...Failures in Distributed and Centralized Systems Student Name POS/355 Instructor Name Date Failures in Distributed and Centralized Systems In today’s technology we have a vastly wide range of options when it comes to networking and linking computer systems. Organizations use a few different methods to linking their systems together. Large organizations, such as banks, power grids, and airport flight controller systems use what is called a distributed system. A distributed system must be reliable, available, safe, and secure. Since a distributed system is a widely available system that is essentially a collection of independent computers. With any large system, there are more components, more software, and more security risks that can jeopardize the system’s integrity. Many smaller organizations use what is called a centralized system, which can be anything from a personal computer to several terminals connected to a server. These systems can run into a few errors within their processes called failures. Distributed System According to our text, “A distributed system is a collection of processors that do not share memory or a clock. Instead, each processor has its own local memory. The processors communicate with one another through various communication networks, such as high-speed buses or telephone lines. In this chapter, we discuss the general structure of distributed systems and the networks that interconnect them.” (Silbershatz, A., Galvin, P. B., & Gagne, G...
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...Science Thesis no: MCS-2010-23 June 2010 Principles for Distributed Databases in Telecom Environment Imran Ashraf Amir Shahzed Khokhar School of Computing School of Computing Blekinge Institute of Technology Blekinge Institute of Technology Box 520520 Box SE – 372372 Ronneby SE – 25 25 Ronneby Sweden Sweden This thesis is submitted to the School of Computing at Blekinge Institute of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Computer Science. The thesis is equivalent to 20 weeks of full time studies. Contact Information: Author(s): Imran Ashraf Address: c/o Gulfam Abbas, Älgbacken 4 LGH 081, 37234 Ronneby, Sweden E-mail: im_qamar@yahoo.com Phone: +46 700746734 Amir Shahzed Khokhar Address: c/o Gulfam Abbas, Älgbacken 4 LGH 081, 37234 Ronneby, Sweden E-mail: amir_ask@yahoo.com Phone: +46 760811926 University advisor(s): Professor Lars Lundbarg School of Computing Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden External advisor(s): Magnus Vigerlöf Ericsson AB Address: Ölandsgatan 1, 371 23 Karlskrona Phone: +46 10 7140404 School of Computing Blekinge Institute of Technology Box 520 SE – 372 25 Ronneby Sweden Internet Phone Fax : www.bth.se/com : +46 457 38 50 00 : + 46 457 102 45 2 Abstract Centralized databases are becoming bottleneck for organizations that are physically distributed and access data remotely. Data management is easy in centralized databases. However, it carries high communication cost...
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...Four Types of Distributed Computer System Failures University of Phoenix August 19, 2013 David Conway Four Types of Distributed Computer System Failures This paper will discuss four common types of distributed computer system failures which are Crash failures also known as operating system failures, Hardware Failures, Omission Failures and Byzantine Failures. Included in the discussion are failures which can also occur in a centralized computer system, and how to isolate and repair two types of failures. Crash failures are normally associated with a server fault in a typical distributed system. Inherently crash failures are interrupt operations of the server and can halt operation for a considerable time (Projects Helper, 2012).Operating system failures are the best examples for this scenario. Operating System or software failures come in many more varieties than hardware failures. Software bugs in distributed systems can be difficult to replicate and, consequently, repair and or debug. Corresponding fault tolerant systems are developed and employed with respect to these affects. An operating system or software failure can also occur in a centralized system such as a data base this is why it is highly recommended to back up a data base using stable mass storage media (Projects Helper, 2012). We have an extensive...
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...UOPX Failures Distributed systems emerged recently in the world of computers. A distributed system is an application of independent computers that appear to work as a coherent system to its users. The advantages of distributed systems consist of developing the ability to continually to open interactions with other components to accommodate a number of computers and users. Thus, stating that a stand-alone system is not as powerful as a distributed system that has the combined capabilities of distributed components. This type of system does have its complications and is difficult to maintain complex interactions continual between running components. Problems do arise because distributed systems are not without its failures. Four types of failures will characterize and the solutions to two of these failures will address on how to fix such problems. Before constructing a distributed system reliable one must consider fault tolerance, availability, reliability, scalability, performance, and security. Fault tolerance means that the system continues to operate in the event of internal or external system failure to prevent data loss or other issues. Availability needed to restore operations to resume procedure with components has failed to perform. For the system to run over a long period without any errors is need and known as reliability. To remain scalable means to operate correctly on a large scale. Performance and security remains needed so the system can resist attacks...
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...Distributed System Failures There are four types of failures that may be encountered when using and operating within a distributed system. Hardware failures occur when a single component within the system fails. Network failures refer to the failure of links within the distributed system network. Application failure occur to the failure of applications that run within the system, and can occur when the application stops working or operates incorrectly. Failure of synchronization occurs when different points in the system do not synchronize correctly. Both hardware and application failures may also occur within a centralized system as well as distributed systems. In the event of an application failure, it is important to first be able to differentiate between operator error and software error in order to determine the point of failure. When a hardware error occurs, this can be due to a few simple causes. Hardware failures occur when a single component within the system fails. The most common types of hardware failures are of a link, a site, or the loss of a message. At one point hardware failures were a common occurrence, but with recent innovations in hardware design and manufacturing these failures tend to be few and far between. Instead, more failures that now occur tend to be network or drive related. Network failures refer to the failure of links within the distributed system network. Processors within a distributed system need to be able to communicate with...
