...Distribution of power at the global level The United States has been the global leader since 1872, when they overtook the United Kingdom. There are discussions about “Americas decline” and the rise of multipolar power within the international state system. But actually I think that United States will stay as the world’s single great-power for some nearest time. It does not deny that some nation-states may grow more powerful in their respective regions. Although number of people around the world believes the economic balance of power is shifting, the United States is still seen as the world’s leading economic power. There are two main competitors for United States - one in the Pacific against China and the other in eastern Europe against Russia. America has to be afraid of these two countries getting togeather and building up their own global power. United States need to keep it’s allies, particularly the European countries, in line if the confrontation reaches a critical point. Economical statistics shows that China this year will displace the United States as the world's largest economy. The comparison is made by Purchasing Power Parity. It means that it takes into account the differing prices in the two countries. If a dollar is worth 7.2 renminbi today on the foreign exchange market, there is possibility that 7.2 renminbi can buy a lot more in China than one dollar can buy in the United States. The Purchasing Power Parity comparison shows - that is why...
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...In William Domhoff’s article, Wealth, Income, and Power, he examines wealth distribution in the United States, specifically financial inequality. He concludes that the wealthiest 10% of the United States effectively owns America, and that this is due in large part to an increase in unequal distribution of wealth between 1983 and 2004. Domhoff also states that the unequal wealth distribution is due in large part to tax cuts for the wealthy and the defeat of labor unions. Most of Domhoff’s information is accurate and includes strong, valid arguments and statements. However, there is room for improvement when identifying the subject of what is causing the inequality. The most important points made in Domhoff’s article are his statistics, the reason behind the unequal wealth distribution, and his closing statement concerning the top 10%. In his article, Domhoff cites many statistics regarding the distribution of wealth between America’s top and bottom percentiles. There is quite a bit of research to back up his claims, and his data is generally very accurate. However, when it comes to the cause of such gaps in wealth distribution, there is more to consider than simply tax cuts and labor unions. Domhoff begins with a broad overview of wealth distribution in the United States. He states that the top 1% held 34.6% of all privately held wealth, with 85% in the hands of the top 20%, leaving the bottom 80% in control of only 15% of privately held wealth. In terms of financial wealth...
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...3.) Describe the current distribution of power within the United States with regards to civil rights and race. What are the pros and cons of this distribution? Secondly, describe other social events from United States history that show a shift or change in the distribution of economic and/or political power during American history. Introduction Firstly, I will describe the current distribution of power in the United States. I will then weigh the pros and cons of the current distribution. After that, I will describe several events which shifted the power distribution. I will first describe events that disadvantaged black people. I will then talk about events that gave black people more power. Lastly, I will talk about events that shifted power to or away from other minorities besides black people. Current Distribution of Power The current distribution of power within the United States is that white people still have the most power and privilege, although the government has not been as blatantly racist as it has been in the past. The reason that white people have the most power is because in general, they have more money than minorities. In a capitalist society like the United States, whoever has the most money has the most power. White people have benefited...
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...1) What is the business value of XML to the organizations described in the case? How are they able to achieve such large returns on investment? The business value of XML to the organizations described in the case is that XML provides a general format for data exchange within and between organizations. It’s very useful, it is easier to translate task when they write new data sharing because many organizations have adopted this standard. The reason that they are able to achieve such a great returns on investments is because XML is an open standard and easy to implement therefore most of the saving go to the bottom line XML has been one of the innovative finding and inference for the organizations described in the case. The use of XML has increased their productivity, efficiency and effectiveness. XML has made it easier for the organizations to make the most tedious and complex tasks more easy and reasonable. XML has helped them get accurate calculations on important information that was difficult to get. It has provided security and sharing. The data and the information are managed better than before. They are able to achieve such a large return on investment by using XML in the most effective way; the environment and the demand of the activities of the organization are part of the efficacy that they used. When they started using XML the performance improved; things were getting done faster, easier and it was user friendly. It increased the overall productivity of the...
