...1. How does Porsche differ – operating structure, financial results, etc. – from other major European-based auto manufacturers? To begin with Porsche is a privately owned company controlled by the Porsche and Piéch family. They hold all the 8.75 million voting shares while mainly large institutional investors hold the other 8.75 million non-voting shares. Despite the fact that stock exchange and analysts’ requests more frequent and more detailed financial reporting Porsche is not willing to meet these needs. Another questionable input is the management compensation that only depend on Porsches profitability from year to year and not the share prices. Porsche manufacturing is conducted in German but also in Finland which make them a global brand with a cost base mainly in euro. They want to keep it so despite the fact that 42% of its revenues come from sales in the US since they believe that the heart of the brand comes from its performance in manufacturing and engineering. Porsche is therefore, by far the most exposed company among other European-based auto manufactures to changes in exchange rates. While the other manufacturers increase their amount of natural hedging by conducting more manufacturing in their countries of large sales Porsche increase their put option hedging. According to their 2006 model year they are going to fully hedged all their sales. This is done even though Porsche has the largest US exposure among the manufactures. Their hedging strategy has been criticized...
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...This report will present a discussion on the financial challenges and issues based on the Ruritanian Project case study. The report is concerned with analyzing the investment environment of the host nation, maximizing the investment return and minimizing the risks which could have a negative impact on the financial performance of the Ruritanian project. Firstly, the national economy environment will be discussed based on the national GDP growth and inflation rate; secondly, there is a discussion on the foreign exchange risks of Rutitania Crown against international currency; third, the issue of joining the Euro zone will be analyzed in terms of benefits and drawbacks; next, the taxation effect in the investment decision making will be accessed and finally there will be a discussion on the political environment. THE NATIONAL ECONOMY AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROJECT 2.1 The Relationship between National Economy and the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) The economic growth of the host nation has always had a positive relationship with the foreign direct investment decision making. The positive effect of host country economic growth on investment decision making has been supported by various studies (Ericsson and Irandoust, 2000; Dhakal, Kamal and Upadhyaya, 2007; Barrell and Pain, 1996; Grosse and Trevino, 1996; Taylor and Sarno, 1999; Trevino et al., 2002). Traditionally the economic growth of the host nation induces FDI inflow when FDI is seeking consumer markets, or when...
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...Introduction Every organization has different departments and every department deals with their particular works. Such departments are human resource department, finance department, marketing department and these departments responsible for effective working of organization. Global Hardwood Corporation is a multi-national company. it was a family business when it was started up but due to its huge diversity business expanded and now it has become a Public Limited Company, with shares publicly quoted in London on the Alternative Investment Market. GHC widely deals wit decorative hardwoods it includes two main divisions’ viz. construction and furniture GHC imports hardwoods in a raw, unfinished state. This is mainly in the form of trimmed trees. These trimmed trees are then processed in GHC’s own sawmills and finishing plants, mainly located in an industrial town in the English Midlands. Its main markets are UK, western Europe, north America, the middle East and Australia GHC also owns 100% of the Real Furniture Company (RFC). RFC imports a range of hardwood and cane furniture, which is manufactured in overseas locations. The hardwood for RFC is imported from South America and Asia and is imported to other countries in finished form. Both ghc and rfc are handled separately. From the above introduction its quiet clear that ghc and rfc are two separate companies and I am going to now look into the financial practices and some other pros and cons of both companies. ...
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...The term “foreign exchange” basically refers to buying the currency of one country while selling the currency of another country. All nations have their own, different kinds of money (currency). This has existed throughout the ages, probably since the time of the Babylonians. As trading developed between nations, the need to convert one kind of money to another also developed. This is how a formal system of foreign exchange arose. As trade between nations developed, Britain, as the nation with the largest and strongest navy, could spread its commercial interests far and wide. It therefore became the most active trading nation, with a vast empire of colonies. As a result, Britain’s currency, the pound sterling, became a benchmark to which other currencies were compared (and exchanged) for most of the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Today, most currencies are compared to the U.S. Dollar, currently the most active and commercially strong trading nation; many currencies are still “pegged” to the U.S. Dollar for their exchange rate. Because FX risks can be identified, they can be managed. Foreign exchange management requires that governments, companies, and individuals understand the factors that influence the valuation of currency. By identifying these factors, they can enter into transactions that mitigate the risks to acceptable levels. These transactions, or hedge positions, are designed to maximize the economic benefit of foreign exchange receipts, and payments...
