...Mike Philips Comp 2 DNA TEST GIVES STUDENTS ETHNIC SHOCKS: DNA is a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. Mr. Harrison wasn’t your average black person he had another side to him. Students made fun of him because the color of his skin is different from theirs. He was unique in a way; he had the best of both worlds. Dr. Shiver an anthropology and genetics professor. He cotton swabbed 100 students to DNA test them to prove that not everyone is 100% pure not in this multiracial world. Natasha Best was another character in the story she was also black and white. Ms. Best would be discriminated by her own people because she celebrated St. Patrick’s Day, dating a white man, etc. Dating someone outside your race is frowned upon. Interracial dating wasn’t even heard of back then. The woman would be disowned by her people or she would claim that she was raped; if they had a child together it would be raised by another slave. The male slave caught up in all the mess they eventually kill him. Interracial dating isn’t so bad now days. Some people are still stuck in the old days and they only stick to their kind. While different races are getting together and more mixed people are being born each day. I myself fall into that category so I can relate to Mr. Harrison and Ms. Best. My father is black and my mother is white. I didn’t choose a side that I wanted to be more....
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...Extraction of DNA from an Onion Molecular biologists and biochemists are involved with research in finding out as much as possible about the DNA in plants and animals. Although DNA was discovered in the 1950’s, there still remains a lot to be known about it, especially how it is used to determine the physical traits that we all have, and how it regulates the workings of the body. We should always remember that DNA is just a chemical named deoxyribonucleic acid. Because it is a chemical, we can do reactions with it just like we can work with any other chemical. In this lab, we will use the chemical properties of DNA to extract it from the cells of onions. Experiment: Note: You should write all observations from this lab in the observation section on the third page of this lab. These observations will account for a large part of your grade, so be neat and complete! 1) Prepare a buffer solution by pouring the following into a clean 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask: - 120 mL of water (distilled water, if available) - 1.5 grams of sodium chloride (table salt) - 5.0 grams of baking soda (sodium hydrogen carbonate) - 5.0 mL of shampoo or liquid laundry detergent What buffer solutions are used for: This buffer solution is used in this lab for several reasons. First of all, the saltiness and acidity (pH) of the solution is very close to that in living things; as a result, the DNA will like to dissolve into this solution. Secondly...
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... The way the DNA is composed is a very complex matter. This journal was published in The Journal Of Clinical Physics on July 29, 2010. The authors were Margret C. Linak and Kevin D. Dorfman. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. Deoxyribonucleic acid is a material in humans and other organisms. Almost every cell in a persons body has the same DNA. A persons DNA defines who they are and what traits they have. This journal I choose experiments with the simulation that is used to describe the model of DNA through different experiments and tests. The tests that were done in this experiment were trying to show the correct melting temperature of the model. How will these experiments turn out in the end? To begin, the scientists in this experiment want to show how they tried to simulate DNA. The methods that were done were to try and show the nucleotide sequences and figuring out the values of the X and Y chromosomes. Also, the scientists tried to conserve the identity of the stem of the cytosine bases in the loop. The cytosine bases were replaced with guanines of different lengths. Cytosine bases are involved with the pairing of the DNA and the chromosomes. The experiment used DNA hairpins. DNA hairpins are the structure of the DNA. The scientists made an hypothesis to try and test what they thought would happen during the experiment. The hypothesis that was made during this experiment was that by the different tests that were done, one of those tests would have a better melting...
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...Brett Henson DNA Assignment 10/23/13 STR is an improvement over PCR because the STR are locations on the chromosome that contain short sequence elements that repeat themselves within the DNA molecule. The strands are significantly shorter than compared to the PCR which means that the STRs are much less susceptible to degradation and are often recovered from bodies or stains that were subject to extreme decomposition. This is an improvement over PCR which is found from blood semen or saliva. Also the longer strands of PCR take a longer time to retrieve a possible answer. The PCR test is considered to be an improvement over the RFLP because of a couple reasons. It takes much less time to complete, a week at most. The test can be performed with a small crime scene sample, which helps investigators who have little physical evidence. The DNA doesn’t have to be recently collected either. The PCR test can still be performed even years or decades after the fact, and still be just as accurate. This is because the PCR method involves copying the available DNA and analyzing only one specific gene. These are all improvements over the RFLP which requires many sample cells from the crime scene. The RFLP needs several strands of hair or large splatters of blood. The cells have to be “fresh”, which means undamaged and recently dead. The test takes anywhere from 3 weeks to three months to complete. Mitochondria are structures within cells that convert the energy from food into a...
