...for increasing the use of referendums in the UK? A referendum is a vote put to the public by a ballot by the government. Given as a simple “yes/no” question, they are on a single issue in the country or something the government needs the public’s opinion on. The UK rarely uses referendums, with only 2 put to the UK and 9 otherwise. Here I will discuss whether or not their use should be increased. Referendums can help to decide on issues like education, healthcare, social issues and more for example in Switzerland where they are used to decide on social issues like abortion and gay marriage. However, in most cases, the action/ outcome would have already been decided by the government in control, using the referendum as a way to legitimise what they want. Due to this issue, they can be used to legitimise clearly non-democratic laws, for example Hitler used them to pass what he wanted to happen. Referendums also gain the public’s view on what the government wants- whether they want it or not- yet this makes tyranny of the majority as minorities don’t get expressed and only certain areas are get to vote. The question would have been carefully manicured in favour of the best outcome for the government, as people can only answer yes or no- no justification or adding more even if neither appeals. A tool for modern democracy, outside of the UK they solve a wide range of issues and work well. The voter has a direct choice and say in what the government do, for example whether Scotland...
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...The current electoral system has been constantly assessed and targeted by civilians who believe that First Past The Post is no longer effective and should be gotten rid of. Even though it lost in the 2011 referendum, People still believe the electoral system should be changed, especially the liberal democrats who are in favour of this change because they would benefit. FPTP is a simple plurality system the candidate with the most votes in one constituency becomes a MP and then the party with the most MPs becomes the government. The first reason i think the electoral system should be reformed is that the system is very unrepresentative as large mainstream parties with their supporters concentrated in certain constituencies do well and win. For example the constituency of Buckingham is highly populated with conservative supporters meaning that any other people living in that area who want to vote for labour or any other parties will continuously lose, so their votes are wasted and even more votes are wasted if losing parties' supporters are spread out rather than concentrated making it unfair especially to fringe parties. However, even though it can be seen as unrepresentative, it is quote an efficient method as it usually guarantees that one party will win the majority and become the government making it easier to pass laws in parliament unless there is a coalition which would lead to clashes in ideas. Another argument for reform is that minority governments are formed...
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...‘The advantages of a codified constitution now outweigh its disadvantages’. Discuss There are various advantages to having a codified constitution, especially in the modern climate of security fears that could have on the citizens’ civil liberties. However there are also several advantages to an uncodified constitution, for example its flexibility. When considering codification of the constitution, the following must be considered. A codified constitution would protect the rights of the citizen against the state. At the moment there is the Human Rights Act of 1998 which, in theory, does this already. But as Parliament is sovereign, in can essentially find a way around, or even repeal, this act thus making it unfit for purpose. In 2004 nine men, accused of terrorism, were held without charge (a violation of The Human Rights Act), the men took this case to the House of Lords where it was deemed to be unlawful. This was quickly followed by the introduction of the Anti Terror Act in 2005, which then made it legal for suspected (without significant evidence) terrorists to be held for up to 28 days. This act, for all intents and purposes, superseded the Human Rights Act. So what this says is that an uncodified constitution, where Parliament is sovereign, is open to abuse by the Government therefore making the act useless as it does not do what it was designed for and is therefore not fit for purpose. Whereas if there was a Human Rights Act entrenched, as part of a codified constitution...
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...Large classes have the advantage of reduced teacher's salary. An increase in the student-teacher ratio is estimated to save around $12 billion in teacher salary per year. This is equal to the title 1 of the elementary and secondary education(Finn et al. pp 97-109). CSR will also call for the reconstruction of more rooms and which may have an effect on land as a resource. For example, if the USA decides to reduce the size of class by 1 students, then the government will be forced to build 225,000 more classrooms. The only evidence that is supporting the substantial expenditure associated with the small class is the increased students learning. Despite many views about class size in relationship to the student performance, only a few studies of high quality and sufficient...
