...SENIOR SECONDARY COURSE PHYSICS 1 (CORE MODULES) Coordinators Dr. Oum Prakash Sharma Sh. R.S. Dass NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OPEN SCHOOLING A-25, INSTITUTIONAL AREA, SECTOR-62, NOIDA-201301 (UP) COURSE DESIGN COMMITTEE CHAIRMAN Prof. S.C. Garg Former Pro-Vice Chancellor IGNOU, Maidan Garhi, Delhi MEMBERS Prof. A.R. Verma Former Director, National Physical Laboratory, Delhi, 160, Deepali Enclave Pitampura, Delhi-34 Dr. Naresh Kumar Reader (Rtd.) Deptt. of Physics Hindu College, D.U. Dr. Oum Prakash Sharma Asstt. Director (Academic) NIOS, Delhi Prof. L.S. Kothari Prof. of Physics (Retd.) Delhi University 71, Vaishali, Delhi-11008 Dr. Vajayshree Prof. of Physics IGNOU, Maidan Garhi Delhi Sh. R.S. Dass Vice Principal (Rtd.) BRMVB, Sr. Sec. School Lajpat Nagar, New Delhi-110024 Dr. G.S. Singh Prof. of Physics IIT Roorkee Sh. K.S. Upadhyaya Principal Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Rohilla Mohammadabad (U.P.) Dr. V.B. Bhatia Prof. of Physics (Retd.) Delhi University 215, Sector-21, Faridabad COURSE DEVELOPMENT TEAM CHAIRMAN Prof. S.C. Garg Former Pro-Vice Chancellor IGNOU, Delhi MEMBERS Prof. V.B. Bhatia 215, Sector-21, Faridabad Prof. B.B. Tripathi Prof. of Physics (Retd.), IIT Delhi 9-A, Awadhpuri, Sarvodaya Nagar Lucknow-226016 Sh. K.S. Upadhyaya Principal Navodaya Vidyalaya Rohilla Mohammadabad, (U.P.) Dr. V.P. Shrivastava Reader (Physics) D.E.S.M., NCERT, Delhi EDITORS TEAM CHAIRMAN Prof. S.C. Garg Former Pro-Vice Chancellor IGNOU, Delhi MEMBERS Prof. B.B. Tripathi Prof...
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...This is page i Printer: Opaque this A Mathematical Introduction to Fluid Mechanics Alexandre Chorin Department of Mathematics University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA Jerrold E. Marsden Control and Dynamical Systems, 107-81 California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 91125, USA ii iii A Mathematical Introduction to Fluid Mechanics iv Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Chorin, Alexandre A Mathematical Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, Third Edition (Texts in Applied Mathematics) Bibliography: in frontmatter Includes. 1. Fluid dynamics (Mathematics) 2. Dynamics (Mathematics) I. Marsden, Jerrold E. II. Title. III. Series. ISBN 0-387 97300-1 American Mathematics Society (MOS) Subject Classification (1980): 76-01, 76C05, 76D05, 76N05, 76N15 Copyright 1992 by Springer-Verlag Publishing Company, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Springer-Verlag Publishing Company, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010. Typesetting and illustrations prepared by June Meyermann, Gregory Kubota, and Wendy McKay The cover illustration shows a computer simulation of a shock diffraction by a pair of cylinders, by John Bell, Phillip Colella, William Crutchfield, Richard Pember, and Michael Welcome...