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...should be allowed to test whatever you want. After all it is a big investment, and just like any investment you want insurance. On the other hand as a player I feel like it would violate my rights as a person if you wanted to test my blood for no reason. In Curry’s case I feel like he should have let them do a DNA test to see if their investment was a good one. I also believe some professional athletes get paid too much money for what they do. 2. I believe that negligent referral could possibly be an issue if the New York Knicks were unaware of Curry’s condition. Mixed Motive also plays a huge part in this case. I believe that since they were not allowed to take a DNA sample if his blood they had a legitimate and illegitimate reason for letting him go to another team. They already had Curry go to one of the best doctors in the world and if he cleared Curry to play and said he was fine they should have trusted the doctor they sent him to. Since he did not do a DNA test I believe they let him go to protect their investment. Also the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) is an issue in this case. If they want to test Curry to see if he is susceptible for the Disease then they are in Violation of GINA. 3. In most cases I would not think it would be necessary for a company to test DNA of an Employee, but not everyone get paid millions and millions of dollars like professional athletes. In an owners situation I think that should be allowed to DNA test to see if their...
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...Cancer Center, Houston, TX. Address reprint requests to Marsha L. Frazier, MD, Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030; email mlfrazier@notes .mdacc.tmc.edu. INTRODUCTION IT IS POSSIBLE TO test selected subjects for germline mutations in genes causing familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP),1 hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer(HNPCC),2-8 Peutz-Jeghers syndrome,9,10 and juvenile polyposis.11-13 Because the genes that are mutated in familial colorectal cancer syndromes can be mutated at a variety of different locations, assays for mutation detection are not simple. Many different approaches to mutation detection have been described in the literature, some of which are also described here. Specific strategies for testing are also discussed. THE BASICS Isolation of DNA and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) DNA or RNA for genetic testing is almost always isolated from peripheral-blood leukocytes. This requires that the blood be drawn in tubes containing some sort of anticoagulant. The preferred anticoagulants are either citrate or EDTA. The cells are lysed followed by removal of the other cellular components and precipitation of the DNA or RNA in ethanol. One of the drawbacks of this approach is that the blood must be rapidly transported to the laboratory where the testing will be performed before the nucleic acids begin to degrade. Recent developments in filter paper technology show promise in obviating...
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...used very commonly and for many different purposes. Running genetic tests have a variety of use because doctors and scientist can identify a genetic disorders, diseases , study DNA, genes, and chromosomes, and it can even be used for forensic testing. Although genetic testing is a great medical tool, genetic testing does not prevent a disorder or disease. Genetic testing informs when there is a disorder or disease, it’s most useful for analyzing disorders and diseases like cancer. (Gates,2014) Cancer is one of the most common illness, but with a genetic test it can help identify it before it getting to advanced. There was one case with a middle age women named, Mary...
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... Chapter 1 provides a glimpse of the basic concepts of genetics and genomics, and offers examples of DNA information impacting daily life. In this new era of genomics, individuals have access to their own genetic information, and health care providers are learning how to incorporate DNA data into diagnostic and therapeutic medicine. Bioethics deals with issues of privacy, discrimination, and justice that arise from use and misuse of genetic information. DNA, genes, chromosomes, and genomes are the levels of genetic information, and they impact biology at the cell, tissue, organ, individual, family, and population levels. Genes encode proteins, and the exome is the small part of the genome that does so. Most traits arise from interactions of genes and environmental factors. Genetic information is in health care to identify individuals, in investigating the environment, and in understanding evolution. CHAPTER OUTLINE 1.1 Introducing Genes and Genomes 1. Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with inherited traits and their variation, and how these traits are passed from one generation to the next (heredity). 2. With continuing analysis of human genome sequences, human genetics has grown from a largely academic science to touch many areas of medicine, with practical and societal implications. 3. Genes are the unit of inheritance and are composed of DNA. 4. An organism’s genome is its complete set of genetic information. 5. Genomics is a field of study that...
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...research initiative that sequence the DNA of about a million volunteers. The process of genome sequencing is complex, but to put it in simpler terms it’s determining the precise number of nucleotides inside of a DNA molecule. Successful DNA sequencing has also lead to a huge increase in biological/medical research and discovery, which is why Obama has put so much money into researching it. Because of all these great promises of mass genome sequencing, there has also been much hype that comes along with it. which leads to the question, is it safe? Another question often brought up in the subject of genome sequencing is how well the laboratories are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Some argue that the...
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...Molecular analysis of Jawahar Rice Hybrids for genetic purity and fingerprinting Amrita Ingole, Abstract Varietal identification and genetic purity has attained critical importance worldwide especially in the context of plant variety protection. The estimation of hybrid seed purity is done conventionally by grow out test, which is based on the assessment of morphological and floral traits in plants grown to maturity, which locks up the capital while awaiting the results for GOT. GOT could be replaced with DNA based assays. The present investigation was undertaken with an objective to identify distinguishable microsatellite markers to establish fingerprinting of rice (Oryza sativa L.) hybrids, assessing variation within parental lines and testing the genetic purity of hybrid seed develpod by JNKVV Jabalpur, 4 cms, 4 restores and 5 hybrids were employed in this study. About 52 most informative microsatellite markers were employed for fingerprinting five rice hybrids and their parental lines. A total of 77 alleles were detected, and the number of alleles per locus ranged from 1 to 6, with an average of 2.56±1.33 primer pair. Eleven markers amplified specific alleles those separated the male from female lines. 13 markers were found polymorphic for female lines. Marker RM 164 clearly differentiates all the 4 CMS lines under study. 24 markers were found polymorphic among the male parents. No such marker was found that could differentiate all the male lines from each other...
