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Fundamentalisme og det senmoderne samfund 1; hvordan er disse to begreber forbundet? Fundamentalisme er et begreb, der bruges flittigt i nutidens debat, og ingen synes i tvivl om, hvad begrebet dækker over. Jeg vil i denne opgave belyse begrebets betydning og beskæftige mig med det som religionssociologisk fænomen. Samtidig vil jeg sætte fundamentalismen i relation til selvets situation i det senmoderne samfund ud fra opfattelser fremstillet af den britiske sociolog Anthony Giddens (1991) og den polske ditto
Zygmunt Bauman (1998), idet jeg ønsker at undersøge og diskutere sammenhængen mellem de to begreber.
Først vil jeg redegøre for begrebet fundamentalisme. Her vil jeg komme ind på dets historiske opståen og udvikling ud fra artiklen ”’Fundamentalism’, Christian and Islamic”
(Shepard, 1987). Derpå vil jeg redegøre for brugen af fundamentalisme som generelt sociologisk fænomen ved at opstille karakteristika for begrebet. Redegørelsen vil fungere som baggrund for den efterfølgende diskussion.
I forlængelse heraf vil jeg meget kort redegøre for Giddens og Baumans definitioner af det senmoderne samfund som basis for den efterfølgende diskussion.
I diskussionen vil jeg således tage udgangspunkt i disse opfattelser og belyse selvets situation. Jeg vil efterfølgende forbinde dette med fundamentalismen og især diskutere, om denne er et nutidigt fænomen opstået på baggrund af strømninger i senmoderniteten.
Da vil jeg også inddrage David Lyon (2000) og Yves Lambert (1999) for netop at sætte
Giddens og Baumans opfattelser i perspektiv. Desuden ønsker jeg at bruge Charles Taylor
(2005) som endnu en diskussionspartner i forhold til selvets situation i det senmoderne samfund. 2. Redegørelse for begrebet fundamentalisme
”Fundamentalisme, bogstavtro religiøsitet, der kan være forbundet med et politisk og/eller ideologisk program” – en kort og præcis definition.
Det er dog mere komplekst end som så. Jeg vil derfor i dette afsnit forsøge at redegøre for en overordnet sociologisk definition af begrebet fundamentalisme.
Fundamentalisme har som begreb sin oprindelse i 1920’ernes USA (Shepard 1987,
356). Her opstod det som betegnelse for en bevægelse inden for den amerikanske protestantisme, der ønskede at fastholde ”the fundamentals”. Den vigtigste af disse grundpiller er den hellige skrifts ufejlbarlighed. Siden har denne oprindelige fundamentalisme manifesteret sig som subkultur i Bibelbæltet i det sydlige og midtvestlige
USA. Samtidig har brugen af begrebet bredt sig, og betegner ikke længere kun denne protestantiske opfattelse. I dag snakkes der således om fundamentalisme inden for mange andre religioner, og især islamisk fundamentalisme er et af nutidens hede debatemner. Spørgsmålet er, om denne udvidede brug af begrebet kan retfærdiggøres. Der må derfor kunne stilles generelle kendetegn op for, hvad der betegnes som fundamentalisme. Shepard gør selv dette i en sammenligning af kristen og islamisk fundamentalisme, selvom han konkluderer, at brugen af begrebet aldrig bliver optimal uden for sin oprindelige kristne kontekst. Jeg vil her fokusere på de kriterier, der dog kan opstilles i forhold til opfattelsen af en generel fundamentalisme. Shepard beskriver, hvordan fundamentalisme kendetegnes ved en konservativ teologi og modstand overfor modernismen – desuden ved brug af moderne teknologi, aktivisme, en udbredt minoritetsbevidsthed og selvfølgelig den hellige skrifts absolutte autoritet. Samtidig understreger han, hvordan fundamentalisme‐begrebet i dag er forbundet med en negativ betydning, da fundamentalister betragtes som snæversynede, rigide og fanatiske.