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...Failures The following paper will examine four types of failures that may occur in a distributed system. Also discussed is how these failures relate to a centralized system. Lastly, two of the four failures common to both a distributed and a centralized system will be isolated and fixed. A distributed operating system gives the appearance of a single system; however in all actuality it is a collection of computers that are connected to a network. This collection of computers, or distributed operating system, share resources and therefore encounters problematic failures as a result (Stallings, 2012). Failures experienced by distributed operating systems include communication faults, machine failures or fail-stop, storage-device crashes and decays of storage media, and network failures (Ghosh & Mathur, 2011). Communication faults In order to detect communication faults a time-out scheme can be used. When a communication, or message, is sent out it specifies a time interval during specifying the length of time it will wait for an acknowledgement message from the sender. If the sender received the acknowledgement message within the specified timeframe, then all is well and good. However, if the message is outside of that timeframe then we know that we are experiencing a communication fault and a time-out is occurring. In this case, the sender can send a message to the receiver asking ‘are you up?’. If no response is acknowledged or sent back, then it is likely...
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...Four Types of Distributed Computer System Failures This paper will discuss four common types of distributed computer system failures which are Crash failures also known as operating system failures, Hardware Failures, Omission Failures and Byzantine Failures. Included in the discussion are failures which can also occur in a centralized computer system, and how to isolate and repair two types of failures. Crash failures are normally associated with a server fault in a typical distributed system. Inherently crash failures are interrupt operations of the server and can halt operation for a considerable time (Projects Helper, 2012).Operating system failures are the best examples for this scenario. Operating System or software failures come in many more varieties than hardware failures. Software bugs in distributed systems can be difficult to replicate and, consequently, repair and or debug. Corresponding fault tolerant systems are developed and employed with respect to these affects. An operating system or software failure can also occur in a centralized system such as a data base this is why it is highly recommended to back up a data base using stable mass storage media (Projects Helper, 2012). We have an extensive data base on our server at my work place. The storage back-up is run daily. I cannot imagine the man-hours it would take to re-input even a month’s worth of production data if it were lost due to a failure the system could not recover from. Hardware failures can...
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... | Types of Failure in Distributed System December 5, 2012 Types of Failure in Distributed System To design a reliable distributed system that can run on unreliable communication networks, it is utmost important to recognize the various types of failures that a system has to deal with during a failure state. Broadly speaking failures of a distributed system fall into two obvious categories: hardware and software failure. A distributed system may suffer any of such types of failures. Yet each of the failure has its own particular nature, reasons and corresponding remedial actions to restore smooth operation (Ray, 2009). Follow are few types of failure that may occur for a distributed system. Transaction failure: Transaction failure is a centralized system failure. The failures generally occur due to two types of errors. These errors are: application software errors and system errors. In case of any logical error in the application software that is used for accessing a database the transaction will not continue for a longer period. In such case the system will go in a deadlock situation that results the failure of one or more...
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...Victoria White Distributed System Failure December 16, 2013 There are two types of system structures that can be created. The first is a centralized system, which consists of one or more major hubs. All communication is processed through these hubs. This system setup provides security, to an extent, since all of the computing is done through a single computer. However, it also creates a single point of failure, if the main computer goes down the system is down. A distributed system is a collection of processors connected by a communication network. The processors may include microprocessors, workstations, minicomputers, and large computer systems. These processors are known by a few different names, sites, hosts, nodes, computers, and machines. There are a couple major reasons for creating a distributed system, these reasons include resource sharing, communication, reliability, and computation speedup. However, there are a few failures that may occur with a distributed system these failures include link failure, host failure, storage media failure, and scalability. The first failure, link failure, occurs when the connection between two parts of the system fails. When this takes type of failure takes place the two parts of the system connecting can no longer communicate with each other. To detect link failure, a procedure known as handshaking is done. With this procedure first the host that is still functioning will continue to send I-am-up messages to the other host. After...
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...Failures of a Distributed System POS/355 July 25, 2013 Failures of a Distributed System In the words of Adam Savage from Mythbusters, “failure is always an option”. This holds true when talking about a distributed system, which is a computer network like a Wide Area Network (WAN) or a Local Area Network (LAN). Distributed systems is defined as a software system in which components located on networked computers communicate and coordinate their actions by passing messages (Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg, & Blair, 2012). This allows the computers or even devices like smart phones and tablets, to share resources like printers, hard drives, and even internet access. A centralized system is a computer that is by itself, one that is not connected to a laptop. Think of a centralized computer as one of the spy computers in movies, like Mission Impossible. These systems can and will fail, while sharing some failures; a distributed system has more components that could fail, leading to them having more problems. There a many things that could fail on a distributed system, this paper will cover four of them, starting with hardware failure. Video cards, network access card, hard disk drives, solid-state drives, memory, and power supply units (PSU), these are all pieces of hardware that are in most of the computers sold today, and they can all die at a moment’s notice. Some of these items, if they failed would not affect the network or distributed system at all, like a video card...