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...U.S. Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation 2012 The Strategic Information and Operations Center at FBI Headquarters is the 24/7 command post that monitors FBI operations and law enforcement activities around the globe. An FBI agent examines a potentially contaminated letter during a white powder training exercise. 2012 The FBI Story I A Message from FBI Director Robert S. Mueller, III For the FBI and its partners, 2012 was a year that reminded us once again of the seriousness of the security threats facing our nation. During the year, extremists plotted to attack—unsuccessfully, thanks to the work of our Joint Terrorism Task Forces—the U.S. Capitol, the New York Federal Reserve Bank, and other landmarks on U.S. soil. Tragically, on the 11th anniversary of 9/11, a hateful attack in Benghazi took the lives of the U.S. Ambassador to Libya and three other Americans. In the cyber realm, a rising tide of hackers took electronic aim at global cyber infrastructure, causing untold damages. High-dollar white-collar crimes of all kinds also continued to siphon significant sums from the pocketbooks of consumers. And in Newtown, Connecticut, 20 young children and six adults lost their lives in one of the worst mass shootings in American history, ending a year of violence that saw similar tragedies around the country. Working with its colleagues around the globe, the FBI is committed to taking a leadership role in protecting the nation. As you can see from...
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...Francesca Di Lodovico, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK Maarten Hoogerland, University of Auckland, New Zealand Eric Le Ru, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand James Overduin, Towson University, USA Vesselin Petkov, Concordia University, Canada Charles H.-T. Wang, The University of Aberdeen, UK Andrew Whitaker, Queen’s University Belfast, UK For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8902 Péter Hraskó Basic Relativity An Introductory Essay ´ Emeritus Professor at University of Pecs, Hungary 123 Péter Hraskó University of Pécs H-7633 Pécs Szántó Kovács János u. 1/b Hungary e-mail: peter@hrasko.com ISSN 2191-5423 ISBN 978-3-642-17809-2 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-17810-8 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Ó Péter Hraskó 2011 e-ISSN 2191-5431 e-ISBN 978-3-642-17810-8 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this...
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...Galilei revived the Copernican view of the heliocentric universe, using experiments to study nature’s behavior. 2 In Conceptual Integrated Science, we believe that focusing on math too early is a poor substitute forconcepts. 3 We mean that it must be capable of being proved wrong. 4 Nonscientific hypotheses may be perfectly reasonable; they are nonscientific only because they are not falsifiable—there is no test for possible wrongness. 5 Galileo showed the falseness of Aristotle’s claim with a single experiment—dropping heavy and lightobjects from the Leaning Tower of Pisa. 6 A scientific fact is something that competent observers can observe and agree to be true; a hypothesis is an explanation or answer that is capable of being proved wrong; a law is a hypothesis that has been tested over and over and not contradicted; a theory is a synthesis of facts and well-tested hypotheses. 7 In everyday speech, a theory is the same as a hypothesis—a statement that hasn’t been tested. 8 Theories grow stronger and more precise as they evolve to include new information. 9 The term supernatural literally means “above nature.” Science works within nature, not above it. 10 They rely on subjective personal experience and do not lead to testable hypotheses. They lie outside the realm of science. 11 Science, art, and religion can work very well together; like strings on a guitar, when played together, the chord they produce can be a chord of profound richness. 12 Science is concerned...
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...programming languages. But widespread availability of statistical package software has changed the reality to some extent. Now more emphasis is given on the application of the techniques to solve the business problems. So there is a need to understand the meaning of the statistical procedures. This book has been written to cater that need. In this book, all the necessary concepts have been explained keeping the business problem in mind. Also, to remove the apathy for statistics, use of mathematical expressions have been limited. That doesn‘t imply that we don‘t have to study the mathematics part. The intention is to put the substance over matter. As the students get accustomed to these statistical concepts, they can go for further investigations using various mathematical and statistical techniques. A list of suggested books and links have been given in the appendix. This book is directly related to the instructor‘s presentation. So it is highly advised that students should go through this material at the end of each class. As for general reading, the reader is advised to go according to the chapters. Chapters have been arranged in the order of higher complexity. So the initial chapters are very important. In this book, the statistical procedures have been implemented on SAS. The explanations of the codes have been from the perspective of a data modeler. For the perspective of a programmer, the students are advised to go...
