...group is then reduced with sodium dithionite, producing luminol. The nucleophile in this reaction is the nitrogen of the amine and the electrophile is the carbonyl carbon of 3-nitrophthalic acid. Since the carbonyl carbon is not a good electrophile, under normal conditions, the two reagents will not react. In this case, Fischer’s approach of running the reaction under acidic conditions would not work due to the basic nature of the amine. This would cause the amine to be protonated, making the ammonium ion, which is no longer a nucleophile. The problem can be solved by simply adding energy (heat) to the reaction. Because the high temperature used (heating to 230ºC), we need take to make sure everything, including the solvent, stays in solution. This can be done by running the reaction under pressure, but this poses a potential safety hazard. Instead, we can use a high boiling point solvent, such as triethylene glycol. Triethylene glycol has a boiling point of 285ºC and has similar solubility properties as water. At low temperatures, it is quite viscous, and doesn’t act as a good solvent. However, at high temperatures, it is ideal. A second problem involves obtaining such a high temperature. We use a hot plate, along with an aluminum heating block. Aluminum foil is placed around the heat block and conical vial to direct more heat to the conical vial. Once we make the cyclic diamine, we reduce this product with sodium dithionite to produce 3-aminophthalhydrazide (luminol)...
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...Problem: Crayon “graffiti” on 20th century Japanese prints by Munakata Shiko. The prints were mounted to screens, and the graffiti appeared at about 4 ft. from the ground—around the same height as a child. Unlike graffiti on a painted wall, however, crayon does not come off of printed paper quite as easily. Experiment: Mock-ups were created with Japanese paper, printed with black sumi ink, then colored over with both waxed-based and water soluble crayons. Possible solvents were chosen from the wax section on the Teas diagram and included petroleum ether, mineral spirits, toluene and xylene. These solvents were tested in three situations: Solvent on a swab A bath of water and solvent, followed by blotting of the stain Damp blotter surface with local application of moisture and solvent, followed by blotting of the stain Results: Solvents alone did not reduce crayon to a satisfactory level; mineral spirits created a transparent stain visible through the paper With the bath, it was impossible to control the amount of solvent used, but the overall result was positive Crayon was lifted locally, but also migrated along with solvents to form tidelines The ultimate solution was the use of a water-based treatment with toluene and xylene, such as that used in Experiment 2. For best results, Hsin-Chen suggested first manually reducing the graffiti with a kneaded eraser and scalpel. Lynn Brostoff, Library of Congress The Relationship Between Inherent Material Evidence...
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...several processes, including heating, isolation, decolorization, and crystallization. Acetaminophen is created from the reaction of p-aminophenol and acetic anyhydride, as shown in Figure 1. Safety Instructions: Lab Safety must be considered at ALL times. 1. Safety goggles must be worn at ALL times in order to protect ones eyes from glass explosions and chemicals. See Figure 2. 2. Acetic anhydride and p-Aminophenol are skin irritants, so gloves must be worn at ALL times in the laboratory. See figure 3. 3. Closed-toed shoes and aprons must be worn at ALL times in the laboratory. 4. Make sure to properly dispose of chemicals in a waste jar. Materials: • P-aminophenol • Deionized water • Acetic Anhydride • Sodium Dithionite • Solvent mixture of 50% water and 50% methanol • 2 Conical vials, 5-mL • Buchner flask • Erlenmeyer Flask • Small beaker • Hirsch funnel • Craig tube • Filter paper • Automatic pipet • Spin vane • Air condenser • Sand Bath • Ice Bath • Watch glass • Micro-spatula • Centrifuge Reaction Mixture and Heating Process: 1. Weigh 0.150g of p-aminophenol and place it in a 5-mL conical vial. 2. Using the automatic pipet, place 0.450mL of water and 0.165mL of acetic anhydride into the conical vial. 3. Add a spin vane to the conical vial and attach an air condenser, 4. Heat the solution using a sand bath at approximately 115oC and stir gently. 5. Wait for the solid p-aminophenol to completely dissolve and heat for an additional 10 minutes afterward...