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...Transformation Purpose Horizontal gene transfer refers to the transfer of genes from one organism to another through a method other than reproduction. Genetic transformation, a form of horizontal gene transfer, involves the altering of a cell through the uptake of naked DNA. Naked DNA refers to DNA which has been released from lysed or disrupted cells and is taken up by a recipient cell. If a cell is able to take up naked DNA, they are referred to as competent. This finding is accredited to Frederick Griffith, a bacteriologist who conducted an experiment in which a nonpathogenic strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae was exposed to a heat-killed pathogenic strain of the same bacteria. Griffith observed that although the virulent strain had been heat-killed; the DNA was able to survive the heating process and was taken up by the “resistant” strain of bacteria through gene transformation. In this lab, an experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that a susceptible strain of bacteria, known as the S-strain, will grow in the presence of an antibiotic if it is combined with the DNA from the lysed pathogenic cell. Methods To demonstrate Griffith’s findings, an experiment was conducted with a competent prokaryotic cell known as Acinetobacter. This bacterium is Gram-negative, rod-shaped, and typically found in soil and water. During this experiment, three sessions were completed in order to observe whether gene transformation had successfully taken place. ...
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...difference between the cell cycles of a normal and cancerous cell is that the cancerous cell is uncontrolled when it reaches the cell division or anything else goes wrong threwout the cycle(can be very dangerous) and the normal cell is controlled throughout the whole cycle. In the g1 phase, the cell synthesizes mRNA and proteins in preparation for subsequent steps leading to mitosis. When the cell reaches the end of the G1 phase it is controlled at a checkpoint called G1/S, G1/S is when the cell decides whether or not to replicate its DNA. At the checkpoint the cell is checked for DNA. Cells with no damaged DNA (normal cells) continue to S phase, in S phase cells with damaged DNA (cancerous cells) that cannot be repaired die. G2 is when cell is about to divide. the M is...
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...Jeremy Mayes BSC1001.004: Intro Biology Genetically Modified Organisms: The Jatropha Curcas Plant In a tropical regain you can find a plant that is changing the world slowly but surely. This plant is called The Jatropha Curcas plant(JCP). This plant benefits the ecosystem in many ways, but just like most Genetically Modified Organisms, they do have their downfalls. It's always important to know exactly what a plant has to offer after it has been genetically changed. FCP is a plant that has been genetically altered by scientists. The plant is a part of the Spurge family. The Jatropha Curcas is genetically modified by taking a set of DNA from one plant and transfer the DNA and change some of the other plants DNA with the new DNA this will change some of the traits. Altering the plant to be able to withstand heat or less water. The effects it has on plants can make the plant more stable for farming and have a longer life. With genetic modification, the plant also went from 30% to...
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...Genetic Engineering is considered as a dominant and quite dangerous set of tool. It is the process in which the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid which makes up the genes for all living things) is extracted from one organism to put it in another organism’s DNA, therefore it introduces in hereditary traits into the receiver organism (“How Stuff Works”). The nature and characteristics of all living things are determined by special combinations of genes that are carried in their cells, therefore the least changes or alteration can bring a major amount of changes in an organism and its offspring (“How Stuff Works”). Genetic Engineering does not only consist in plants, animal breeding and fertilization of crops it also includes polyploidy (organism which two sets of homologous chromosomes), mutagenesis (process in which the organisms genetic material is changed in sable manner that causes mutation), and cell fusion techniques which does not involve recombinant nucleic acid or genetically modified organism in the process (Wikipedia). Cloning and stem cells also do take a part in Genetic Engineering (Wikipedia). Advances in Genetic Engineering are also playing an important role for agricultural and economic welfare. GMO (Genetically Modified Organisms), the prospect of Genetic engineering amongst agricultural brought some benefits like increasing crop yields, reduction cost for food and drug manufacturing, moderates the needs for pesticides, improved the configuration of nutrients...
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...In the past thirty years,the war on cancer has evolved in many ways. One way cancer treatment has progressed is the technology of genetic mapping. Genetic mapping is researching one’s genes to identify gene markings for certain diseases. Genes are found in the DNA in each cell that makes up the human body. There are typically 30,000 different genes per cell, and they control every function and aspect of every living organism (“Genetics”). People have forty-six chromosomes in two sets of twenty-three, one set from your father and one from your mother (“Genetics”). Genes control how a person is made by making proteins. Each gene has a "code" for making proteins. This is because each cell needs to perform a certain task. Cancer begins when one...
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