...Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence by a person or group. The goal is to intimidate or coerce societies or governments in an effort to promote political or ideological beliefs. These attacks can take many forms, and could happen at any time in any place. Terrorists typically exploit weaknesses, and may use technology, hazardous materials, biological agents or other methods to create devastating disruptions to the community. Terrorism thrives on fear. By planning how to respond to a terrorist attack, you can greatly improve your chances of survival. You can also lessen the impact of the attack by reducing the fear in the aftermath. Community Involvement As Chief of River City, my first priority would be to protect the citizens of River City. Attacks can be expected to provide maximum negative effect on the following levels: emotional, food, water, health, financial, infrastructure, leadership and the very function of society. Because it is impossible to know in advance which of these areas will be impacted most heavily in the event of a terrorist event, the best course of action is to make individual preparation in the areas where you are able to do so. For example, a supply of food that is easily stored means you aren't dependent upon stores that may or may not be available at the local supermarket. The same thing is true of a water supply. The citizens would be encouraged to stock up on bottled water. The Supply of bottled water could be crucial in the event...
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...Nuclear War vs Terrorism During the early to mid-1900’s the threat that Americans were under from war was evident and frightening. The process of preparing for war against us is better than trying to prepare for a terrorist attack. The threat of terrorism today scares Americans more now than ever. The FBI website separates the term of terrorism into “Domestic Terrorism” and “International Terrorism”. Both definitions include similar content such as “acts dangerous to human life that violate federal or state law,” (Federal Bureau of Investigation). Terrorism attacks usually are a single event or multiple single events made by the same group towards innocent citizens of a nation. Terrorist attacks are more likely to be surprising attacks by a group or type of people that are defending or promoting a certain religious or political issue. Nuclear war would not be a good thing in these times, especially towards other countries that have limited resources. Nuclear weapons produce more than just geographic harm and economic turmoil, but it also causes severe pollution and health concerns. Some products used to build nuclear weapons are carcinogenic and can pose serious health among those who live near ground zero of a nuclear attack. “History, psychology, and common sense strongly suggest that nuclear war is more probable than most of us would like to believe. This, and the cataclysmic quality of nuclear war, imply that humanity can scarcely afford another half a century in the...
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...The people who believe this viewpoint, argue that without the PATRIOT ACT-that was in essence shoved through Congress with little to no revisions- the country would be unstable and terrorists would have a “stranglehold” on the U.S. The PATRIOT ACT’s modifications to meet the evolution of technology represent an adaptation of existing laws to developments in international terrorism and technology (Gerdes 29). These new modifications are hardly critical to enhancing national security. Sure, they might help to improve it, but there are other “courses that can be taken to improve” national security other than just updating legislation with blanket terms and blasé definitions of terrorism. More importantly, those who believe that the PATRIOT ACT does not violate civil liberties of citizens are deluded. Not only was the Act drafted, “debated” and passed in only 45 days, but most of those who passed the law did not even read it (CITE). Those that read the PATRIOT ACT would have realized that it potentially violates six of the ten original Constitutional amendments by granting broad new powers to law enforcement therefore permitting law enforcement officials “to sidestep or avoid entirely many traditional controls on surveillance, investigation, arrest, and prosecution...
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...Name: Institution: Course: Date: Cyber Terrorism Cyber terrorism vs. Physical terrorism In cases where there are the occurrences of both physical terrorism and cyber terrorism, the people behind it carry out their attacks outside the bounds of conventional warfare. In other words, the terrorists carry out attacks in areas that are not ordinarily considered as battlefields as well as on people not normally considered as military personnel. For example, the attacks may entail an individual dressed as a civilian blowing himself up in a packed place or people dressed like civilians hijacking commercial airplanes and flying them to civilian targets like the World Trade Centre. Physical terrorism differs from cyber terrorism in the sense that the later primarily entails carrying out attacks against information found in computers while the former involves an attack against civilians. Those individuals, who dress up as civilians and blow up themselves in a crowded area like a bus constitutes physical terrorism since the attacks aims at destroying human life. Most likely, cyber terrorists use computers or other similar devices to carry out attacks on information found on computers. Cyber terrorism will have more impact than physical terrorism. The main aim of physical terrorism is to cause loss of life whereas cyber terrorism may entail hacking into a country’s critical infrastructure with the sole purpose of causing great harm such as significant damage on the economy or loss...
