...centralized and we design a new system of database which is distributed i.e. the database of the Lahore campus is in Lahore and the database of karachi campus is in Karachi i.e a collection of multiple ,logically interrelated databases distributed over a computer network. DDBMS: A distributed database management system is defined as a software system that permits the management of the ddbs and makes the distribution transparent to the users. Why we use distributed database? In centralized system, all queries are handled by the main server and all loads are on the server but in distributed system, a separate server for each site exists. • In centralized system If centre goes down, everything is down. So you need to have offsite redundant servers. • In centralized system there is the single point of failure that can bring an entire company down in the event of a server crash but in distributed system if one server crashed down we get information from main server. Distributed Database design: The design of a distributed computer system involves making decisions on the placement of data and programs across the sites of the computer network .in the case of distributed DBMSs,the distribution of application invoves two things: • The distribution of the distributed DBMS softwares • the distribution of thr application of the programs that run on it It has been suggested that the organization of the distributed systems can be investigated along three...
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...Distributed database is one in which multiple database sites are linked by a communications system in such a way that the data at any site is available to users at other sites. Depending on the needs of an organization the following reasons would be why they would have the needs of distributed databases: * Improved reliability. A distributed system is more reliable than a centralized one, because processing is done at several sites, so failure of a single node does not halt the entire system. Distributed systems can be designed to continue to function despite failure of a node or of a communications link. * Better Data availability. Distributed database systems often provide for replication of data. If a node fails, or the only link to a node is down, its data is still available, provided a copy is kept somewhere else in the system. * Lower communication cost. If data used locally is stored locally, communications cost will be lower, since the network will not be used for most request. In centralized system, the communications network is needed for all remote requests. However, we must consider the additional cost for the database software, additional storage costs for multiple copies of data items and software, higher hardware costs, and higher operating costs the distribution can entail. Distributed database has different types of distributed systems. These systems ate homogeneous and heterogeneous. With homogeneous all modes use the same hardware and software...
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...Assignment 8: Distributed Databases Due Week 9 and worth 50 points A few years have passed, and the restaurant has grown to become a national restaurant chain. Now, they are concerned that remote and branch offices and restaurants in all fifty states will not have ready access to the data. Your supervisor has asked you to write a report to address the concerns of the customer and figure out how to expand the single server / single location database so the other 500 locations will be able to access and update the system. Write a 2-3 page paper in which you: 1.List three (3) reasons why an organization may have a need for distributed databases and best practices for implementation of distributed database. 2.List and explain: ◦The software and hardware components of a distributed database. ◦Techniques for distributed data placement. ◦Strategies for distributed query processing. 3.Briefly explain how an organization would allow programmatic access to a database through the Internet. 4.Please make any or all appropriate assumptions to answer the following. ◦Propose a solution for the national restaurant chain on a distributed database system that will work for them. ◦Create a diagram using Visio, Microsoft Paint, or other graphical creation utility of your choosing to illustrate the diagrams supporting your conclusion. Note: The graphically depicted solution is not included in the required page length. 5.Use at least three (3) quality resources in this assignment. Note:...
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...Today's business environment has an increasing need for distributed database and client/server applications as the desire for reliable, scalable and accessible information is steadily rising. Distributed database systems provide an improvement on communication and data processing due to its data distribution throughout different network sites. Not only is data access faster, but a single-point of failure is less likely to occur, and it provides local control of data for users. However, there is some complexity when attempting to manage and control distributed database systems. The DDBMS synchronizes all the data periodically, and in cases where multiple users must access the same data, ensures that updates and deletes performed on the data at one location will be automatically reflected in the data stored elsewhere. A distributed database can also be defined as a collection of multiple, logically interrelated databases distributed over a computer network. A distributed database management system is then defined as the software system that permits the management of the distributed databases and makes this distribution transparent to the users. Distributed database system is to referred as a combination of the distributed databases and the distributed DBMS Current trends in multi-tier client/server networks make DDBS an appropriated solution to provide access to and control over localized databases. Oracle, as a leading Database Management System (DBMS) vendor employs the two-phase...
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...A distributed database is a database in which storage devices are not all attached to a common processor. Portions of the database are stored in multiple physical locations and processing is distributed among multiple database nodes. The data on several computers can be simultaneously accessed and modified using a network. Unlike parallel systems, in which the processors are tightly coupled and constitute a single database system, a distributed database system consists of loosely coupled sites that share no physical components. A centralized distributed database management system (DDBMS) integrates the data logically so it can be managed as if it were all stored in the same location. The DDBMS synchronizes all the data periodically and ensures...