Dette stemmer overens med den opfattelse religionssociologen Steve Bruce har fremsat. Han definerer fem kendetegn, der er bestemmende for fundamentalisme i forskellige udformninger. Han peger også på skriftens betydning og udnyttelsen af moderne teknologi som kriterier og beskriver yderligere, at fundamentalismen er kendetegnet ved en vision om en tilbagevenden til en ideel fortid, at Furseth og Repstad gengiver her i en beskrivelse af fundamentalismen fem kendetegn, Steve Bruce har fremsat i forsøget på at skabe generelle kriterier for, hvad der kan kaldes fundamentalisme.

Den opstår i traditionelle kulturer, og at den appellerer til marginaliserede grupper i et givent samfund. Bruce mener altså, at fundamentalismen kan beskrives som generelt fænomen uden for den oprindelige kontekst. Det er også ud fra denne opfattelse, jeg vil bruge begrebet i denne opgave, selvom dette kan problematiseres. For at kunne diskutere fundamentalisme i forhold til det senmoderne samfund, er det i mine øjne nødvendigt at kunne definere fundamentalismen som sociologisk fænomen med generelle kendetegn, selvom begrebet derved mister noget af sin oprindelige betydning.
Af de karakteristika, jeg her har skitseret, er specielt ét interessant i forhold til denne opgave; nemlig modstanden overfor moderniteten. Denne tendens vil jeg således bruge som element i diskussionen af selvets situation i det senmoderne samfund. 3. Det senmoderne samfund...
Som nævnt i indledningen vil jeg meget kort opridse, hvordan henholdsvis Giddens og Bauman karakteriserer det senmoderne samfund, da jeg ser dette som en nødvendig forudsætning for at kunne diskutere fænomenet fundamentalisme i forbindelse hertil. 3.1. ...hos Giddens
Et træk, der for Giddens er helt central i karakteristikken af det senmoderne samfund, er den menneskelige refleksivitet. Denne refleksivitet, der defineres som en konstant indsamling og brug af viden til forandring af samfundet, gælder både på institutionelt og personligt niveau. Selvet hos Giddens er således også forstået som et refleksivt projekt. Refleksiviteten medfører samtidig en metodisk tvivl; intet er længere sikkert. Dette sætter det senmoderne menneske i konstante valgsituationer og truer, hvad Giddens kalder den ontologiske sikkerhed, som er central for menneskets selvidentitet.
Det senmoderne menneskes situation er altså karakteriseret ved refleksivitet, mangel på autoritet og konstante valg.

3.2. ...hos Bauman
Det senmoderne samfund er i Baumans øjne karakteriseret ved en formløshed, hvorfor han også ynder begrebet den flydende modernitet – det frie valg er hermed afgørende (Jacobsen 2005, 459‐460, Bauman 1998, 68). Det illustreres ved forbrugerismen, som er et nøgleord for Bauman; dagens samfund kendetegnes nemlig ved, at mennesket gennem forbrug skaber identitet. I livets supermarked søger mennesket, hvad Bauman benævner ”peak‐experiences”. I jagten på disse er det dog samtidig vigtigt ikke at gå glip af noget, hvilket er tidens store fare (Bauman 1998, 68, 70).
Yderligere en vigtig pointe er, at det senmoderne menneske betragter sig selv som tilstrækkeligt i alle livets henseender (Bauman 1998, 58‐60). Dermed bliver det legitimt, at det netop er igennem forbrug og fokus på individuelle evner identiteten defineres.
4. Fundamentalisme – en konsekvens af det senmoderne samfund?
4.1. Det forvirrede selv
Som beskrevet ovenfor karakteriserer både Giddens og Bauman det senmoderne samfund ved mangel på autoritet. Det senmoderne menneske finder konstant sig selv i valgsituationer, og det er kun muligt at spørge sig selv til råds om, hvad der skal gøres. Denne understregning af det enkelte individ som centrum er fundamental, men kan det ikke være svært hele tiden at tage stilling? Jo, mener både Giddens og Bauman; derfor er nutidens samfund også kendetegnet ved massiv terapi og vejledning. Fokus flyttes dog aldrig fra individet; det handler om, hvad man selv kan gøre. Denne situation har visse konsekvenser.