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...the oxidized P-cluster of the MoFe protein, (v) As indicated by freeze-quench EPR spectroscopy, the P-clusters within a MoFe protein having the β-188Ser residue substituted by cysteine change oxidation state during turnover. The P-cluster has a unique architecture (Figure 3), that is constructed from two linked [4Fe-4S] subclusters having a common bridging μ6-sulfide at one corner. It is the only known naturally occurring [Fe-S] cluster that contains serinate-O (β-188Ser) and amideN (α-88Cys) ligands, in addition to typical cysteinate-S ligands. X-ray crystallographic studies of two different oxidation states of the MoFe protein have revealed that P-clusters undergo structural rearrangement upon oxidation (pOX) from the resting state (dithionite reduced; pN), one consequence of which is the displacement of both the serinate-O and amideN ligands from pN. The significance of these structural changes in the nitrogenase mechanism is still not understood. Figure 4: P cluster structures There is very less information about the oxidation states that the P-cluster accesses during turnover. A reasonable working model for P-cluster function has been suggested based on the available information. According to this model, the P-cluster first transfers one or two electrons to FeMo-cofactor upon association of the Fe protein with the MoFe protein, which is quickly followed by re-reduction of the oxidized P-cluster by electron transfer from the Fe protein. Figure 5: Fe and MoFe-protein...
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...Synthesis of Methyl Orange Jineui Jung Abstract The purpose of this lab was to synthesize a synthetic dye, methyl orange. Methyl orange is a dye produced from a synthesis reaction between diazonium ions and aromatic structures. Dyes have basic structure of Aromatic N+N-aromatic, azo group. methyl orange was synthesized by coupling reaction between diazonium ion and N,N-dimethyl aniline under basic condition. Diazonium ion created from sulfanillic acid monohydrate and N,N-dimethyl aniline under basic condition. Basicity was tested with pH paper after adding sodium hydroxide which resulted in light blue color, representing pH value of 10. Product yield was calculated to 71.53% with percent error of 28.46% so it was determined methyl orange was fairly produced. Introduction Methyl orange synthesis is diazo coupling reaction between the diazonium sale of sulfanilic acid and N,N-dimethylaniline. The initial product gained through coupling reaction is red acid form of methyl orange and this later turned to orange sodium salt, called methyl orange. Dyes are used to give colors to fabrics and Chromophores, functional groups that absorb light, give color to these dyes. The most common chromophores are azo, nitro, and carbon groups. The method of diazotiation is dependent on how basic and soluble the amine being coupled is. As sulfanilic acid is insoluble in acid, sulfanilic acid is dissolved in a basic solution. Primary aromatic amines can be directly diazotized but amines...
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...Biochemical Analysis of Psychrophilic Proteins from the methanogen Methanococcoides burtonii Erick Morales Abstract About 75% of our biosphere’s temperature is cold (≤ 5°C) and many microorganisms inhabit this type (psychrophilic) of environment, requiring the same building blocks for life as organisms inhabiting moderate (mesophilic) temperatures. Despite this, research on the biosynthetic pathways psychrophiles use is very limited. The enzymes found in these microbes are adapted with structural features that give them the ability to function up to 10 times higher catalytic efficiency than their mesophilic homologues. The overall goal of the proposed research is to use a biochemical and genetics approach to study the stability, structure, and function of psychrophilic proteins involved or believed to be involved in the nitrogen metabolism of Methanococcoides burtonii. The specific objectives are: 1. Investigate the structural and functional properties of M. burtonii’s nifH and nifD gene products using sequence analysis, UV-VIS spectroscopy, and two-hybrid studies; 2. Investigate the structure, stability, and kinetics of M. burtonii’s glutamate dehydrogenase through sequence analysis, site-directed mutagenesis, protein modeling, and kinetic assays. Cold-enzyme study can increase knowledge in the field of protein folding and catalysis and the broader impacts of this project include (1) potential biotechnological applications of cold-enzymes (2) the involvement of...
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...Sickle-cell disease From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the disease itself. For the genetic transmission of sickle-cell disease and its carrier state, see sickle cell trait. Not to be confused with Sick cell syndrome. Sickle-cell disease Classification and external resources Figure (A) shows normal red blood cells flowing freely through veins. The inset shows a cross section of a normal red blood cell with normal haemoglobin. Figure B shows abnormal, sickled red blood cells log jamming, sticking and accumulating at the branching point in a vein. The inset image shows a cross-section of a sickle cell with long polymerized HbS strands stretching and distorting the cell shape. ICD-10 D57 ICD-9 282.6 OMIM 603903 DiseasesDB 12069 MedlinePlus 000527 eMedicine med/2126 oph/490ped/2096 emerg/26emerg/406 MeSH C15.378.071.141.150.150 GeneReviews • Sickle-cell disease Sickle-cell disease (SCD), or sickle-cell anaemia (SCA) or drepanocytosis, is a hereditary blood disorder, characterized by red blood cells that assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape. Sickling decreases the cells' flexibility and results in a risk of various complications. The sickling occurs because of a mutation in the haemoglobin gene. Individuals with one copy of the defunct gene display both normal and abnormal haemoglobin. This is an example of codominance. Life expectancy is shortened. In 1994, in the US, the average life expectancy of persons with...