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...server software. In this project solve power theft in power system distribution and save time in electricity billing system by using SCADA system and save energy. Solving problem in power system transmission and distribution. OBJECTIVE Following are the objectives achieved by the completion of work. 1. PLC based programming using WPL SOFT software for Delta plc. 2. Designing in SCADA using Wonder ware’s INTOUCH software. 3. interfacing...
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...Power Systems 1 Chandan Kumar Ghosh dhuls28kilo@yahoo.com B.E. (KU), 1998 M.E. (Electrical Power), NORAD/ KU, 2006 1998-2000 Lotus Energy 2000- Present Nepal Electricity Authority Distribution and Consumer Services 4/4/2007 1 Introduction OBJECTIVE OF COEG 303 Introduce Power Systems Modeling a Transmission Line Introduce a Distribution System Introduce Insulation requirements Mechanical Design of Transmission Line High Voltage DC Transmission Cables Corona Discharges 4/4/2007 2 Introduction to Power Systems Electrical power is a little bit like the air you breathe: You don't really think about it until it is missing. You use it for heating, cooling, cooking, refrigeration, light, sound, computation, entertainment... Without it, life can get somewhat cumbersome. 4/4/2007 3 Generation Transmission and Distribution Power travels from the power plant to your house through an amazing system called the power distribution grid. 4/4/2007 4 Generation The Power Plant Electrical power starts at the power plant. In almost all cases, the power plant consists of a spinning electrical generator. Mechanical Force: a water wheel in a hydropower a large diesel engine a gas turbine a steam turbine by burning coal, oil or natural gas or nuclear No matter what it is that spins the generator, commercial electrical generators of any size generate what is called 3-phase AC power. To understand 3-phase AC power, it is helpful to understand single-phase power first. ...
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...Maharashtra | Maharashtra Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd. | Meghalaya | Meghalaya State Electricity Board | Punjab | Punjab State Electricity Board | Tamil Nadu | Tamil Nadu Electricity Board | Tripura | Tripura State Electricity Co-operation Ltd. | Uttaranchal | Uttaranchal Power Corporation Ltd. | West Bengal | West Bengal State Electricity Board | Haryana | http://www.hvpn.gov.in | Manipur | http://www.manipurpower.nic.in | Orissa | http://orissagov.nic.in | Rajasthan | http://www.rajenergy.com/transco.htm | Sikkim | http://sikkimpower.nic.in | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Distribution Companies Andhra Pradesh | Eastern Power Distribution Company of A.P. Ltd. Central Power Distribution Company of A.P. Ltd. Southern Power Distribution Company of A.P. Ltd. Northern Power Distribution Company of A.P. Ltd. | Assam | Upper Assam Distribution Company Ltd Central and Lower Assam Distribution Company Ltd. | Delhi | BSES Rajdhani Power Ltd. BSES Yamuna Power Ltd. North Delhi Power Ltd. | Haryana | Uttar Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam (UHBVN) Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam (DHBVN) | Karnataka | Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Ltd. (BESCOM) Mangalore Electricity Supply Company Ltd. (MESCOM) Hubli Electricity Supply Company Ltd. (HESCOM) ...
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...India Power Sector Reforms Update ____________________________________________________________ __________________________ India Power Sector Reforms Update Issue IV August 2002 (Updates in the period: June 2002 to August 2002) India power sector reforms update is a joint initiative of Prayas, an Indian NGO based in Pune, working on power sector issues for a decade and Public Services International (PSI) which is an international trade union federation, uniting public sector workers in more than 500 trade unions in over 140 countries. Our aim is to monitor the power sector developments in three Indian states of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. This is the fourth issue of the update covering three months period from June 2002 to August 2002. First issue was a detailed historical overview covering up to October 2001; second update covered the period from October 2001 to January 2002 while the third update covered February 2002 to May 2002. For better understanding it would be desirable if readers also read the earlier updates. Please direct your suggestions and comments to PSI at psiru@psiru.org. Contents Part I: Overview of the Indian Power Sector Part II: Orissa 1. 2. 3. 4. State Overview Regulatory Intervention Private Sector Generation Private Sector Distribution Part III: Andhra Pradesh 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. State Overview Regulatory Intervention State and Central Utilities Private sector Generation Employees and CSIs Part IV: Uttar Pradesh 1. State...