Giddens peger på, at mennesket søger forskellige livsstile, da disse opstiller retningslinjer for, hvad man skal mene og gøre. Bauman har imidlertid en anden vinkel. Med udgangspunkt i forbrugerismen beskriver han den ”utilstrækkelige forbruger”, som den der søger autoritet og støtte. Her bringes fundamentalismen ind i billedet, da den kan betragtes som en sådan støtte. Bauman beskriver endda fundamentalismen som barn af det senmoderne samfund. 4.2. Fundamentalismens senmoderne grundlag
Men er det rimeligt at betragte fundamentalismen som følge af modsætninger i senmoderniteten, som den utilstrækkelige forbrugers tilflugt? Bauman er ikke i tvivl:
”Fundamentalism is a thoroughly contemporary, postmodern phenomenon...” (Bauman
1998, 72)...fundamentalist movements – which are triggered and kept on course above all by the agonies of the postmodern selves...” Giddens derimod drager ikke den konklusion, men lægger vægt på valget af livsstil som konsekvens af dagens samfund. Ifølge hans livsstilsdefintion kan en sådan dog godt være fundamentalistisk: ”A lifestyle involves a cluster of habits and orientations (...) that connects options in a more or less ordered pattern”. En markant forskel, der derfor er på henholdsvis Giddens og Baumans syn på senmoderniteten, er, om behovet for et overordnet sæt retningslinjer er et generelt faktum eller kun et udløb af utilstrækkelighed. Baumans opfattelse af fundamentalismen er således udtryk for, hvad der kan kategoriseres som en kriseteori; fundamentalismen søges på baggrund af træk ved moderniseringen. I den forbindelse kan den franske sociolog David Lyons kategoriseringer af det senmoderne selv inddrages. Han definerer tre typer af selv, hvor det her er interessant at betragte ”det underordnede selv”. Denne type ligner
Baumans utilstrækkelige forbruger på det punkt, at det underordnede selv også søger en fast ramme – Lyon nævner selv fundamentalismen. Disse typer formår ikke at danne en identitet på forbrugssamfundets præmisser, og det resulterer bl.a. i fundamentalisme. Inddrages Shepards analyse af fundamentalismen er det dog ikke så enkelt. Han er enig i at den kendetegnes ved fremmedgørelse fra moderniteten men peger samtidig på en interessant skelnen mellem kristen og islamisk fundamentalisme; nemlig kendsgerningen om den enkelte fundamentalistiske bevægelse bekæmper en præmis ved sit eget samfund eller en udefrakommende tendens. Der kan altså argumenteres for, at fundamentalisme kan opstå uden for samfund præget af forbrugerismen. Lande som
Saudi Arabien og Iran kendetegnes stadig i høj grad af traditionalisme og mangel på den frihed, der kendes fra Vesten, og som er et vigtigt element i forbrugerismen. I disse stater findes dog bevægelser, der med rette kan betegnes som fundamentalistiske ud fra den generelle karakteristik (se ovenfor). Bauman og Lyons tese om forbrugerismen som baggrund for fostring af fundamentalister, kan da i den grad problematiseres, idet disse altså også eksisterer i lande, der på ingen måde er kendetegnet ved forbrugerisme. I den forbindelse kan det også påpeges, at Bruce som nævnt ser det som et generelt træk ved fundamentalistiske bevægelser, at de opstår i traditionelle kulturer (se ovenfor). Derfor vil det være mere rimeligt at betragte det senmoderne forbrugssamfund som en skærpende omstændighed i forhold til dannelsen af fundamentalisme i stedet for den direkte årsag.
Dette skal også ses på baggrund af Shepards understregning af begrebets oprindelse, hvilket gør det problematisk at karakterisere fundamentalismen som et udelukkende senmoderne fænomen.