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...limitations that and limitations to actions such obscenity, slander, libel, incitement to rebellion, violating copyrights and revealing any information that may be classified otherwise. The freedom of rights is recognized as a basic human right (Powers, 2). There are several advantages of freedom of speech. Top of the list is that we can say anything that we like regardless of the consciousness of the issue without fear of punishment or reprisal. This means that we can be able to speak up against any act of oppression that we may observe. This allows Amy people to speak up if they feel that any of their basic rights is being infringed. This right has led to their rise of philosophy and also political theory. Thanks to the freedom of speech people have been able to promote ideas such and capitalism, socialism, democracy and animal rights (Barendt, 89). The freedom speech has been beneficial in the area of constitutional and governance. People in different regions and countries of the world have spoken out against the status quo and led to changes is the constitutions. Because of people speaking out, we have seen major changes such as abolishment of the monarchy, introduction of multiparty systems and referendums. The freedom of speech has led to social movements that have led to governments making legislation that have promoted democracy....
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...GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS AS LEVEL UNIT TWO GOVERNING THE UK “Never, never, never give up” Winston S Churchill 1874-1965 1 GOVERNING THE UK 50% of AS [25% of A2] UNIT TWO SAMPLE QUESTION Answer one question from Section A and one question from Section B in 80 minutes. Spend 40 minutes on Section A and 40 minutes on Section B SECTION A QUESTION ONE PRIME MINISTERIAL POWER “For too long the big political decisions in this country have been made in the wrong place. They are not made around the Cabinet table where they should be, but they are taken on the sofa in Tony Blair’s office. No notes are kept and no one takes the blame when things go wrong. That arrogant style of government must come to an end. I will restore the proper process of government. I want to be Prime Minister of this country not a President (Source: David Cameron, The Times, 5th October 2006) “The Cabinet is the committee at the centre of the British political system. Every Thursday during Parliament, Secretaries of State from all departments as well as other ministers meet in the Cabinet Room in Downing Street to discuss the big issues of the day. The Prime Minister chairs the meeting, selects its members and also recommends their appointment as ministers to the monarch. The present Cabinet has 23 members (21 MPs and two peers). The secretary of the Cabinet is responsible for preparing records of its discussions and decisions”. (Source: From a modern textbook) (a) What...
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...January 20, 2013 Fortnightly Market Wrap -Up This week’s content: Macro Strategy – page 3 World Markets – page 9 Cautious optimism for 2013 By Swasti Gupta, Analyst, BSc Economics Eurozone – page 5 Currency wars: Is it me or is it getting hot in here? By Eliott Anderson, Co-Editor, BSc Management China – page 13 The EU: In or Out? By Christopher Viggor, Analyst, MSc Economics Eurozone – page 7 Take-off instead of hard landing? By Wodzik Kicinski, Analyst, BSc Economics Japan – page 15 Italy – is politics enough? By Andrei Damaschin, Co-Editor, BSc Accounting and Finance Challenges facing Japan By Melson Chun, Analyst, Law Warwick Investment Club Research Team 2 January 20, 2013 Fortnightly Market Wrap -Up Macro Strategy Cautious Optimism for 2013 By Swasti Gupta, Analyst, 2nd-year BSc Economics The S&P 500 closed on a 5-year high at 1,485.98 on Friday, after increasing for a third consecutive week since the New Year. The rally comes in response to strong fourth quarter earnings results, announced by banks and industrials earlier this week. Meanwhile Wall’s Street’s fear gauge, as measured by the VIX volatility index 1, closed the week at its lowest level since 2007 amidst speculation of a “great rotation”2. The CBOE VIX index is a measure of volatility perceived by investors. A forward looking measure, it is based on the pricing of options which investors use to protect their portfolios against losses in the S&P 500...
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...DECENTRALIZATION, GOVERNANCE AND PUBLIC SERVICES THE IMPACT OF INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Omar Azfar, Satu Kähkönen, Anthony Lanyi, Patrick Meagher, and Diana Rutherford IRIS Center, University of Maryland, College Park September 1999 Table of Contents 1 2 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................1 IMPACT OF DECENTRALIZATION ON PUBLIC SERVICES: THEORY AND EVIDENCE ............................................................................................2 2.1 Theory.............................................................................................................................................. 2 2.1.a Allocative Efficiency............................................................................................................... 2 2.1.b Accountability ......................................................................................................................... 3 2.1.c Cost Recovery ......................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Evidence........................................................................................................................................... 3 3 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PERFORMANCE OF DECENTRALIZED SERVICE PROVISION...................................................................................5 3.1 The Political Framework..........