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...Supplier Power: Discuss the differences between processors used by RIM and its competitor and compare switching cost or prices. Buyer Power: Increase in buyer’s power, product differentiation of RIM, buyer’s incentive. Barriers to entry: Government policy, entrance of new firms with old technology, access to distribution, Brand Identity. Threat of Substitute: switching costs, Supplier Power: Discuss the differences between processors used by RIM and its competitor and compare switching cost or prices. Buyer Power: Increase in buyer’s power, product differentiation of RIM, buyer’s incentive. Barriers to entry: Government policy, entrance of new firms with old technology, access to distribution, Brand Identity. Threat of Substitute: switching costs, Supplier Power: Discuss the differences between processors used by RIM and its competitor and compare switching cost or prices. Buyer Power: Increase in buyer’s power, product differentiation of RIM, buyer’s incentive. Barriers to entry: Government policy, entrance of new firms with old technology, access to distribution, Brand Identity. Threat of Substitute: switching costs, Supplier Power: Discuss the differences between processors used by RIM and its competitor and compare switching cost or prices. Buyer Power: Increase in buyer’s power, product differentiation of RIM, buyer’s incentive. Barriers to entry: Government policy, entrance of new firms with old technology, access to distribution, Brand...
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...CHAPTER - XIII POWER SECTOR REFORM IN ORISSA: A CASE STUDY IN RESTRUCTURING As per our Constitution, power industry is the combined responsibility of the Central Government and the State Governments. The ESA (Electricity Supply Act) envisaged three kinds of entities in the power-sector: State Electricity Boards (SEBs), generating companies, and licensees. SEBs are allowed to generate, transmit, and distribute electricity within a state; they enjoy all the powers of a licensee. They account for 65 per cent of the power generated in the country. Generating companies are responsible for supplying power to the grid without the specific responsibility of retail distribution. Major players in this category are NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation), NHPC (the Hydro-electric analogue of NTPC), and NPCIL (Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited). Though ESA allowed only the governments to set up generating companies till 1991, thereafter it was de-reserved. Independent Power Producers (IPPs) now fall under this category. Existing licensees are private-sector utilities licensed by a State Government for power generation, distribution, or both within a specified area. For example, Gujarat Industrial Power Corporation is only into generation and Central Electricity Supply Corporation (in Orissa) is confined to distribution, whereas Bombay Suburban Electric Supply Limited (BSES) and Tata Electric Company (TEC) are involved both in generation and distribution. The interdependence...
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...SELF HEALING INTRODUCTION Smart Grid is sophisticated, digitally enhanced power systems where the use of modern communications and control technologies allows much greater robustness, efficiency and flexibility than today’s power systems. The American Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), an advocator of building the smart grid, gave this grid a definition with self-healing, security, integration, collaborative, forecast, optimization and interaction. While European commission define it as : A grid which could support distributed and renewable energy access, supply more reliable and secure electricity, have a service-oriented architecture and flexible grid applications, possess an advanced automation and distributed intelligent, be able to local interact the load and the power, adhere to customer centric. Obviously, these definitions has been formulated for the future of power industry mainly focusing on world today’s energy generation, transmission, distribution limitation & changing consumer trends. Recently world has observed a series of blackout, partial power failure and this compelled the world’s nations to go for an ideal grid system that is smart enough to face such kind of challenges. This has resulted the unification of power system with the information technology & modren telecommunition setup. And SELF HEALING become the key component of smart grid, as smart grid should possess an intelligent control funtion, which could rapidly isolate and self...