Da er spørgsmålet efterfølgende, om ikke behovet for en fast ramme altid har eksisteret og er grundlæggende for dannelsen af en selvidentitet. Giddens peger på dette faktum og nævner, at mennesket, grundet de rammer – eller mangel på samme – det senmoderne samfund opstiller, vælger en livsstil, der giver faste holdepunkter. Det er dog muligt at ændre livsstil, da selvet som beskrevet er et refleksivt projekt. Giddens argumentation her virker mere plausibel, da han ikke sætter lighedstegn mellem ”taberen” og fundamentalisten og i det hele taget ikke fastsætter en stereotyp for de valgte livsstile. Man kan med andre ord enten være goth, surfer eller religiøs fundamentalist. Charles Taylor argumenterer i bogen ”Modernitetens ubehag – autenticitetens etik” (2005) for at identitetsdannelsen er af ”dialogisk karakter”. Mennesket har brug for en mur at spille bolden op ad i formningen af selvet, og denne er til stede i form af de ”betydningsfulde andre” – et begreb Taylor låner fra George Herbert Mead.
Mennesket er altså aldrig overladt helt til sig selv, som Bauman og til dels også Giddens kan beskyldes for at mene i deres karakteristikker af det senmoderne samfund. Taylor mener således, at mennesket trods en udbredt individualisme og relativisme er nødt til at definere sin identitet ud fra en fælles betydningshorisont, der indbefatter de store afgørende spørgsmål; hvorfor han også benævner det senmoderne samfunds idealer trivielle. Her eksisterer en klar kontrast til Bauman, der beskriver, hvordan den senmoderne identitet altså skabes gennem forbruget, og at de store spørgsmål ikke længere spiller en rolle i den enkeltes liv. Således kan der yderligere, i overensstemmelse med Giddens, argumenteres for, at intet menneske kan håndtere den enorme grad af frihed det stilles overfor i det senmoderne samfund og derfor ikke helt frit definere sig selv.
4.3. Fundamentalisme som den eneste udvej?
Det fremkom ovenfor, at Giddens i sin beskrivelse af livsstile ikke forholder sig konkret til deres udformning. Det gør Bauman derimod, når han betragter fundamentalismen som udtryk for en senmoderne religion, og egentlig kun forholder sig til denne som løsning for den utilstrækkelige forbruger, hvad enten den så er politisk ellers religiøs. Jeg har været inde på, at det er problematisk at beskæftige sig med fundamentalisme som et udelukkende senmoderne fænomen, men der findes yderligere et lag i Baumans synspunkt; han kan således kritiseres for at sætte lighedstegn mellem religion i det senmoderne samfund og fundamentalisme. I den forbindelse er det relevant at inddrage Yves Lamberts tese om senmodernitetens konsekvens for religionen. Således beskriver han, hvordan dennes strømninger udformer sig i flere typer af religiøsitet. I forlængelse af den analyse Lambert fremlægger, kan Baumans religionsopfattelse derfor synes reduktionistisk. Giddens’ udlægning er qua sin åbenhed mere anvendelig overfor Lamberts tese om de senmoderne religionsformer, da de faste holdepunkter også kan findes i f.eks. nye religiøse bevægelser.
Fundamentalismen tilbyder selv sagt et strammere regelsæt, men derfor må alternativerne ikke negligeres i forhold til det senmoderne menneskes situation og valgmuligheder.
5. Konklusion
Som nævnt i indledningen er fundamentalisme et begreb, der i dag benyttes med stor selvfølgelighed. Begrebets betydning rent historisk er entydig. Fundamentalisme‐ begrebet opstod således oprindeligt i en kristen kontekst, hvor det beskrev en gruppe protestanter, der ønskede at fastholde ”the fundamentals” – af disse var specielt betoningen af skriftens ufejlbarlighed vigtig. Også en modstand overfor moderniteten var afgørende for gruppens projekt.
Siden hen er begrebet blevet pillet ud af denne kontekst og bruges i dag om religiøse bevægelser inden for mange religioner. Derfor har jeg med henblik på en analyse af fundamentalisme i forhold til det senmoderne menneskes situation argumenteret for en generel brug af begrebet ud fra visse kriterier. Shepard understreger imidlertid at begrebet aldrig kommer til sin fulde ret uden for den oprindelige kontekst. Ikke desto mindre peger han på visse tendenser i sammenligningen mellem kristen og islamisk fundamentalisme, der, sammenholdt med Bruce’ kendetegn for fundamentalisme i al almindelighed, godt kan tjene som karakteristik af fundamentalisme som generelt religionssociologisk fænomen.