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...The IMPLeMeNTATION OF IFRS IN The UK DeVOLVeD ADMINISTRATIONS Ciaran Connolly Tony Wall The IMPLeMeNTATION OF IFRS IN The UK DeVOLVeD ADMINISTRATIONS by Ciaran Connolly Tony Wall Published by CA house 21 haymarket Yards edinburgh eh12 5Bh First published 2013 © 2013 ISBN 978-1-904574-94-1 eAN 9781904574941 This report is published for the Research Committee of The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Council of the Institute or the Research Committee. No responsibility for loss occasioned to any person acting or refraining from action as a result of any material in this publication can be accepted by the authors or publisher. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the publisher. Printed and bound in Great Britain by Garnett Dickinson CONTeNTS Foreword .................................................................................................................... Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. executive summary ...................
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...Table of Contents CHAPTER I 3 FIGURE PROFILE 3 1.1. Early Life 3 1.2 Marriage and family 5 1.2.1 First marriage 5 1.2.2 Second marriage 6 1.2.3 Third marriage 6 1.3 Retirement 7 1.3.1 Post-retirement health 8 1.3.2 Elders 9 CHAPTER II 10 THEORITICAL FRAMEWORKS 10 2.1 Definition of Leadership 10 2.2 Type of Leadership 10 2.2.1 Autocratic Leadership 10 2.2.2 Bureaucratic Leadership 10 2.2.3 Charismatic Leadership 10 2.2.4 Democratic Leadership or Participative Leadership 11 2.2.5 Laissez-Faire Leadership 11 2.2.6 People-Oriented Leadership or Relations-Oriented Leadership 11 2.2.7 Servant Leadership 12 2.2.8 Task-Oriented Leadership 12 2.2.9 Transactional Leadership 12 2.2.10 Transformational Leadership 13 2.3 Using the Right Style Situational Leadership 13 2.4 Three Classic Leadership Styles 14 2.4.1 The Laissez Faire Leadership Style 14 2.4.2 The Autocratic Leadership Style 14 2.4.3 The Participative Leadership Style 14 CHAPTER III 15 FINDING AND RESULT 15 2.1 Political Activity 15 3.1.1 Armed anti-apartheid activities 16 3.1.2 Arrest and Rivonia trial 17 3.1.3 Imprisonment 19 3.1.4 Release 21 3.1.5 Negotiations 22 3.1.6 Presidency of South Africa 23 3.1.7 Lockerbie trial 26 CHAPTER IV 28 CONCLUSION 28 BIBLIOGRAPHY 32 CHAPTER I FIGURE PROFILE Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (Xhosa pronunciation: [xoˈliːɬaɬa manˈdeːla]; born 18 July 1918) is a South African politician who...
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...Multinational Corporations and Foreign Direct Investment This page intentionally left blank Multinational Corporations and Foreign Direct Investment Avoiding Simplicity, Embracing Complexity Stephen D. Cohen 1 2007 1 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright # 2007 by Oxford University Press Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cohen, Stephen D. Multinational corporations and foreign direct investment: avoiding simplicity, embracing complexity / Stephen D. Cohen. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN-13 978-0-19-517935-4; 978-0-19-517936-1 (pbk.) ISBN 0-19-517935-8; 0-19-517936-6 (pbk.) 1. International...
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...This text was adapted by The Saylor Foundation under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License without attribution as requested by the work’s original creator or licensee. Organization The overarching logic of the book is intuitive—organized around answers to the what, where, why, and how of international business. WHAT? Section one introduces what is international business and who has an interest in it. Students will sift through the globalization debate and understanding the impact of ethics on global businesses. Additionally, students will explore the evolution of international trade from past to present, with a focus on how firms and professionals can better understand today’s complex global business arena by understanding the impact of political and legal factors. The section concludes with a chapter on understanding how cultures are defined and the impact on business interactions and practices with tangible tips for negotiating across cultures. WHERE? Section two develops student knowledge about key facets of the global business environment and the key elements of trade and cooperation between nations and global organizations. Today, with increasing numbers of companies of all sizes operating internationally, no business or country can remain an island. Rather, the interconnections between countries, businesses, and institutions are inextricable. Even how we define the world is changing. No longer classified into simple and neat...