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...CH 220C ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY Spring, 2015 Section Page 1. General Information 2 2. Safety Information 2 3. Attendance 3 Make-Up Policy 3 4. Laboratory Protocol 3 Assigned Reading 3 Pre-Lab Quizzes 3 Lab Notebook 5 Chemicals 5 Due Dates for Reports 5 5. Orientation 5 In-Lab Information 5 Library Information 5 6. Check-In 6 7. Grading Procedure 6 8. Policy on Cheating 7 9. TA Office Hours 8 10. Faculty Course CoordinatorS 8 11. Course Web Page 8 12. Hints to Minimize Frustration IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 8 13. Work Schedule 10 Lab Report Due Date Schedule 10 Experiments 10 14. Supplements 17 A. Extraction of Unknown 17 B. Recrystallization of Unknown Products 18 C. Methyl Benzoate 19 D. Synthesis of Luminol 20 E. Azo Violet 23 1. GENERAL INFORMATION PRE- and CO-REQUISITES Pre- and co-requisites for CH 220C listed in the Course Schedule. Important: Because the lecture and laboratory courses are co-requisites of each other, dropping one of them requires that you drop the other as well, unless the drop occurs during ...
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...GUIDELINES FOR THE CLASSIFICATION AND CODING OF INDUSTRIAL AND HAZARDOUS WASTES TEXAS COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY WASTE PERMITS DIVISION RG-022 Revised 2/05 GUIDELINES FOR THE CLASSIFICATION AND CODING OF INDUSTRIAL AND HAZARDOUS WASTES THIS IS A GUIDANCE DOCUMENT AND SHOULD NOT BE INTERPRETED AS A REPLACEMENT TO THE RULES. The rules for classifying and coding industrial wastes and hazardous wastes may be found in 30 Texas Administrative Code (TAC) Sections (§§) 335.501-.521 (Subchapter R). Prepared by: I&HW Permits Section, MC 130 Waste Permits Division Texas Commission on Environmental Quality P.O. Box 13087 Austin, Texas 78711-3087 RG-022 Texas Commission on Environmental Quality Revised February 2005 i Kathleen Hartnett White, Chairman R. B. “Ralph” Marquez, Commissioner Larry R. Soward, Commissioner Glenn Shankle, Executive Director Authorization for use or reproduction of any original material contained in this publication—that is, not obtained from other sources—is freely granted. The commission would appreciate acknowledgment. Copies of this publication are available for public use through the Texas State Library, other state depository libraries, and the TCEQ Library, in compliance with state depository law. For more information on TCEQ publications call 512/239-0028 or visit our Web site at: http://www.tceq.state.tx.us/publications Published and distributed by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality PO Box...
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...The Prevention of Food Adulteration Act & Rules (as on 1.10.2004) CONTENTS PRELIMINARY SECTION 1. 2. 2-A Short title, extent and commencement Definitions Rule of construction PAGE 1 1 10 MISCELLANEOUS SECTION PAGE 14. Manufacturers, distributors and dealers to give warranty 35 14-A Vendor to disclose the name, etc, of the person from whom the article of food was purchased 36 15. Notification of food poisoning 36 16. Penalties 36 16-A Power of Court to try cases summarily 39 17. Offences by companies 43 18. Forfeiture of property 45 19. Defences which may or may not be allowed in prosecutions under this Act 46 20. Cognizance and trial of offences 47 20-A Power of Court to implead manufacturer, etc. 53 20-AA Application of the Probation of Offenders Act, 1958 and Section 360 of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973. 54 21. Magistrates power to impose enhanced penalties 54 22. Protection of action taken in good faith 54 22-A Power of Central Government to give directions 54 23. Power of Central Government to make rules 55 24. Power of the State Government to make rules 58 25. Repeal and saving 59 THE PREVENTION OF FOOD ADULTERATION RULES, 1955 Part I PRELIMINARY RULE PAGE 1. Short title, extent and commencement 60 2. Definitions 60 vi CENTRAL COMMITTEE FOR FOOD STANDARDS AND CENTRAL FOOD LABORATORY 3. 3-A 4. 5. 6. 7. The Cental Committee for Food Standards Appointement of Secretary and other staff Central Food Laboratory GENERAL PROVISIONS AS TO FOOD Prohibition of import...
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