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...Design and Applied Research of the Distributed Real-time Database in Smart Grid Chunfeng Liu, Yan Jiang, Feng Zhao, Qiao Sun, Yang Zhang, Zhiqi Li, Chao Li Beijing Guodiantong Network Technology Company Ltd., No.1 Hangfeng Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China {liuchunfeng, jiangyan, feng_zhao, sunqiao, zhangyang2, lizhiqi, lichao3}@sgepri.sgcc.com.cn database. Both timing constraints and data consistency should be taken into consider in real-time database systems when scheduling the transactions so that they can be accomplished by their corresponding deadlines[3]. For instance, both the query and update on the acquisition data of smart electricity meters, mainly working for the calculation of the multistep electricity price and electricity increment, must satisfy not only the database consistency constraints but also the time constrain, processed within the given deadlines. Apart from the time constraints that are out of the demand of continuously data tracking, timing correctness requirements are also proposed due to the need to keep data available for the decision-making activities of the controlling systems[4]. Based on these situations, real-time databases are used in a wide Keywords— Distributed, real-time database, smart grid, typical range of applications in the power industry. applications, electric energy data acquire system At the same time, the electricity data also has astounding I. INTRODUCTION quantities. In China, the scale of the data points in smart...
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... |: |HND | |SEMESTER |: |04 | |UNIT NO./TITLE |: |35/ Distributed Design and Development | |ASSIGNMENT NO. |: |01 | |ASSIGNMENT TITLE |: |City Bank Distributed Design System | |UNIT OUTCOMES COVERED |: | | | 35.1 Understand Microsoft architecture for enterprise applications | |35.2 Design a distributed application | |35.3 Build a distributed application | |35.4 Build and use components | |ASSIGNMENT TYPE ...
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...networked computers communicate and coordinate their actions only be message passing, is characterized as distributed system (Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg, & Blair, 2012). A distributed system consists of a collection of autonomous computers, connected through a network and distribution middleware, which enables computers to coordinate their activities and to share the resources of the system, so that users perceive the system as a single, integrated computing facility. All distributed systems offer to their users: • Resource Sharing: Distributed system users has the ability to use any component (hardware, software or piece of data) anywhere in the system. The access to the system is being controlled by suitable resource manager that provides naming scheme and controls concurrency depending on sharing models describing how resources are provided, used and interact with each other. • Openness: It has to do with the system ability of the system components to...
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...Failures POS/355 August 26, 2013 UOPX Failures Distributed systems emerged recently in the world of computers. A distributed system is an application of independent computers that appear to work as a coherent system to its users. The advantages of distributed systems consist of developing the ability to continually to open interactions with other components to accommodate a number of computers and users. Thus, stating that a stand-alone system is not as powerful as a distributed system that has the combined capabilities of distributed components. This type of system does have its complications and is difficult to maintain complex interactions continual between running components. Problems do arise because distributed systems are not without its failures. Four types of failures will characterize and the solutions to two of these failures will address on how to fix such problems. Before constructing a distributed system reliable one must consider fault tolerance, availability, reliability, scalability, performance, and security. Fault tolerance means that the system continues to operate in the event of internal or external system failure to prevent data loss or other issues. Availability needed to restore operations to resume procedure with components has failed to perform. For the system to run over a long period without any errors is need and known as reliability. To remain scalable means to operate correctly on a large scale. Performance and security remains needed...
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...Middleware for Distributed Systems Evolving the Common Structure for Network-centric Applications Richard E. Schantz BBN Technologies 10 Moulton Street Cambridge, MA 02138, USA schantz@bbn.com Douglas C. Schmidt Electrical & Computer Engineering Dept. University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA 92697-2625, USA schmidt@uci.edu 1 Overview of Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities Two fundamental trends influence the way we conceive and construct new computing and information systems. The first is that information technology of all forms is becoming highly commoditized i.e., hardware and software artifacts are getting faster, cheaper, and better at a relatively predictable rate. The second is the growing acceptance of a network-centric paradigm, where distributed applications with a range of quality of service (QoS) needs are constructed by integrating separate components connected by various forms of communication services. The nature of this interconnection can range from 1. The very small and tightly coupled, such as avionics mission computing systems to 2. The very large and loosely coupled, such as global telecommunications systems. The interplay of these two trends has yielded new architectural concepts and services embodying layers of middleware. These layers are interposed between applications and commonly available hardware and software infrastructure to make it feasible, easier, and more cost effective to develop and evolve systems using reusable software. Middleware...
