...This essay seeks to define why the Scottish Enlightenment theorists rejected previous attempts at social theory and instead formulated their own social theory. It also seeks to define what was scientific about their approach compared to other theorists who formulated other social theories. Firstly the enlightenment will be defined and previous attempts at social theory outlined. Secondly the theorists social theory will be outlined and finally a discussion of why their approach could be considered scientific. This essay will argue that it was the theorists’ departure from conjecture and sermon which made their theory so radical for its time, and their application of the new framework of Newtonian science which allowed their application to be considered scientific. The enlightenment was a period of philosophical thought and intellectual development which began in the eighteenth century (Ritzer, 2010). The enlightenment theorists sought to combine empirical research with the developing model of Newtonian science. The theorists were convinced that the world around them could be understood using reason and research and that the institutions which governed social values and societal norms were rooted in irrationality and actually acted to inhibit human development (Ritzer, 2010). The theorist’s arguments clashed with the conjectural and traditionally espoused history of the social institutions such as the Church and the political regimes of the countries they operated in (Broadie...
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...The use of violence as a means of resistance invokes problematic actions. In the context of the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka, militias made use of child soldiers to fight against the military. We quote from the narrative of Sukumar (male, 36 years) a Tamil refugee living in a camp in India, who was kidnapped as a child by a militia and trained to become a soldier, ‘My father used to work as a school teacher. He taught me to read and write. One day, I was at home, and my father had gone to work. I was 10 years old at that time. The people from a local militia came and kidnapped me. I was to be trained to become a child soldier. When my father came back and discovered what had happened, he broke down. He went to the people in the militia and begged them to let me go. They refused. He came there everyday for a week and cried, but the people in the militia showed no sympathy. So at the age of 10, I started participating in physical exercises that trained me for the military. I also learnt to use the gun. As a child I did not understand what was happening. Also, the sense of physical fatigue was easily overcome, and I got used to the drill. I stopped going to school. Whatever little I can read and write was due to what my father had taught me when I was very young.’ The kidnapping of the child is an act of colonising the body. In converting the child into a soldier, the body of the child is mechanised. The resistance has been reduced to the practice of management. Continuing...
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...Crystal Chance Professor Mendenhall History 201 Reaction Paper 5 February 23, 2014 Changes in Imperial British policies played a big part in the coming American Revolution. However, the rich elites of America sought to rebel against the British for their own purposes. The rich did not enjoy the fact that the British began imposing new taxes on their products, and they saw it as a way to cut into their profits. The British implemented such taxes on the colonies because they were in turn losing profits due to underground smuggling and trading outside the ranks of the mother country. The British were losing control of the colonies to the more educated well-off men, which used the power of persuasion to sway the lower class of colonists to gain an upper hand over the British. Even though the lower classes of people were doing fine under British rule, the rich Americans knew if they were not onboard then the liberty the rich wanted would be unattainable. This led to many rebellions against the British, but not all of which came from the elite. With that being said, the rich educated men of America used forms of propaganda to bring people to their side. Promises of liberty and equality sounded good to the people. The common folk saw a way to receive more rights under a local government rather than Imperial British control. The Molasses Act was put into place by the British to defer trade with the French for sugar, but this tax did not stop the smuggling of the main product...
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...How to bring down a dictator By Abebe Gellaw | May 29, 2012 Editor's Note - The following paper by Abebe Gellaw was first published in March 2011. Given its timelessness, the paper is being published for the second time. “Freedom is not free; you have to pay for it.” Anonymous In May 2005, over 2 million Ethiopians came out in full force to demand change Imagine the power all these people wield collectively when they decide to act together for radical change, dignity and freedom Nonviolent struggle is a smart option for Ethiopians to end tyranny As ordinary Egyptians have erupted in jubilant euphoria at Tahrir Square and on the streets of Egypt after the fall of the three-decade long dictator Hosni Mubarak, Ethiopians in and outside of the country have been keenly watching the wind of change from North Africa. We have witnessed history unfolding once again. When people are determined to be free, nothing can stop them. After an epic struggle against him, Mubarak had no choice but to surrender. The world is a better place with the fall of one more dictator. What a beautiful moment to celebrate and watch! The momentous events in Egypt and Tunisia are testimony to the power of nonviolent struggle. When people are united and speak in one voice, nothing can stop them. No guns and tanks have stopped the peaceful revolutions that have ended tyranny and ushered in liberation to ordinary people in many countries across the world. Ethiopians also know what revolutions are like. But...