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...the Marine Corps, but as I found out in this assignment, failure is an option. This holds true when talking about a distributed system, which is a computer network like a Wide Area Network (WAN) or a Local Area Network (LAN). Distributed systems is defined as a software system in which components located on networked computers communicate and coordinate their actions by passing messages (Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg, & Blair, 2012). This allows the computers or even devices like smart phones and tablets, to share resources like printers, hard drives, and even internet access. A centralized system is a computer that is by itself, one that is not connected to a laptop. Think of a centralized computer as one of the spy computers in movies, like Mission Impossible. These systems can and will fail, while sharing some failures; a distributed system has more components that could fail, leading to them having more problems. There a many things that could fail on a distributed system, this paper will cover four of them, starting with hardware failure. Video cards, network access card, hard disk drives, solid-state drives, memory, and power supply units (PSU), these are all pieces of hardware that are in most of the computers sold today, and they can all die at a moment’s notice. Some of these items, if they failed would not affect the network or distributed system at all, like a video card or sound card dying on one computer would not cause problems for the rest of the network....
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...that could be assigned to a group of people who could then be held responsible. * HORIZONTAL SILO: VERTICAL SILO: 2. What is the relationship between organizational functional silos and IS functional silos? ANSWER: The only relationship that exists between organisational function silos and IS function silos is that they both serve to fulfil the needs of a department. * Organizational functional silos are termed as independent unit and the changes that made in these silos are not allowed to be shared between other departments in that organisation. * IS functional silos are much different from that of organisational silos because there is no online sharing of data. 3. Compare and contrast centralized, decentralized, and distributed IT architectures....
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...Enterprise Systems For Management | Chapter 2 review Question 1. What are functional silos and how did they evolve in organizations? When the organization becomes larger and more complex the functional silos evolved. This happens when the company have different department with different responsibilities, if any department needs anything they work separately with no integrate with other department. 2. What is the relationship between organizational functional silos and IS functional silos? The two types of functional silos serve the needs of a department but in two different ways. Organizational functional silos are independent unit and the changes that made in these silos not allowed to be shared between other departments. IS functional silo is different because there is no online sharing of data.. 3. Compare and contrast centralized, decentralized, and distributed IT architectures. Which do you think is most appropriate for ERP and why? Centralized systems are based on servers and mainframes, where all the data, software, and resources are stored on the server and are accessed via dumb terminal computers, that is nothing is really stored on the satellite computers. In Decentralized System we have multiple computers with the information and software they need, this gives them full control over what takes place, but may lead to less real time cooperation. Finally, distributed architecture is a combination of both centralized and decentralized architectures with...
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...In a Distributed model, each site is self-sustained for the most part. While some connectivity to the primary datacenter is required, the remote site would host its own Email Server, manage its own backups, control its own Internet access, and host its own Shared Files. Application access may still rely on HQ, although many applications support this type of distributed model. The benefit of a Distributed model is that each site can ‘survive’ on its own. There is no Single Point of Failure in this regard. Also, assuming that the hardware in some of the sites is stored in a secure Server Room, this also would potentially facilitate Business Continuity by utilizing Sites that reference each other as contingency Sites. When designing distributed systems it is said that the following assumptions should be considered false: 1. The network is reliable. 2. Latency is zero. 3. Bandwidth is infinite. 4. The network is secure. 5. Topology doesn’t change. 6. There is one administrator. 7. Transport cost is zero. 8. The network is homogeneous By challenging each of these assumptions and looking at the system design within that context it can help identify potential risk areas. Systems that exhibit the key principles, like reliability and availability, have designs that take each of these fallacies into consideration. When it comes to failures, most fall into one of two buckets: hardware or software related. Hardware failures used to be more common, but...
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...| Enterprise Systems For Management | Chapter 2 review Question 1. What are functional silos and how did they evolve in organizations? When the organization becomes larger and more complex the functional silos evolved. This happens when the company have different department with different responsibilities, if any department needs anything they work separately with no integrate with other department. 2. What is the relationship between organizational functional silos and IS functional silos? The two types of functional silos serve the needs of a department but in two different ways. Organizational functional silos are independent unit and the changes that made in these silos not allowed to be shared between other departments. IS functional silo is different because there is no online sharing of data.. 3. Compare and contrast centralized, decentralized, and distributed IT architectures. Which do you think is most appropriate for ERP and why? Centralized systems are based on servers and mainframes, where all the data, software, and resources are stored on the server and are accessed via dumb terminal computers, that is nothing is really stored on the satellite computers. In Decentralized System we have multiple computers with the information and software they need, this gives them full control over what takes place, but may lead to less real time cooperation. Finally, distributed architecture is a combination of both centralized and decentralized architectures...
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