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...& Global Capital Markets Exposure Management Himanshu Bhutani A014| Dawood Bukhari A015 Shibani Gujrati A025| Siddhant Anthony Johannes A033 Nishtha Sardana A054| Prateek Walia A063 1 INDEX 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..3 2. Operational Exposure………………………………………………………………………..9 3. Transaction and Translation Exposure…………………………………………….……..11 4. Other Strategies used by Companies to Hedge Exposure……………………...………19 5. Case Studies: Hedging Strategy used by Companies………………………….………..20 2 INTRODUCTION Foreign exchange exposure represents a material risk for multinational corporations which are unrelated to business operations. One needs to identify each foreign exchange exposure, the risk it represents and methods and costs available to limit such exposure. The value of a firm’s assets, liabilities and operating income changes continuously due to change in factors such as exchange rates, interest rates, inflation etc. In other words, a firm is “exposed” to uncertain changes in a number of variables in its environment. Exposure may therefore be defined as a measure of sensitivity of the value of a financial item to changes in the macro economic variables mentioned above. Risk refers to the variability of the value of the item. FOREIGN EXCHANGE EXPOSURE Foreign Exchange Exposure occurs because of unanticipated change in the exchange rate. For example the difference in the spot rate & one month forward rate is 0.30 rupee per USD and after...
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...Chapter 07 Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk Multiple Choice Questions 1. According to the World Trade Organization, what was the size of international trade in 2008? A) $7,000,000,000 (7 billion dollars) B) $70,000,000,000 (70 billion dollars) C) $37,000,000,000 (37 billion dollars) D) $16,000,000,000,000 (16 trillion dollars) Answer: D Level: Easy LO: 1 2. In the years between 1990 and 2001 when global gross domestic product rose 27%, what was the growth in global exports? A) 25% B) 75% C) 35% D) 50% Answer: B Level: Medium LO: 1 3. What is a “foreign exchange rate?” A) the price to buy a foreign currency B) the price to buy foreign goods C) the difference between the price of goods in a foreign currency and the price in a domestic currency D) the cost to hold all monetary assets in a single currency Answer: A Level: Easy LO: 1 4. Why was there very little fluctuation in the foreign exchange rate in the period 1945-1973? A) This was a period when the world economy was very stable. B) There was very little growth in the world economy between 1945 and 1973. C) Countries linked their currency to the U.S. dollar, which was backed by gold reserves. D) Most currencies were pegged to the British...
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...Classnote Prof. Gordon Bodnar Techniques for Managing Exchange Rate Exposure A firm's economic exposure to the exchange rate is the impact on net cash flow effects of a change in the exchange rate. It consists of the combination of transaction exposure and operating exposure. Having determined whether the firm should hedge its exposure, this note will discuss the various things that a firm can do to reduce its economic exposure. Our discussion will consider two different approaches to handling these exposures: real operating hedges and financial hedges. Transaction Exposure Financial Techniques of Managing Transaction Exposure Transaction exposure hedging should have been discussed in some detail in the previous international finance course; however, we will briefly go over the standard financial methods available for hedging this exposure. The main distinction between transaction exposure and operating exposure is the ease with which one can identify the size of a transaction exposure. This, combined with the fact that it has a well-defined time interval associated with it makes it extremely suitable for hedging with financial instruments. Among the more standard methods for hedging transaction exposure are: i) Forward Contracts - When a firm has an agreement to pay (receive) a fixed amount of foreign currency at some date in the future, in most currencies it can obtain a contract today that specifies a price at which it can buy (sell) the foreign currency at the specified...
