...DNA Technology DNA research has come a long way since Friedrich Miescher first isolated it in 1869 and the discovery of DNA’s double helix structure by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. Surely they would have never imagined what scientists can do with human DNA today. Cloning, gene therapy, stem cell research, and genetically modified foods all began with the discovery of DNA and probably would have been unimaginable in anyone’s eyes in the 1800’s. But scientist’s today are manipulating genes and DNA in an effort to prevent disease, cure disease, and feed the world. History was made on July 5, 1996 when Dolly the sheep was born. She was the first mammal to be cloned from adult DNA. By splitting two-cell embryos apart, scientists were able to produce two genetically identical organisms. Cloning is a process of making genetically identical organisms through non-sexual means. There are three types of cloning, DNA cloning, reproductive cloning, and therapeutic cloning. DNA (or molecular) cloning consists of removing a small piece of the DNA strand and uniting it with a plasmid which reproduces itself to create multiple copies of the same DNA code. The copied DNA can then be grown in a suitable host cell where the recombinant vector can then be reproduced along with the host cell DNA. DNA cloning is typically used in biological experiments and technological applications where large scale protein production is needed. (NRC, 2002) Reproductive cloning...
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...Concepts and Connections, 6e (Campbell) Chapter 12 DNA Technology and Genomics Multiple-Choice Questions 1) When DNA fingerprinting was first used, A) genetic evidence was collected using only DNA from blood. B) blood samples from theGenomic libraries can be constructed using either bacterial plasmids or what other vector? crime scene were used to match the blood of a person who confessed. C) the two semen samples did not match the person who initially confessed. D) genetic testing revealed that the two murdered girls were killed by two different people. E) the DNA evidence was not convincing enough to convict the suspect. Answer: C Topic: Opening Essay Skill: Factual Recall 2) Biotechnology A) is a modern scientific discipline that has existed for only a few decades. B) is strictly concerned with the manipulation of DNA. C) has only been used successfully in the area of forensic science. D) has been around since the dawn of civilization. E) is generally considered more harmful than valuable to society. Answer: D Topic: 12.1 Skill: Factual Recall 3) When DNA from two sources is combined into one single piece of DNA, it is known as A) cloned DNA. B) recombinant DNA. C) a vector. D) a plasmid. E) a DNA library. Answer: B Topic: 12.1 ...
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...evolving of technologies. While at the time these changes seemed necessary to be properly prepared for the war on terror for an example it is easy to see the need for biometrics in the work place airport ect. Biometrics is being use all over the world and if we didn’t convert to using it has great potential to leave this county vulnerable. Along with these changes brings controversial issues about the violation of our civil liberties The Patriot Act was signed into law on October 26, 2001, As evident by the date the patriot Act was signed in to law I think it is safe to say that this country was in a state of trauma and depression which is why the act was passed with little debate. Years later citizens no longer view the act as a good choice and mainly section 215 of the act which expands law enforcement surveillance capabilities with the use of cctv and other surveillance systems has been the most debatable. The main issues are not the new technology itself but the lead way law enforcement was granted while using this technology. Many U.S citizens feel that the new technology tramples over our fourth amendment rights and privacy. The best way to understand the public view on new technology is to compare it to being a prisoner in your own home. With the use of new technology like surveillance systems, DNA collection citizen are left feeling like we are targets almost as if privacy is a thing in the past and the ending results leaves us feeling exposed. As far as mandating DNA collection...
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...economic activity that drove the development from food production. Industrialization brought about increased productivity in the agricultural sector with abandonment of the traditional practices to embracing modern technology. This came to be referred as biotechnology. Biotechnology was the incorporation modern technology in food production to reduce costs and increase output. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are organisms with modified genetic material for desirable traits n production, drought resistant and pest resistant. From traditional practices, selective breeding practices have continuously improved the agricultural sector (Liang, & Skinner, 2004). Selective breeding is the control of breeding in plants and animals by taking the desired and high producing plants for the hybrid to have the best produce overtime. Researchers took selective breeding in the 20th century to understand the main components that caused changes difference in plants and animals. In 1859 Charles Darwin brought up the theory of origin grouping different organisms to species that made great steps to understanding breeding of species. This knowledge led to discoveries of genetics and genes that make up the different species by Gregor Mendes in 1865. The discovery of the nucleus and DNA sequence by...