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...Manufacturing Manager: Evelyn Beaton Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Carol Melville Production Coordination, Technical Illustrations, and Composition: Laserwords Maine Cover Photo Credit: Abstract green flow, ©Oriontrail/Shutterstock Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and Pearson was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mendenhall, William. A second course in statistics : regression analysis/ William Mendenhall, Terry Sincich –7th ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-321-69169-5 1. Commercial statistics. 2. Statistics. 3. Regression analysis. I. Sincich, Terry, II. Title. HF1017.M46 2012 519.5′ 36–dc22 2010000433 Copyright © 2012, 2003, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a...
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...ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY- 2013 Draft v4 7-3-12 1. DESCRIPTION: Understand the anatomy and physiology of the nervous, excretory and digestive system. A TEAM OF UP TO: 2 APPROXIMATE TIME: 50 Minutes 2. EVENT PARAMETERS: Each team may bring only one 8.5" x II" two-sided page of notes that contain information in any form from any source and up to 2 non-programmable, non-graphing calculators. 3. THE COMPETITION: Students should know the basic anatomy and physiology of the nervous, excretory and digestive systems and how aging and specific diseases affect them. Process skills expected may include data collection, making observations, inferences, predictions, calculations, analyses and conclusions. The test may include various formats (e. g., timed stations, written test, PowerPoint slides, anatomical specimens, etc.) for the following topics: a. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - All levels should know: 1. Functions ofthe digestive system 11. Basic anatomy of the component parts of the alimentary canal and accessory organs of digestion iii. Anatomy of the four layers ofthe wall of the alimentary canal IV. Comparison of the lining of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine v. Compare and contrast mechanical and chemical digestion vi. Physiology of chemical digestion of proteins, fats and carbohydrates vii. The effects of exercise on the digestive system viii. The diseases on each level from the cell to the whole person as listed: stomach & duodenal ulcers, cancers of the digestive...
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...considered scientific it must be testable?it must, in principle, be capable of being proven wrong. Fact: A phenomenon about which competent observers can agree. Theory: A synthesis of a large body of information that encompasses well-tested hypotheses about certain aspects of the natural world. Law: A general hypothesis or statement about the relationship of natural quantities that has been tested over and over again and has not been contradicted. Also known as a principle. Evidence: which serves to either support or counter a scientific theory or hypothesis. Experiment: is a test carried out in order to discover whether a theory is correct or what the results of a particular course of action would be . What did Galileo do to challenge Aristotle?s belief that heavy objects fall faster than lighter objects? Galileo very carefully examined Aristotle?s hypothesis. Then he...
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...This page intentionally left blank Physical Constants Quantity Electron charge Electron mass Permittivity of free space Permeability of free space Velocity of light Value e = (1.602 177 33 ± 0.000 000 46) × 10−19 C m = (9.109 389 7 ± 0.000 005 4) × 10−31 kg �0 = 8.854 187 817 × 10−12 F/m µ0 = 4π10−7 H/m c = 2.997 924 58 × 108 m/s Dielectric Constant (�r� ) and Loss Tangent (� �� /� � ) Material Air Alcohol, ethyl Aluminum oxide Amber Bakelite Barium titanate Carbon dioxide Ferrite (NiZn) Germanium Glass Ice Mica Neoprene Nylon Paper Plexiglas Polyethylene Polypropylene Polystyrene Porcelain (dry process) Pyranol Pyrex glass Quartz (fused) Rubber Silica or SiO2 (fused) Silicon Snow Sodium chloride Soil (dry) Steatite Styrofoam Teflon Titanium dioxide Water (distilled) Water (sea) Water (dehydrated) Wood (dry) � r �� / � 1.0005 25 8.8 2.7 4.74 1200 1.001 12.4 16 4–7 4.2 5.4 6.6 3.5 3 3.45 2.26 2.25 2.56 6 4.4 4 3.8 2.5–3 3.8 11.8 3.3 5.9 2.8 5.8 1.03 2.1 100 80 1 1.5–4 0.1 0.000 6 0.002 0.022 0.013 0.000 25 0.002 0.05 0.000 6 0.011 0.02 0.008 0.03 0.000 2 0.000 3 0.000 05 0.014 0.000 5 0.000 6 0.000 75 0.002 0.000 75 0.5 0.000 1 0.05 0.003 0.000 1 0.000 3 0.001 5 0.04 4 0 0.01 Conductivity (� ) Material Silver Copper Gold Aluminum Tungsten Zinc Brass Nickel Iron Phosphor bronze Solder Carbon steel German silver Manganin Constantan Germanium Stainless steel , S/m 6.17 × 107 4.10 × 107 3.82 × 107 1.82 × 107 1.67 × 107 1.5 × 107 1.45 × 107 1.03...