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...INTRODUCTION ❖ The power sector in India is mainly controlled by the Government of India’s Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs), have 31.34% (54412.63MW) of total installed capacity of 173626.40 MW (as on 31/03/2011) in India is being produced by them. ❖ Major PSUs involved in the generation of electricity include National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), and Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL). ❖ Besides PSUs, several state-level corporations are there which accounts for about 47.49% of overall generation, such as Jharkhand State Electricity Board (JSEB), Maharashtra State Electricity Board (MSEB), Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB), etc. are also involved in the generation and intra-state distribution of electricity. ❖ Other than PSUs and state level corporations, private sector enterprises also play a major role in generation, transmission and distribution, about 21.17% (36761.19MW) of total installed capacity is generated by private sector. ❖ The Power Grid Corporation of India is responsible for the inter-state transmission of electricity and the development of national grid. ❖ India is world’s 6th largest energy consumer, accounting for 3.4% of global energy consumption. ❖ Due to India’s economic rise, the demand for energy has grown at an average of 3.6% per annum over the past 30 years. ❖ At the end of Oct. 2010, the installed power generation capacity of India stood at 171926...
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...3.7 Impact assessment of the proposed HPS on the existing distribution network In order to assess the impact of integrating the proposed HPS on the existing distribution network, DigSILENT simulation software version 15.2 is used. The software is used to model and simulate the integration of the proposed HPS on the existing network. A frequency limit of 50 0.05 and nominal voltages of 33 kV and 11 kV 6% is used. The single line diagram of the distribution network is shown in Figure 3.12. It consists of one (30 MVA), 30/11 kV power transformer, and three (250 kVA), 11/0.415 distribution transformers. Details of the network load and equipment are produced in appendix N. Modeling and simulation of the existing distribution network along with a comprehensive stability analysis with and without renewable energy integration are done. These are subsequently discussed in the following sub-sections....
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...Hydro Power Plants (HHPs) which have storage capacity in the form of large reservoirs. Second there are seasonal HPPs. These are HPPs which have no or limited storage capacity. These HPPs are often referred to as run-of-the-river power plants. The seasonal fluctuations in water supply are caused by an abundance of water in summer caused by melting water and rain and a shortage of water in winter by a lack of both aforementioned factors. Given the limited storage capacity of the seasonal HHPs, thermal power plants are turned on during winter months when there is limited hydro power available. During these winter months there is also import of electricity of from Russia. During the summer months, when there is a surplus of electricity in Georgia, there is export of electricity to Turkey (see figure$) . “What distinguishes the Georgian hydro generation system from those of many other European countries with a large share of hydro in the generation mix that the system has been developed with relatively little reservoir capacity. While a country like Norway has reservoir capacity to approximately 70% of annual generation and both Sweden, Finland and Switzerland have a storage capacity of more than 25% of annual generation, Georgia’s storage capacity is approximately 10%. One of the results is a lot of spill of water in the spring and summer months when supply outstrips demand (spill of water)”. “If the Georgian government intends to meet its target of a 100% hydro power electricity...
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...investigation into the economic benefits and reliability of common electrical power distribution configurations currently used in the United Kingdom. About 40% of power system investment is in the distribution system equipment (40% in generation, 20% in transmission). Power systems are comprised of 3 basic electrical subsystems. • Generation subsystem • Transmission subsystem • Distribution subsystem We distinguish between these various portions of the power system by voltage levels as follows: • Generation: 1kV-30 kV • EHV Transmission: 500kV-765kV • HV Transmission: 230kV-345kV • Sub transmission system: 69kV-169kV • Distribution system: 120V-35kV The distribution system may also be divided into three distinct subsystems. • Distribution substation • Primary distribution system • Secondary distribution system Distribution substations The distribution substation receives power from one or more transmission or sub transmission lines at the corresponding transmission or sub transmission voltage level and provides that power to one or more distribution feeders that originate in the substation and comprise the primary network. Most feeders emanate radially from the substation to supply the load. There are five main functions of the distribution substation: 1. Voltage transformation: One or more transformers will always be located within the substation to step down the voltage to the primary distribution voltage level. These transformers will always be three-phase banks...
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