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...Organization Studies http://oss.sagepub.com ‘Subterranean Worksick Blues’: Humour as Subversion in Two Call Centres Phil Taylor and Peter Bain Organization Studies 2003; 24; 1487 DOI: 10.1177/0170840603249008 The online version of this article can be found at: http://oss.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/24/9/1487 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: European Group for Organizational Studies Additional services and information for Organization Studies can be found at: Email Alerts: http://oss.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://oss.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav Citations http://oss.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/24/9/1487 Downloaded from http://oss.sagepub.com at SAGE Publications on July 31, 2009 1487 Authors name ‘Subterranean Worksick Blues’: Humour as Subversion in Two Call Centres Phil Taylor and Peter Bain Abstract Phil Taylor University of Stirling, UK Peter Bain University of Strathclyde, UK This article engages in debates stimulated by previous work published in Organization Studies, and more widely, on the purpose and effects of workers’ humour and joking practices. The authors emphasize the subversive character of humour in the workplace, rejecting perspectives which see humour as inevitably contributing to organizational harmony. Drawing on methodologies, including ethnography, which permitted...
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... 8-10 Affirmative Cases 11-19 Negative Cases 20-25 Affirmative Extensions 26-34 Civil disobedience worked to free India. 26 Civil disobedience overthrew the communists in Poland. 26 The tradition of civil disobedience in America goes all the way back to the founders. 26 Civil disobedience can serve to prevent situations from escalating into violence. 27 Civil Disobedience has been used to promote peace. 27 Civil disobedience was used to promote racial equality. 27 Civil disobedience is used to try to prevent the destruction of the environment. 27 Civil disobedience is effective at changing the law. 28 Legal channels can take too long. 28 Consent to obey just laws does not imply consent to obey unjust ones. 28 Distinguishing between just and unjust laws to disobey can be universalized. 28 Civil disobedience can be stabilizing to a community by spreading a shared sense of justice. 29 Sometimes it is only the unjustified response to civil disobedience that has harmful consequence. 29 Civil disobedience is traditionally non-violent. 29 Civil disobedience is a form of exercising free speech- which is essential in a democracy. 30 Civil disobedience has been used to fight slave laws 30 Civil disobedience played a role in ending the Vietnam war. 30 Civil disobedience shouldn’t be punished- but recognized as enhancing democracy. 31 Even if laws are created by democratic means-...
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...Challenges and Solution of Business Communication Successful businesses use a variety of communication methods to keep people informed and processes operating smoothly. Those business owners understand that communication is a continuous process and watch for hurdles that can pop up at any point to get in the way of clear, accurate, timely, effective communication with employees, customers and the public. By knowing what to look for you can take steps to prevent obstacles and resolve issues quickly when they do arise. Diversity Every person has a unique frame of reference that filters how they view the world. Differences in age, gender, ethnicity, religion and other factors all create different points of view. Diversity helps work teams bring more solutions to the table. But those filters can also cause the receivers to interpret messages differently than the sender intended or create different expectations. Distance Businesses must find ways to keep communication channels open with people who are away from the office, such as a remote sales force or people who work from home. Some companies deliver information to mobile devices or schedule regular meetings so employees can anticipate and schedule their trips and sales calls around them. The challenges are even greater for companies that do business globally. Cross-cultural communication adds different languages, business norms, distance and time zones to the equation. Technology Email, social media, the web and mobile devices...
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...Communication Monographs Vol. 73, No. 4, December 2006, pp. 406 Á433 Take This Job and . . . : Quitting and Other Forms of Resistance to Workplace Bullying Pamela Lutgen-Sandvik Adult bullying at work is an unbelievable and, at times, shattering experience, both for those targeted as well as for witnessing colleagues. This study examines the narratives of 30 workers, some of whom where targeted and all of whom saw others bullied. Their responses paint a complex picture of power in bullying situations that reframe the ‘‘power-deficient target’’ into agents who galvanize a variety of resources on their own or others’ behalf but also place them at considerable risk. In some cases, employees evaluate the abusive situation and quickly resign. Others protest but, if resistance fails to stop abuse, they also leave organizations. The paths of resistance, case outcomes, and dialectic nature of resistance and control are discussed. Keywords: Workplace Bullying; Verbal Aggression; Organizational Communication; Resistance; Power Adult bullying at work is a shocking, frightening, and at times shattering experience, both for those targeted and for onlookers. Workplace bullying, mobbing, and emotional abuse*essentially synonymous phenomena*are persistent, verbal, and nonverbal aggression at work that include personal attacks, social ostracism, and a multitude of other painful messages and hostile interactions. Because this phenomenon is perpetrated by and through communication, and because...
