: waterless dyeing Launch of the first commercial dyeing machine that uses supercritical carbon dioxide instead of water The textile industry is believed to be one of the biggest consumers of water. In conventional textile dyeing, large amounts of water are used both in terms of intake of fresh water and disposal of wastewater. On average, an estimated 100–150 litres of water is needed to process 1 kg of textile material, with some 28 billion kilos of textiles being dyed annually. Water is used as a solvent in many pretreatment and finishing processes, such as washing, scouring, bleaching and dyeing. Hence, the elimination of process-water and chemicals would be a real breakthrough for the textile dyeing industry, and it seems this has now come to fruition, with the launch of the world’s first ever industrial dyeing machines that uses super carbon dioxide (CO2) as a replacement for water. The manufacturer behind this system is the Dutch company, DyeCoo Textile Systems BV. Years of extensive research and development has gone into producing the novel, completely water-free dyeing process which has considerable lower operational costs compared to conventional dyeing processes. Award-winning process 8 From an environmental point of view, the new dyeing machine is revolutionary. The machine was unveiled this summer and is so new it has yet to be given a name, although the technology behind the process was unveiled to the world last year when DyeCoo won the...
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