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...in.2 1 in.2 1 ft3 1 ft3 1 in.3 1 in.3 1 in. 1 in.3 1 ft/min 1 ft/min 1 ft/min 1 ft/sec 1 ft/sec 1 in./min 1 in./sec 1 in./sec 3 0.3048 m 30.48 cm 304.8 mm 0.0254 m 2.54 cm 25.4 mm 929.03 10 4 m2 929.03 cm2 929.03 102 mm2 6.452 10 4 m2 6.452 cm2 645.16 mm2 28.317 10 3 m3 28.317 103 cm3 16.387 10 6 m3 16.387 cm3 0.16387 0.16387 10 mm 10 4 m3 5 3 Coefficient of consolidation: Force: 1 in.2/sec 1 in.2/sec 1 ft2/sec 1 lb 1 lb 1 lb 1 kip 1 U.S. ton 1 lb 1 lb/ft 1 lb/ft2 1 lb/ft2 1 U.S. ton/ft2 1 kip/ft2 1 lb/in.2 1 lb/ft3 1 lb/in.3 1 lb-ft 1 lb-in. 1 ft-lb 1 in.4 1 in.4 6.452 cm2/sec 20.346 103 m2/yr 929.03 cm2/sec 4.448 N 4.448 10 3 kN 0.4536 kgf 4.448 kN 8.896 kN 0.4536 10 3 metric ton 14.593 N/m 47.88 N/m2 0.04788 kN/m2 95.76 kN/m2 47.88 kN/m2 6.895 kN/m2 0.1572 kN/m3 271.43 kN/m3 1.3558 N · m 0.11298 N · m 1.3558 J 0.4162 0.4162 106 mm4 10 6 m4 Area: Stress: Volume: Unit weight: Moment: Energy: Moment of inertia: Section modulus: Hydraulic conductivity: 0.3048 m/min 30.48 cm/min 304.8 mm/min 0.3048 m/sec 304.8 mm/sec 0.0254 m/min 2.54 cm/sec 25.4 mm/sec CONVERSION FACTORS FROM SI TO ENGLISH UNITS Length: 1m 1 cm 1 mm 1m 1 cm 1 mm 1m 1 cm2 1 mm2 1 m2 1 cm2 1 mm2 1m 1 cm3 1 m3 1 cm3 1N 1 kN 1 kgf 1 kN 1 kN 1 metric ton 1 N/m 3 2 3.281 ft 3.281 10 3.281 10 39.37 in. 0.3937 in. 0.03937 in. 2 Stress: 2 3 ft ft 1 N/m2 1 kN/m2 1 kN/m2 1 kN/m2 1 kN/m2 1 kN/m3 1 kN/m3 1N·m 1N·m 1J 1 mm 1 m4 4 20.885 10 3 lb/ft2 20.885 lb/ft2 0.01044...