I den efterfølgende diskussion har jeg på grundlag af Bauman og Giddens’ forståelser af det senmoderne menneskes situation forsøgt at afdække, hvordan fundamentalisme kan forbindes med dagens samfund. De er enige, idet de karakteriserer det senmoderne samfund ved en formløshed, der giver individet en stor grad af frihed og konstant sætter det i valgsituationer. Bauman betragter disse som overskuelige, så længe individet formår at virke på samfundets præmisser – hovedsageligt kendetegnet ved forbrugerisme – og derigennem skabe sin identitet. Giddens understreger derimod, at mennesket behøver faste holdepunkter i tilværelsen og derfor tilstræber forskellige livsstile. Taylor støtter dette synspunkt, men er uenig med både Bauman og Giddens, da muligheden for identitetsskabelse i hans øjne ikke er så fri; den er nemlig betinget af dem vi omgiver os med.
Hos Bauman er jagten på autoritet resultat af, hvad han kalder den utilstrækkelige forbruger. Denne definition stemmer overens med David Lyons karakteristik af det underordnede selv. Disse typer søger de strikte retningslinjer, da de ikke ser andre muligheder for at skabe en identitet. Bauman beskriver endda fundamentalismen som et udelukkende senmoderne fænomen på denne baggrund. Dette kan diskuteres ud fra
Shepards redegørelse for begrebets historiske oprindelse og den kendsgerning, at fundamentalismen eksisterer i lande, hvor forbrugerismen ikke er herskende. Desuden kan
Baumans slutning fra jagten på autoritet til valget af fundamentalisme problematiseres ud fra Lamberts analyse af senmoderne religioner. Her gives andre valgmuligheder i form af retningslinjer for tilværelsen, og Baumans tese kan virke lige lovlig reduktionistisk.

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...Cash balance - The cash balance is your cash on hand. This includes what is in your checking accounts, savings accounts, petty cash and any other cash accounts that you might have. • Cash sales - After arriving at a base figure of cash sales, it must be adjusted for any trade or other discounts and for possible returns. As stated previously, the base level of sales (and of accounts receivable) will be determined by the company’s projections, goals and past experience. • Collections of accounts receivable - After a base level of accounts receivable is established (based on sales projections), it must be adjusted to reflect the amount that will actually be paid during the time period. Typical adjustments for a small business might be to assume that 90 percent of accounts receivable will be collected in the quarter in which the sales occur, nine percent will be collected in the following quarter, and one percent will remain uncollectible. Of course, past experience will be the most reliable indicator for making these adjustments. • Other income - Your cash position may be affected positively by income other than sales. Perhaps there are investments, dividends, or a loan that will be introducing cash to the company during the time period. These types of cash sources are referred to as “other income. • Raw materials (inventory) - For small business retailers and manufacturers, the largest cash expense is usually the amount spent for inventory or raw materials...

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...ABOUT THE AUTHOR FAMILY BACK GROUD AND PROFESSIONAL BACKGROUND Nanda was born on October 10, 1915 in Punjab. He was raised on Manora Island at the entrance to the Port of Karachi. His parents were simple, god fearing people belonging to the Punjab middle class. His father, Mathra Das, came from a village near Gujranwala (today in the Pakistan part of Punjab), about half an hour train jounney from Lahore. His Mother Pooran Devi, came from a nearby village. He was the first-born among their seven children: three boys and four girls. Tharavati, the eldest girl, died young at Manora. Another sister Sita married Onkar Nath Saigal who finally retired from the Western Railway. His brother Gulzari joined the signal branch of the Army and retired as a Lieutenent Colnel and died a bachelor.Yet another sister Shiela, married a Naval Engineering officer, who served to the Indian navy for 35 year and retired as Rear Admiral.Shakunthala or ‘Kunti, his youngest sister also married into the Navy. Her husband Vidya Sagar Laroya,retired in 1989 as a Commadore. From Logistic branch. Kunti died of cancer in 1988. His youngest brother Mohan was a very handsome guy. He wore his Air Force fighter pilot’s uniform, successfully courted and married Pramila. He died tragically in an air crash in Hyderbad on the second anniversary of his marriage. Admiral S.M. Nanda completed primary education at Manora and secondary education at N.J. High school in Karachi. After finishing high school he got a...