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...species. This technology has created transgenic animals such as mice, rats, horses, chickens, goats, pigs, sheep and cows. The use of this technology brings with it ethical issues. This issue needs to be considered by stakeholders, to ensure that all parties are aware of the issues at stake and can make a valid contribution to this current debate regarding the creation and use of genetically engineered animals. Even though there have been many ethical issues surrounding transgenic animals it has benefited humans’ health and could cure various diseases. The majority of transgenic animals that were produced were mice, which is the animal that started this technology. The first successful transgenic animal was the mice via viral infection in the 1970’s. During the 1980’s the first transgenic mice via microinjection, which is the most performed technique. In 1985, the first transgenic sheep, rabbits, pigs and cattle were created, and in the 1990’s transgenic farm animal companies were seen as bioreactors and organ donors. The main logic of genetically altering animals is some transgenic animals are produced for specific economic traits. An example could be that a transgenic goat was created to produce milk containing specific human proteins that led to the treatment of diarrhea in kids from a third world country. A transgenic animal as said before is an animal that has been genetically altered so that it will produce a specific protein. This happens by foreign DNA being inserted...
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... Abstract Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is greatly used in molecular genetics. It entails amplification of a single DNA strand into millions of similar DNA fragments. It involves three stages in each cycle. It is repeated to about 30 cycles. This method is vital as it is used in various processes such molecular identification, genetic engineering, and sequencing. The three stages in each cycle have varying duration and temperature. A thermal cycler is involved in the regulation of temperature in various stages. Over time, various modifications have been done to PCR technique so that it can be applied in specific roles. The PCR has been of aid in the diagnosis of diseases and other numerous applications. In the near future, PCR will be advanced and perhaps replaced by better techniques. Nevertheless, PCR will remain critical for future advancements in molecular genetics. Introduction Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is broadly employed by scientists in biochemistry and molecular biology. Thus, its essence cannot be underestimated in the development of genetic analysis and gene manipulation. The technique was established by Karry Mullis in the early 1980s. It entails amplification of a single or several DNA fragments into millions of identical copies of DNA. The process is done by repeated number of cycles that range between 30 to 40. This results into a chain reaction. The automated machine used in the cycling process...
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...lies on the fact that most living organisms are prone to pathogenic attacks. Scientists therefore design products which are immune to the attacks and which are resistant to unfavorable climatic conditions. The procedure long involves much scientific research. There is a wide range of organisms that scientists have subjected to genetic engineering. The two main methods employed in genetic engineering are Recombinant DNA Technology as well as Reproductive Cloning. The first case involves the scientist combining genetic materials from different organisms. This is based on the fact that DNA molecules from all organisms be it plant or animals have similar chemical composition. The resulting DNA sequence from recombinant DNA technology can be planted into any organisms with no biological implications apart from the intended use. The procedure utilizes a Cloning Vector obtained from Plasmids. These provide room for insertion of foreign DNA into the chosen DNA segment. Gibson Assembly is the most popular method used in the combination of the DNA segments. The resulting DNA is not necessarily expressed...