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...foreign exchange market does not have a physical market place called the foreign exchange market. It is a mechanism through which one country's currency can be exchange i.e. bought or sold for the currency of another country. The foreign exchange market does not have any geographic location. The market comprises of all foreign exchange traders who are connected to each other through out the world. They deal with each other through telephones, telexes and electronic systems. The foreign exchange market operates twenty four hours a day during the business week; the only time it is silent is after the New York market closes on Friday afternoon and before the Sydney market opens on Monday morning (which would be Sunday evening New York time). In the aftermath of the Asian crisis, which curbed and restricted offshore trading in regional currencies, most derivatives markets in Asia are still in their infancy. Financial institutions trying to introduce or transplant products from mature markets to those that are lesser developed are meeting with limited success. The RBI has ushered rupee derivatives trading into the country: it has formally allowed banks and corporate to hedge against interest rate risks through the use of interest rate swaps (IRS) and forward rate agreement (FRA). According to the guidelines issued by RBI there will be no restriction on the tenure and size of the IRS and FRA entered into by banks. The IRS will also allow corporate to hedge their interest rate risks...
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...TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.1.1 Derivatives 2 1.1.2 Foreign Currency Exposure of a Commercial Bank 3 1.1.3 Effect of derivatives on foreign exchange exposure 5 1.1.4 Commercial Banks in Kenya 6 1.2 Research Problem 7 1.3 Objectives of the Study 8 1.4 Value of the Study 9 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 10 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Theoretical review 10 2.3 Foreign Exchange Risk Management 13 2.6 Empirical Review 18 2.6 Summary of Literature review 19 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 20 3.1 Introduction 20 3.2 Research Design 20 3.3 Study Population 20 3.4 Data Collection Procedures 20 3.5 Data Analysis and Presentation 20 REFERENCES 22 APPENDICES 26 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CBK – Central Bank of Kenya ERV - Exchange rate volatility FOREX – Foreign Exchange FX – Foreign Exchange IFE – International Fisher Effect IFX - Income from foreign currencies as a percentage of total income IRP – Interest Rate Parity MST – Market Segmentation Theory NA - Net Assets NFXNA - Net Foreign Currency Exposure Relative to Net Assets NFX - Net Foreign Currency Exposure NSE – Nairobi Securities Exchange OS - Ownership Status or Nature of Ownership PPP – Purchasing Power Parity CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The traditional role for commercial banks has been perceived...
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...translation adjustment be reported on the consolidated financial statements? C. Translation methods differ on the basis of which accounts are translated at the current exchange rate and which are translated at a historical exchange rate. Translating accounts at the current exchange rate creates a translation adjustment. D. Historically, accountants have experimented with a number of different translation methods. The dominant methods currently in use are the temporal method and the current rate method. E. Translation adjustments can be either (1) reported as a gain or loss in income or (2) deferred in the stockholders' equity section of the balance sheet. II. The primary objective of the temporal method is to maintain the underlying valuation method used by the foreign entity to account for its assets and liabilities. A. Assets and liabilities carried at current or future value are translated at the current exchange rate. Assets and liabilities carried at cost and stockholders' equity items are translated at a historical exchange rate. B. By translating some assets at the current exchange rate and others at historical rates the temporal method distorts financial ratios calculated in the foreign currency. C. Most income statement items are translated at average-for-the-period rates. However,...
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...their local boundaries to become multinationals. There are myriad reasons behind this (Wells & Wint, 2000). The biggest of all these reasons is to gain access to international markets and perhaps invest in economic zones that have high investment returns as compared to home countries (Fu, 2000). The trend of globalization has made most firms become multinational corporations. The most common method for MNCs is through franchises (Jones, 2005). In line with this, economists have put up theories explaining why businesses expand beyond their national boundaries (Hicks, 2000). My primary objective in this paper, therefore, is to discuss international finance and other macroeconomics policies. To foresee this goal, I will delve into foreign exchange market and operations of multinational corporations (MNCs). Theories Explaining Why Corporations Expand to become Multinationals a). Financial economists have brought forward three key arguments that enumerate why companies expand their operations to global markets. These theories are; the imperfect markets theory, the comparative advantage theory and the product cycle theory (Levi, 2004). i).The Comparative Advantage Theory This theory is among the most important concepts in international trade. It states that economic welfare increases when countries specialize in producing lower opportunity cost goods. It is far from looking the monetary value of producing goods as in the theory of absolute advantage (Bishop, 2004). A comparative...