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...Sidra Fatima 210-A, First Floor, Rafah-e-Aam Society, Malir Halt Karachi. +92-334-3017602 sidrafatima59@gmail.com Seeking a position within a multinational environment, where I can employ all my abilities and education and develop my career and management position. EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION ➢ MBA (Marketing) enrolled from Iqra University DHA Main Campus 2014 ➢ B.COM pass with 1ST DIVISION from University of Karachi in 2011 ➢ Pre-medical pass with 2nd DIVISION from Board of Intermediate Education Karachi in 2009 ➢ SSC pass with grade A from Board of Secondary Education in 2007 ACADEMIC CERTIFICATION ➢ Participated in CONFLICT MANAGEMENT WORKSHOP conducted by MR. ABDUL AHAD KHAN, Head of Training and Development, BURQUE CORPORATION, held at Iqra University Main campus. EXPERIENCE ➢ Worked as an assistant accountant in Education Trust Nasra School from Dec, 2012 to June, 2013. ➢ Worked as an assistant accountant in IJK Schooling System Malir Halt. SELECTED SKILLS ➢ GENERAL OFFICE: • Organized and implemented group activities in efficient manner. • Answered phones and took messages accurately. • Prepared reports and created documents using MS word. • Located desired information using internet. ➢ CUSTOMER SERVICES: • Welcomed customers and visitors in a friendly and courteous manner. • Provided customers and clients...

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...INTRODUCTION ECONOMIC HISTORY SHOWS THAT DEVELOPMENT HAS STARTED EVERYWHERE WITH THE BANKING SYSTEM AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF A COUNTRY IS HIGHEST IN THE INITIAL STAGE. MODERN BANKS PLAY AN IMPORTANT PART IN PROMOTING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF A COUNTRY. BANKS PROVIDE NECESSARY FUNDS FOR EXECUTING VARIOUS PROGRAMMERS UNDERWAY IN THE PROCESS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. THEY COLLECT SAVINGS OF LARGE MASSES OF PEOPLE SCATTERED THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY, WHICH IN THE ABSENCE OF THE BANKS WOULD HAVE REMAINED IDEAL AND UNPRODUCTIVE. THESE SCATTERED AMOUNTS ARE COLLECTED, POOLED TOGETHER AND MADE AVAILABLE TO COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY FOR MEETING THE REQUIREMENTS. ECONOMY OF BANGLADESH IS IN THE GROUP OF WORLD’S MOST UNDERDEVELOPED ECONOMIES. ONE OF THE REASONS MAY BE ITS UNDERDEVELOPED BANKING SYSTEM. GOVERNMENT AS WELL AS DIFFERENT INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS HAVE ALSO IDENTIFIED THAT UNDERDEVELOPED BANKING SYSTEM CAUSES SOME OBSTACLES TO THE PROCESS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. SO THEY HAVE HIGHLY RECOMMENDED FOR REFORMING FINANCIAL SECTOR. SINCE 1990, BANGLADESH GOVERNMENT HAS TAKEN A LOT OF FINANCIAL SECTOR MORE TRANSPARENT, AND FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATIONS OF THESE REFORM ACTIVITIES HAS ALSO BEEN PARTICIPATED BY DIFFERENT INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS LIKE WORLD BANK, IMF, ETC. IN 1996, WORLD BANK PUBLISHED ‘BANGLADESH: AGENDA FOR ACTION’ IN WHICH IT HAS SUGGESTED A LOT OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF OUR COUNTRY. THESE RECOMMENDATIONS INCLUDE SPECIAL...