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...Genetic Engineering - Genetic Engineering is the use of various methods to manipulate the DNA of cells to change hereditary traits or produce biological products. It is a manipulation of genes that allows scientists to put genes from one organism into another organism. Plants - You may not realize it, but plants are a big part of Genetic Engineering. Farmers use many techniques to insert genes from different organism around the world to help increase crop yield and to boost up proteins inside the plant. Animals - Animals are a really good way for scientists to learn about Genetic Engineering. But not only that, animals are a part of Genetic Engineering. Genetic Engineering is used to produce better meat, and other food from animals Humans - So far, the technology of Genetic Engineering is not at it's full potential but soon it may when scientists are confident about Genetic Engineering and it's implications. Only about 30 Genetically Engineering Humans have turned out alive and in good living condition. Genetically Engineered food has improved nutritional value Farmers will benefit from growing Genetically Engineered crops Genetically Engineered crops will reduce the use of herbicides and pesticides There is no evidence that Genetically Engineered crops are harmful to the environment Genetically Engineered crops will save the world from famine 1. By performing genetic engineering, scientists can obtain knowledge about genetic mechanisms. For example, they...
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...Tommie Brown Grand Canyon University The History of Criminal Investigations DNA Overturned June 29, 2016 Many cases have been solved with good investigation work and the technology of DNA. As a result of this technology many convicted criminals have been released due to DNA overturned in their cases. This was true in the case of Anthony Capozzi who spent 22 years in prison for a crime he did not commit (innocenceproject.org). In the mid-1980s Capozzi was wrongfully convicted of committing two sexual assaults in Buffalo, New York. It was DNA testing that proved his innocence (innocenceproject.org). The true perpetrator’s identity was revealed and DNA testing also revealed that this criminal committed multiple rapes and murders. The crimes itself consist of several women being raped along the bike path in Delaware Park. The crimes took place around December of 1983 and July of 1984. The attacker had it all planned out as he would wait for the right moment then move in for the attack. The attacker apparently surprised his victims from behind by threatening them with a gun. Once the victim was at his mercy he went on to rape them and when finished he gave them instructions to remain on the ground for up to 20 minutes before they move (innocenceproject.org)...
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...insertion or deletion of a certain DNA cell. The science of refining genes has substantially increased the wipeout of genetic diseases and techniques for disorders not genetically found. “Genetic Engineering has developed and modified the way to discover improved treatments for people with genetic HIV, blindness, familial hypercholesterolemia, Sickle-cell anemia, and Hemophilia”(Friedman, L.). Significantly our genes produce an important contribution towards human behavior and cognition. Humanity has a long history of figuring out ways to modify genes. With gene editing not only has there been a great leap forward, but has the potential to make big changes in our lives. One of the biggest achievements in history...
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...11th 2013 Genetic Engineering Tentative Thesis: Even though altering DNA can lead to such horrifying events as genocide or viral diseases, genetic engineering is an important scientific breakthrough because by altering DNA, we can cure many diseases and solve many of mankind's problems. 1. History of Genetic Engineering A. What Led to the need for genetic engineering a. Prehistoric Times-1900 B. Gregor Mandel b. European botanist genetically altering plants 2. Modern Genetic Engineering C. DNA c. Watson & Krick 1. discover DNA a. How it affected science d. Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen 2. recombinant DNA D. Government e. Supreme Court 3. Diamond v. Chakrabarty f. FDA 4. Approval of genetic engineered food 5. Field Testing b. Tobacco c. Tomatoes g. International Bio-safety Protocol E. Advancements & Achievements h. Technology i. Disease curing j. World Hunger 3. Ethical Issues F. Religious k. Are we playing God? G. Environmental l. What’re the long term environmental effects H. Bio Ethics m. What if we make something we can’t control n. Is it possible the technology may be used to create slaves? o. When does harmless engineering...