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...College Trigonometry Version π Corrected Edition by Carl Stitz, Ph.D. Lakeland Community College Jeff Zeager, Ph.D. Lorain County Community College July 4, 2013 ii Acknowledgements While the cover of this textbook lists only two names, the book as it stands today would simply not exist if not for the tireless work and dedication of several people. First and foremost, we wish to thank our families for their patience and support during the creative process. We would also like to thank our students - the sole inspiration for the work. Among our colleagues, we wish to thank Rich Basich, Bill Previts, and Irina Lomonosov, who not only were early adopters of the textbook, but also contributed materials to the project. Special thanks go to Katie Cimperman, Terry Dykstra, Frank LeMay, and Rich Hagen who provided valuable feedback from the classroom. Thanks also to David Stumpf, Ivana Gorgievska, Jorge Gerszonowicz, Kathryn Arocho, Heather Bubnick, and Florin Muscutariu for their unwaivering support (and sometimes defense) of the book. From outside the classroom, we wish to thank Don Anthan and Ken White, who designed the electric circuit applications used in the text, as well as Drs. Wendy Marley and Marcia Ballinger for the Lorain CCC enrollment data used in the text. The authors are also indebted to the good folks at our schools’ bookstores, Gwen Sevtis (Lakeland CC) and Chris Callahan (Lorain CCC), for working with us to get printed copies to the students...
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...advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. (From a Declaration of Principles jointly adopted by a Committee of the American Bar Association and a Committee of Publishers.) © 2006-2011 BUSINESS & LEGAL REPORTS, INC. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced in part or in whole by any process without written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use or the internal or personal use of specific clients is granted by Business & Legal Reports, Inc. For permission to reuse material from Top 10 Best Practices in HR Management for 2011, ISBN 1-55645-317-5, please go to http://www.copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of uses. ISBN 1-55645-317-5 Printed in the United States of America Questions or comments about this publication? Contact: Business & Legal Reports, Inc. 141 Mill Rock Road East P Box 6001 .O. Old Saybrook, CT 06475-6001 860-510-0100 860-510-7224 (fax) http://www.blr.com...
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...g Easier! Making Everythin ™ heory tring T S Learn: • The basic concepts of this controversial theory • How string theory builds on physics concepts • The different viewpoints in the field • String theory’s physical implications Andrew Zimmerman Jones Physics Guide, About.com with Daniel Robbins, PhD in Physics Get More and Do More at Dummies.com® Start with FREE Cheat Sheets Cheat Sheets include • Checklists • Charts • Common Instructions • And Other Good Stuff! To access the Cheat Sheet created specifically for this book, go to www.dummies.com/cheatsheet/stringtheory Get Smart at Dummies.com Dummies.com makes your life easier with 1,000s of answers on everything from removing wallpaper to using the latest version of Windows. Check out our • Videos • Illustrated Articles • Step-by-Step Instructions Plus, each month you can win valuable prizes by entering our Dummies.com sweepstakes. * Want a weekly dose of Dummies? Sign up for Newsletters on • Digital Photography • Microsoft Windows & Office • Personal Finance & Investing • Health & Wellness • Computing, iPods & Cell Phones • eBay • Internet • Food, Home & Garden Find out “HOW” at Dummies.com *Sweepstakes not currently available in all countries; visit Dummies.com for official rules. String Theory FOR DUMmIES ‰ by Andrew Zimmerman Jones with Daniel Robbins, PhD in Physics String Theory For Dummies® Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 111 River St. Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 www...
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...in their eyes, had been pretty much discredited. It reduced the mobility of the police, who thus had difficulty responding to citizen calls for service, and it weakened headquarters control over patrol Officers. Many police officers also disliked foot patrol, but for different reasons: it was hard work, it kept them outside on cold, rainy nights, and it reduced their chances for making a “good pinch.” In some departments, assigning officers to foot patrol had been used as a form of punishment. And academic experts on policing doubted that foot patrol would have any impact on crime rates; it was, in the opinion of most, little more than a sop to public opinion. But since the state was paying for it, the local authorities were willing to go along. Five years after the program started, the Police Foundation, in Washington, D. C., published an evaluation of the foot-patrol project. Based on its analysis of a carefully controlle d experiment carried out chiefly in Newark, the foundation concluded, to the surprise of hardly anyone, that foot...
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