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...SWOT Analysis for Apple’s new iphones Apple is a very successful producer of computer software and hardware that leads in its competitive industry. To evaluate the progress, success, and faults of the company, the SWOT analysis is used. The SWOT analysis is a strategic planning tool used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to the organization. This model is used to help it identify internal and external areas that need improvement and internal and external areas that prove to be successful. Strengths: Over the years, Apple has grown by offering superior products compared to competitors. Apple has positioned itself to be a pioneer in the personal computer industry. It is one of the original hardware producers in the market that controls both the manufacturing of its products as well as its operating system. Apple is self- sufficient and creates its own internal components for the core of its iphones. Apple has set standards for high quality products in order to meet customer satisfaction. It is dedicated to research and development in order to create new products, which are expected to make Apple’s products more efficient and feasible to use. As a result of the company’s commitment to excellence, most of its products are compact and simple to operate. Apple is known for its loyal consumers who purchase its products for quality, regardless of price. Apple has ascended to a brand of distinction in the computer industry, which yielded a successful...

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...ACC502: OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING ASSIGNMENT 1 TRIMESTER 2, 2013 QUESTION 1 Classify each cost item of Ripon Printers into one of the business functions of the value chain, either: (1) R&D, (2) design, (3) production, (4) marketing, (5) distribution, or (6) customer service. ITEM: a) Cost of customer order form | Marketing | b) Cost of paper used in manufacture of books | Production | c) Cost of paper used in packing cartons to ship books | Distribution | d) Cost of paper used in display at national trade show | Marketing | e) Depreciation of trucks used to transports books to college bookstores | Distribution | f) Cost of the wood used to manufacture paper | Production | g) Salary of the scientists attempting to find another source of printing ink | R&D | h) Cost of defining the book size so that a standard- sized box is filled to capacity | Design | QUESTION 2 List the four standards of ethical conduct for management accountants. For each standard, give an example that demonstrates compliance with that standard. There are four standards of ethical conduct for management accountants, and they are as follows: 1) Competence: - the ability of an individual to do a job properly. For example:- * Follow applicable laws, regulations standards. * Maintain professional competence * Prepare complete and clear reports...

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...Introduction:TCP has responsibility of providing end-to-end reliable data on non-reliable Internet.This project is based on one powerful performance measurement technique called “Passive measurement”. Passive measurement refers to the processing of measuring network, without infusing any traffic on network.Passive measurements used for monitoring traffic volume but can be used for network performance In contrast, some probe packets are introduced in Active measurement. Active measurement, traffic injected through external sources for end-to-end data transmission, these artificially introduced packets may affect the performance of other applications between network paths..“IP networks supported only a best effort service”. TCP Operation and Performance:TCP was specifically designed to provide a reliable endto-end byte stream over unreliable internetwork and responsible for internet stability.TCP using basic technique as “positive acknowledgement with retransmission. Reliability is basic issue in TCP that is achieved through a strong concept “sliding window”. The major problem with simple positive acknowledgement technique is, excessive amount of network bandwidth consumption. RWIN is very important to calculate “Throughput” of network.Sliding window protocol solves the bandwidth problem by transmitting packets before acknowledgement received. Sliding Window Mechanism and Window Size:The Sliding window performance can be judged through the size of window and the network speed...

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...What Is Arbitration? Arbitration is a fast way to get a decision when you are in a dispute. Arbitration is more flexible and less formal than court. Usually, an arbitration can be scheduled faster than a trial. Sometimes, if the parties want, arbitrators can decide things that judges are not allowed to decide. Arbitration is like a trial but less formal. In arbitration, two sides present their evidence to an arbitrator. The arbitrator decides who wins and who loses. An arbitrator does the job that a judge or jury would normally do in court. Why do cases go to arbitration? Who is an arbitrator? What kinds of cases go into arbitration? How does a case end up in mandatory arbitration? What is the cost of mandatory arbitration? How does arbitration work? Can an arbitrator's decision be appealed? Are there rules governing arbitration? Related pages Why do cases go to arbitration? Cases go to arbitration for one of two reasons. * Mandatory: Arbitration is required by law for some court cases. State law requires that some cases filed in state courts go to mandatory arbitration. * Voluntary: Parties may agree to arbitration before or after filing a court case, or may have a contract that requires them to arbitrate disputes. Who is an arbitrator? In mandatory arbitration, an arbitrator can be either a lawyer or a non-lawyer. The parties get to choose the arbitrator.  However, if they cannot agree, the court selects an arbitrator. Arbitrators are...

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