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...Current Applications of Genetic Technology in Predisposition Testing and Microsatellite Instability Assays By Marsha L. Frazier, Li-Kuo Su, Christopher I. Amos, Patrick M. Lynch From the Departments of Epidemiology, Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Digestive Diseases, and Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX. Address reprint requests to Marsha L. Frazier, MD, Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030; email mlfrazier@notes .mdacc.tmc.edu. INTRODUCTION IT IS POSSIBLE TO test selected subjects for germline mutations in genes causing familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP),1 hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer(HNPCC),2-8 Peutz-Jeghers syndrome,9,10 and juvenile polyposis.11-13 Because the genes that are mutated in familial colorectal cancer syndromes can be mutated at a variety of different locations, assays for mutation detection are not simple. Many different approaches to mutation detection have been described in the literature, some of which are also described here. Specific strategies for testing are also discussed. THE BASICS Isolation of DNA and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) DNA or RNA for genetic testing is almost always isolated from peripheral-blood leukocytes. This requires that the blood be drawn in tubes containing some sort of anticoagulant. The preferred anticoagulants are either citrate or EDTA. The cells are lysed...
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...WEEK 1- INTRODUCTION TO FORENSIC SCIENCE Quote "Every contact leaves a trace." - Edmond Locard (1877 - 1966) Learning Objective(s) At the end of this topic, you should be able to: 1. Define 'Forensic Science'; 2. Explain the limits of Forensic Science; 3. Identify the types of forensic work; 4. Describe Locard's Exchange Principle; 5. Differentiate Reconstruction & Re-enactment. Synopsis To illustrate the scope and diversity of Forensic Science, place it in its legal context, and describe the various types of forensic work. There will also be a discussion of Comparison leading to Association, Reconstruction versus Re-enactment, Locard's Exchange Principle, and the limits of Forensic Science. Various case studies will also be analysed throughout the lecture. Case Studies Felicia Lee; Walter Dinivan; Madam Jetkor Miang Singh; Roberto Calvi; Buck Ruxton & the Jigsaw Murders; Acid Bath Haigh; 2005 London Bombings; "Brides in the Bath"; Gareth Williams; The Woodchipper Murder WEEK 2- CHEMICAL ANALYSIS IN FORENSIC SCIENCE Quote "Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea" The act is not culpable unless the mind is also guilty. Learning Objective(s) At the end of this topic, you should be able to: 2A. Atomic Structure & Spectroscopy 1. Explain the structure of the atom and Bohr's model; 2. Differentiate between emission and absorption spectroscopy; 3. Explain the chemistry behind EDX and SEM-EDX; 4. Explain the chemistry in NAA; 2B. Molecular...
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...Throughout history, innovators have envisioned a better world and worked to perfect their craft in order to progress towards that ideal. It’s been shown time and time again that ideas spark inspiration, theory, experiments, and eventually that gradual scientific process inevitably leads to change. As a Biology major with a specialization in developmental genetics, I am especially interested in how we can learn from DNA, also referred to as the “blueprint of life”, to make ourselves and our world exceptional. The first method of sequencing DNA was developed in the 1970’s by Fred Sanger; this came to be known as Sanger Sequencing ("DNA Sequence Assembly"). This method uses naturally occurring DNA synthesis, which proceeds from the...
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... Chapter 1 provides a glimpse of the basic concepts of genetics and genomics, and offers examples of DNA information impacting daily life. In this new era of genomics, individuals have access to their own genetic information, and health care providers are learning how to incorporate DNA data into diagnostic and therapeutic medicine. Bioethics deals with issues of privacy, discrimination, and justice that arise from use and misuse of genetic information. DNA, genes, chromosomes, and genomes are the levels of genetic information, and they impact biology at the cell, tissue, organ, individual, family, and population levels. Genes encode proteins, and the exome is the small part of the genome that does so. Most traits arise from interactions of genes and environmental factors. Genetic information is in health care to identify individuals, in investigating the environment, and in understanding evolution. CHAPTER OUTLINE 1.1 Introducing Genes and Genomes 1. Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with inherited traits and their variation, and how these traits are passed from one generation to the next (heredity). 2. With continuing analysis of human genome sequences, human genetics has grown from a largely academic science to touch many areas of medicine, with practical and societal implications. 3. Genes are the unit of inheritance and are composed of DNA. 4. An organism’s genome is its complete set of genetic information. 5. Genomics is a field of study that...
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