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...lecturing career, he served as a Group Financial Controller of a local company. Mr. Mohd Jamil has a wide experience in the teaching of Accounting and Finance, as he has been involved in the academic field for more than 9 years. Subject Overview The subject aims to develop an understanding of a representative range of issues in international finance and global financial markets. It covers topics such as sport and forward exchange rates, interest rate parity, currency hedging and exchange rate forecasting techniques. It also covers new developments in the international financial system such as eurocommercial paper and the internationalisation of the equity market. Introduction This subject extends financial management to an international context and is an essential component of international business studies. In reaching beyond national frontiers the risk management aspect of corporate finance assumes greater prominence. On the one hand there are opportunities for risk reduction through international diversification; on the other hand there is exposure to risks -...
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...Husky Energy Inc; Foreign Exposure, Portfolio Analysis Phillip Oliveira Sheridan College FINA30065 March 22, 2015 Husky Energy; Foreign Exchange Exposure Husky Energy is Canadian, vertically integrated oil and gas retailer, operating “555 gas stations in Canada” (Hoover’s Inc, 2015), along with oil refining operations in the Canadian oil sands and off-shore Newfoundland and Labrador refineries. They are also operating the Liwan Gas Project, which consists of a 40% “working interest in the Wenchang oil field in the South China Sea”. (Husky Energy Inc., 2015) They are also planning further offshore developments in Indonesia. Husky itself, is actually controlled by Hutchison Whampoa Lmt, a Chinese investment holding company. (Hoover’s Inc, 2015) While Husky is an international oil extraction company. As the majority of Husky’s operations are located in Canada, it is primarily a Canadian company. Its operations in both China and Indonesia though, it faces exchange rate exposure from both the Chinese Yuan and the Indonesian Rupiah. This is because it currently owns a 40% stake in the Chinese Wenchang oil field extraction operation, and has plans to develop oil fields in Indonesia. Assuming that local Chinese labour will be used for the construction and operation of these facilities, all labour cost will be incurred in local currencies. Also, it can be assumed that materials suppliers and contractors will be acquired from local suppliers in order to cut down on transportation...
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...Background Chapter 1 Introduction to Multinational Finance Answers to Conceptual Questions 1.1 Describe the ways in which multinational financial management is different from domestic financial management. Multinational financial management is conducted in an environment that is influenced by more than one cultural, social, political, or economic environment. 1.2 What is country risk? Describe several types of country risk one might face when conducting business in another country. Country risks refer to the political and financial risks of conducting business in a particular foreign country. Country risks include foreign exchange risk, political risk, and cultural risk. 1.3 What is foreign exchange risk? Foreign exchange (or currency) risk is the risk of unexpected changes in foreign currency exchange rates. 1.4 What is political risk? Political risk is the risk that a sovereign host government will unexpectedly change the rules of the game under which businesses operate. 1.5 In what ways do cultural differences impact the conduct of international business? Because they define the rules of the game, national business and popular cultures impact each of the functional disciplines of business from research and development right through to marketing, production, and distribution. 1.6 What is the goal of financial management? How might this goal be different in different countries? How might the goal of financial management...
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...instruments and their future development, particularly in the context of global developments. The financial markets, including derivative markets, in India have been through a reform process over the last decade and a half, witnessed in its growth in terms of size, product profile, nature of participants and the development of market infrastructure across all segments - equity markets, debt markets and forex markets. Derivative markets worldwide have witnessed explosive growth in recent past. According to the BIS Triennial Central Bank Survey of Foreign Exchange and Derivatives Market Activity as of April 2007 was released recently and the OTC derivatives segment, the average daily turnover of interest rate and non-traditional foreign exchange contracts increased by 71 per cent to US $ 2.1 trillion in April 2007 over April 2004, maintaining an annual compound growth of 20 per cent witnessed since 1995. Turnover of foreign exchange options and cross-currency swaps more than doubled to US $ 0.3 trillion per day, thus outpacing the growth in traditional instruments such as spot trades, forwards or plain foreign RBI Monthly Bulletin November 2007 * Keynote address delivered by Smt. Shyamala...
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