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...country b. No taxation without representation C. Initial skirmishes 1. Writs of assistance against smuggling 2. Proclamation of 1763 3. Sugar Act 4. Revenue Act 5. Currency Act D. Stamp Act crisis 1. Provisions of Stamp Act 2. Indignation in colonies 3. Taxation and representation; increasing opposition a. Virginia resolutions b. Stamp Act Congress c. Boycott of British goods d. Public demonstrations e. Committees of Correspondence f. Sons of Liberty g. Crowd actions 4. Breadth of opposition a. Colonial elites b. Middling ranks c. Laboring classes 5. Repeal of Stamp Act; passage of Declaratory Act E. Internal colonial disputes 1. Tenant uprising in Hudson Valley 2. Tenant uprising in Green Mountains 3. Regulators in South Carolina 4. Regulators in North Carolina II. The road to revolution A. Townshend crisis 1. Provisions of Townshend duties 2. Colonial response, home-spun virtue a. Revival of boycott on British goods b. American-made goods as symbol of resistance c. Reawakening of popular protest B. Boston Massacre 1. Stationing of troops in Boston 2. The massacre 3. Popular indignation C. An uneasy calm 1. Repeal of Townshend duties; withdrawal of troops from Boston 2. Lifting of boycott 3. Persisting suspicions of Britain 4. John Wilkes controversy 5. Anglican church rumors D. Tea and Intolerable Acts 1. Tea Act a. Roots in global commercial developments b. Contents 2. Colonial response a. Resistance in ports b. Boston Tea...
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...Always discuss coincidence (Thabo Meli, Royall) and BRD (prosecution, differs for offence and defence) Chapter 5 – Homicide: Murder and Involuntary Manslaughter 5.1 Patterns of homicide 423 Study by A.Wallace. 1968-81 * -relationship of victim to offender. * -homicide is a crime that is socially, historically and culturally determined. * -homicide comprises a variety of offenders and victims in different social settings. * -Homicide in NSW is largely interpersonal in nature, rather than instrumental or ideological. * -Majority of interpersonal killings involved intimates. * -Homicide patterns reflect cultural norms. * -homicide is spontaneous rather than premeditated crime. * -Homicide offenders exhibit a wide range of moral culpability. 5.3 Murder S18 Crimes Act (1900) NSW S 18. (1) (a) Murder shall be taken to have been committed where the act of the accused, or thing by him omitted to be done, causing the death charged, was done or omitted with reckless indifference to human life, or with intent to kill or inflict grievous bodily harm upon some person, or done in an attempt to commit, or during or immediately after the commission, by the accused, or some accomplice with him, of a crime punishable by penal servitude for life or for 25 years. (b) Every other punishable homicide shall be taken to be manslaughter. S 18 (2)(a) No act or omission which was not malicious, or for which the accused had lawful cause or excuse, shall...
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...Women Before and After the Pahlavi Period In Iran Hashem Alshakhas December 11 2013 Table of Contents Section Page Introduction………………………………………………………….……………………..1 Rise of Reza and Muhammad Shah………………………………………….…….1 The first Pahlavi period- Reza Shah…...…………………………………….…….5 Modernization, unveiling and clash with the citizens…………………………5 The second Pahlavi period- Muhammad Shah…………………………..10 After The Islamic Revolution …………………………………………….14 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..19 References…………………………………………………………………..21 Introduction It has been more than 30 years since the victorious Islamic revolution transpired and sought the citizen supported and the forceful death of the Pahlavi dynasty which was ruled, with a denied democracy, under Mohammed shah and his father, Reza shah who were both put forth by the British. Due to the controversial media’s coverage, its western influence and lack of justice, there remains a bitter taste in the mouth of feminists in regards to women’s rights under the newly born Islamic state. In this paper, I will be examining and shedding light on these issues, as well as comparing the current and past roles of women, the differences between the Islamic and Pahlavi imposed laws on these women all within the confines of the diverse domains of Iran, while taking...