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...NAME: MODERN OPERATING SYSTEMS PROFESSOR: SCHOOL: DATE: MARCH 25th, 2013 Table of Contents Company Background 4 Employee Access 4 Data center description (servers, OS) 4 Client machines 4 Company Communication 5 Problems with the Current Information Systems 5 Proposed System 6 OS Processor and Core 8 Hardware 8 Benefits from Upgrading to Operating System Utilizing a Multi-Processor 9 Steps to Upgrade the Processor and Core 9 Requirements Supporting the Upgrade 10 Conclusion 10 Scheduling Algorithm 11 In First-Come First-Served Scheduling 11 Benefits and Challenges Presented by FCFS 12 Round robin scheduling 12 Benefits and Challenges Presented by Round Robin Scheduling 13 Conclusion 14 Distributed Computing Environment 15 Operating System Concurrency Mechanism 15 Grid Computing 16 Concurrency control mechanisms in handling communications and synchronization 17 OS Security Risks and Mitigation Strategy 18 The main areas of the operating system that are evaluated for performing the risk assessment are: 20 Prioritization risks in the operating system: 21 Risk mitigations for the risks in the operating systems: 24 Emerging Technologies and Architecture 26 Cloud Computing 26 Remote Procedure Call (RPC) 27 Object Request Broker (ORB) 28 Advantages of Cloud Computing to Jinx 29 Advantages of RPCs 29 Advantages of using ORB 30 How Jinx Will Benefit from these Technologies 30 References 32 Appendix A 34 ...
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...Crash failures are caused across the server of a typical distributed system and if these failures are occurred operations of the server are halt for some time. Operating system failures are the best examples for this case and the corresponding fault tolerant systems are developed with respect to these affects. Timing failures: Timing failures are caused across the server of a distributed system. The usual behavior of these timing failures would be like that the server response time towards the client requests would be more than the expected range. Control flow out of the responses may be caused due to these timing failures and the corresponding clients may give up as they can’t wait for the required response from the server and thus the server operations are failed due to this. Omission failures: Omission failures are caused across the server due to lack or reply or response from the server across the distributed systems. There are different issues raised due to these omission failures and the key among them are server not listening or a typical buffer overflow errors across the servers of the distributed systems. Byzantine failures: Byzantine failures are also know as arbitrary failures and these failures are caused across the server of the distributed systems. These failures cause the server to behave arbitrary in nature and the server responds in an arbitrary passion at arbitrary times across the distributed systems. Output from the server would be inappropriate...
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...POS/355 March 11, 2013 Bhupinder Singh Failures Paper The distributed systems are unique in that it’s executions of the application of the protocols are to coordinate on multiple processes on the network, they have their own local memory and it communicates in entities with each of them using a massage passing mechanism. They also have their own personal users to them that they can use for personal uses. What are shared across the distributed systems are the data, processor, and the memory that can achieve those tasks when processing information. The distributed system has features to help achieve in in solving problems and issues with software and programs, when being useful with the distributed system is not very easy; its capabilities are the components, than just the stand alone systems that are sometimes not as reliable. Because of the complexities of interactions between running the distributed systems, it must have special characteristics like the fault tolerant; this can recover from component failures without performing incorrect actions. Recoverable is where failed components can restart and then rejoin the system after the cause failure has been repaired. The failure on a distributed system can result in anything from easily repairable errors to a catastrophic meltdown. Fault tolerance deals with making the system function in the presence of defaults. Faults can occur in any one of components. In this paper we will look at the different...
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...FAILURES POSS / 355 Moore Clarence 29 june 2015 BOB O CONNER To begin what is a distributed system? There are several words that can describe parts that make up a distributed system. A program , a process, a message, packet, protocol, network components all take part in helping define what a distributed system makes of. A distributed system is an application that executes a collection of protocols to coordinate cooperate together to perform a single or small set of related tasks. Failure is the defining difference between distributed and local programming. So you have to design distributed system with the expectation of failures. Handling failures is an important theme in distributed systems design. Failures fall into two obvious categories. Hardware and software. Hardware failures was once an issue but since has improved a lot. Dealing with a lot of improvements to such items as wiring and circuits played positive roles to improving hardware the mechanical and network failures are part of todays problems. Software failures is part of a distributed system. When a software failure occurs it often affect downtime to the distributed system. The computer freezing or fail stop and so often even a network failure. Types of failures includes crash failures that is when a server halts, but its working correctly until it halts. Omission failure is another type of failure that a server fails to respond to incoming requests also fails to receive incoming messages or fails to...
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...Failures in Distributed and Centralized Systems Student Name POS/355 Instructor Name Date Failures in Distributed and Centralized Systems In today’s technology we have a vastly wide range of options when it comes to networking and linking computer systems. Organizations use a few different methods to linking their systems together. Large organizations, such as banks, power grids, and airport flight controller systems use what is called a distributed system. A distributed system must be reliable, available, safe, and secure. Since a distributed system is a widely available system that is essentially a collection of independent computers. With any large system, there are more components, more software, and more security risks that can jeopardize the system’s integrity. Many smaller organizations use what is called a centralized system, which can be anything from a personal computer to several terminals connected to a server. These systems can run into a few errors within their processes called failures. Distributed System According to our text, “A distributed system is a collection of processors that do not share memory or a clock. Instead, each processor has its own local memory. The processors communicate with one another through various communication networks, such as high-speed buses or telephone lines. In this chapter, we discuss the general structure of distributed systems and the networks that interconnect them.” (Silbershatz, A., Galvin, P. B., & Gagne, G...
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