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...EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION Two big events will frame the year ahead: America’s presidential election and the summer Olympic games in Beijing. The race for the White House will be a marathon, from the front-loaded primary season in January and February to the general election in November. The betting is that the winner will be a Democrat—with a strong chance that a Clinton will again be set to succeed a Bush as leader of the free world. China, meanwhile, will hope to use the Olympics to show the world what a splendid giant it has become. It will win the most gold medals, and bask in national pride and the global limelight. But it will also face awkward questions on its repressive politics. America and China will be prime players in the matters that will concentrate minds around the world in 2008. One of these is the world economy, which can no longer depend on America, with its housing and credit woes, to drive growth. America should—just—avoid recession, but it will be China (for the first time the biggest contributor to global growth) along with India and other emerging markets that will shine. Another focus of attention will be climate change. As China replaces America as the world’s biggest producer of greenhouse gases, serious efforts on global warming depend on the serious involvement of those two countries. If 2007 was the year when this rose to the top of the global agenda, in 2008 people will expect action. It is striking that green is a theme that links all the contributions...
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...Ethnicity, Identity and Public Policy Critical Perspectives on Multiculturalism David Bromell Institute of Policy Studies Ethnicity, Identity and Public Policy Critical Perspectives on Multiculturalism David Bromell Institute of Policy Studies First printed in 2008 Institute of Policy Studies School of Government Victoria University of Wellington PO Box 600 Wellington © Institute of Policy Studies ISBN 158 IPS/Pub/978-1-877347-26-9 This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced without the permission of the Institute of Policy Studies. Copy editor: Belinda Hill Cover design: Milne Printers Ltd Printed by Milne Printers Ltd Contents List of Tables iv List of Figures iv List of Boxes iv Foreword v Acknowledgments and Disclaimer ix Part One: Introduction and Context of Inquiry 1 Introduction 2 New Zealand Context 3 21 Part Two: Communitarian Responses to Liberalism Introduction to Part Two 61 3 Civic Republicanism: Michael Sandel 63 4 The Politics of Recognition: Charles Taylor 83 Part Three: Multiculturalism Introduction to Part Three 105 5 Multicultural Citizenship: Will Kymlicka 107 6 Common Citizenship in a Multicultural Society: Bhikhu Parekh 151 Part Four: Critical Responses to Multiculturalism ...
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...Constitutional Law II Tebbe Spring 08 4 Equality and the Constitution 4 Class 1: Slavery and the Constitution 4 1. The Original Constitution 4 2. State v. Post 4 3. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) 4 4. Reconstruction 5 5. Post-Reconstruction Cases 6 Class 2: The Advent of American Constitutional Law: Brown 7 6. RACIAL EQUALITY 7 7. Brown I (1954) The segregation of children in public schools based solely on race violates the Equal Protection Clause. 7 2. Brown II 8 3. What was the constitutional harm in Brown? 8 4. THEORY 8 5. Subsequent School Desegregation 9 Class 3: Local Efforts to Desegregate: Parents Involved 11 6. Parents Involved 11 Class 4: Rational Basis Review: Cleburne, Romer, etc. 13 2. Tiers of Scrutiny 13 3. Beazer (1979) 13 4. Moreno (1973) 14 5. Cleburne (1985) 14 6. Romer (1996) 15 7. Nordlinger (1992) and Allegheny Pittsburgh (1989) 16 8. Lee Optical (1955) 17 Class 5: Racial Classifications and Heightened Scrutiny: Strauder, Korematsu, Loving 17 9. Heightened Scrutiny Analysis 17 10. Strauder (1880) 17 11. Korematsu (1944) 18 12. Loving (1967) 19 13. Theories Supporting Strict Scrutiny of Racial Classifications 20 14. Tiers of Scrutiny 20 15. Tiers of Scrutiny Table 21 Class 6: Facially Neutral Classifications: Washington v. Davis 21 16. Types of Discrimination (from Fall) 21 X. Disparate...
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