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...Decentralization and Devolution: Educational Implications of the Praetorian Interpretation By Baela Raza Jamil Idara-e-Taleem-o-Aagahi Public Trust September 2002 Decentralization and Devolution: Educational Implications of the Praetorian Interpretation Pakistan has a diverse ethnic population of 142 million people, with 32.2 percent people living below the poverty line (I-PRSP, 2001). It is a federation with four provinces and four federally administered territories[1]. For three decades the country experienced a process of increasing centralization in decision-making, resource management and service delivery. During that period, governments were set up under Islamic Socialism, martial law, experiments with democracy by eight governments, and another military take over. Democratic institutions and service delivery eroded at each reconstruction of the state. To offset poor governance, a process of devolution has been initiated through establishment of local governments across Pakistan. The principle of inclusion through political decentralization was meant to provide institutional entitlements for voice and action. Direct elections were held at the union council level (encompassing a population of 25,000, covering 5-7 villages or more settlements) in 2000 for 21 representatives. As the result of a countywide mobilization drive thirty-three percent seats were reserved for women, an unprecedented accomplishment in Pakistan’s history. In addition, six seats...
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... Gabriela Women’s Party seeks to harness the potential, initiative, skills, and leadership of marginalized women towards empowerment, justice, and equality. Her Story Women’s role in Philippine society has been shaped, by and large, by the Filipina’s demand for social justice, equality, freedom and democracy. That yearning and her consequent struggle have had a long and glorious, albeit invisible, history. Almost 400 years after she led a regional revolt against Spanish colonizers, Gabriela Silang remains a model, a beacon, and an icon to women of the Philippines. She was the seminal Filipina, leading long after her death her sisters to the struggle against social inequities and foreign domination. In 1984, fuelled by the resistance against the Marcos dictatorship and an overwhelming need for significant economic and political change in the archipelago, women from all walks of life – worker, peasant, urban poor, indigenous, middle class, artist, religious – banded together to set up a national women’s coalition. They took the name of the 18th century woman general. They called their coalition GABRIELA. Founded on October 28,2000, Gabriela Women’s Party is an offshoot of the biggest alliance of women’s organizations in the Philippines, GABRIELA. Rich with experiences and lessons of having been at the forefront of the Philippine women’s movement in its over 20 years of existence, GABRIELA first joined the electoral arena in...
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...Knowledge Area Module VI Contemporary Issues and the Ethical Delivery of Health Services Student: Harold Taitt, harold.taitt@waldenu.edu Student ID # A00293212 Program: Ph.D. Health Services Specialization: Health Management and Policy Faculty Mentor: Dr. Robert Hoye, robert.hoye@waldenu.edu Faculty Assessor: Dr. Jim Goes, jim.goes@waldenu.edu Walden University May 10, 2013 Abstract Breadth Component In this age of rapidly evolving technological advances, many of the legal and ethical issues that are challenging the delivery of health care and the health care profession are new. As we confront the legal, moral, and ethical aspects of health care, we are seldom faced with decisions that require or are resolved by simple right or wrong answers (Edge & Kreiger, 1998). In the Breadth component of KAM VI, I focus on several ethical theories and how those theories influence the way ethical issues and concerns are addressed and managed in the allocation and delivery of health care services. I critically assess and evaluate those theories, concepts, and derivative principles as they impact important decisions and the implications of those decisions within the context of social change and with special emphasis on health care management and policy. In addition, I discuss the key assumptions on which the selected theories are constructed, compare and contrast the writers’ interpretations across theories, and conclude by providing a critical commentary on the merits of the selected...
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...2. Introduction 1. Background of the Company [pic] Microsoft is one of the biggest software and IT companies in the world. The industry touches every region of Technology. Its current best-selling products are the Microsoft Windows operating system and the Microsoft Office suite of productivity software. They cover Operation System (Vista and Windows 7), Server and Tools Division (Windows server 2008, VB and SQL), Online Services Business division (MSN and the search engine Bing), Microsoft Business Division (Microsoft Office), and Entertainment Devices Division (smart phones, XBOX and MSN TV). Microsoft mission is to enable people and businesses throughout the world to realize their full potential. It develops software, hardware, service and solution to achieve this goal since it established at 1975 by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in Albuquerque. In 1980, Microsoft formed a partnership with IBM that allowed them to bundle Microsoft’s operating system with IBM computers, paying Microsoft a royalty for every sale. With a real big range of service IT service, we can say the client of Microsoft is unlimited, from OEM, business, and individuals. And the competition is all over from every division, such as Apple in PC Market and Google in Online Service Market. [pic] Yahoo! Was started at Stanford University in January 1994 by Jerry Yang and David Filo. Both of them were Electrical Engineering graduate students when they created a website named “Jerry and...
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