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...Abstract Global terrorism would appear to be the curse of our modern society. Turn on any television and world news will be reporting on an act of terror or its consequences. Prime examples of this include the destruction of the World Trade Centre, the bombing of the Underground system in London, the Mumbai nightclub bombings to name but a few of the more prominent events over the last decade. These acts have crystallized the focus of public attention to ensure that the topic of terrorism will remain high on the global political agenda for many years to come. However, terrorism is not a new phenomenon. On a global scale, terrorism has been alive and well for many decades. What has changed is the emergence of the global financial market and the modus operendi of the modern day terrorist groups. A terrorist act of sinking a crude oil carrier in the Straits of Hormuz for example, could have a direct impact on the price of crude oil and petroleum on the world market, to say nothing of shipping carrier prices and maritime insurance. Like ripples in a pond, the act would have far reaching consequences. Quantifying terrorism has now become an important tool both for the financial sectors 9who use it predominantly for insurance based risk analysis and also for government bodies who could use it for spotting emerging trends in terrorism and therefore investing in anti and counter terror procedures. So why might it be difficult to quantify terrorism? This paper attempts to answer...
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...Mapping an Argument Karla Cooper CRT/205 September 15, 2013 Laura Mellott Mapping an Argument Article #1 Gun Control The article’s issue was about gun control in the United States and how the constitution should be challenged on this controversial topic. Discussions about citizens’ rights to bear arms extend back to ancient times. Supporters of gun control would like even tighter restrictions on the sale and circulation of firearms. According to Samuel Adams he argued that the Constitution should never be interpreted “to prevent the people of the United States who are peaceable citizens from keeping their own arms.” Several stated premises in the article were that “Opponents of gun control interpret the Second Amendment as the guarantee of a personal right to keep and bear arms.” In two other rulings, the Supreme Court reaffirmed this view in upholding New Jersey’s tough gun control law in 1969 (Burton v. Sills) and in supporting the federal ban on possession of firearms by felons in 1980 (Lewis v. United States). Gun control laws have several functions. They may be designed to hinder certain people from gaining access to any firearms. The laws may limit possession of certain types of weapons to the police and the military. A person who wants to make a gun purchase or obtain a gun license may be subject to a waiting period. Gun-control laws vary from country to country. The following stated premises are that gun violence also affects...
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...religious divisions b) Terrorism and kidnapping – Unlawful acts of violence for a variety of reasons - Ransom, Overthrow government, Release of imprisoned colleagues, Revenge, Punish religious nonbelievers. Situations – Kidnapping for ransom, Paying ransom becomes counterproductive, Countermeasures by industry, Chemical and biological terrorism, Kidnapping as a means of funding terrorist groups, Business executives (local and international) as targets, Insurance, Prevention c) Property seizure - Confiscation - Expropriation - Nationalization – Reasons- To extract money if government suspects hidden profits, Profitability- the government believes it can run the firms more efficiently and make more money Ideology, Job preservation: government saves jobs by saving dying industries, Control follows money: subsidized firms often targets of nationalization, Happenstance: nationalization of German firms after World War 2. d) Local content requirements Laws stipulating that a specified amount of a good or service be supplied by producers in the domestic market. Issues to consider – cost, lower risk of confiscation and expropriation, impacting local communities 2. Privatization – Transfer of public sector assets to the private sector, Transfer of management of state activities through contracts & leases, contracting of activities previously conducted by the state. II. Intellectual Property and Other Legal Forces 1. Sources of law in international business Treaties...
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...Initiatives • Conclusions Note: Observations are personal, not MAS Overview of Singapore’s Insurance Sector (1) • Focus of the direct sector is largely domestic • Reinsurance sector (esp general) has strong international component • International and regional business is growing • Most general insurers are foreign-owned • Two of the largest life-insurers are local • One is an important regional insurer • Most of the other life insurers are foreign Overview of Singapore’s Insurance Sector (2) • • • • • • • • 165 Insurance Companies, including: 11 life insurers 55 general insurers 6 composite insurers 5 life reinsurers 18 general reinsurers 9 composite reinsurers 61 captive insurers Overview of Singapore’s Insurance Sector (3) Insurance industry is mature, well developed and traditional in structure: • Most products sold through agents • Bancassurance growing • Direct sales small • Major life products: protection; investmentlinked • Major general products: motor, fire, marine & aviation, workmen’s compensation Overview of Singapore’s Insurance Sector (4) Despite maturity, domestic market not fully exploited: • Assets managed represent about 50% of GDP • Life insurance penetration 66% of households • Life premium density 3.8% of GDP (vs 5.1% in industrial countries) • General premium density 1.5% of GDP (vs 3.8% in industrial countries) Overview of Singapore’s Insurance Sector (5) Recent Trends: • Investment-linked products growing (63% of premiums, but 18%...
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...International Security Lecture 1 March 30th, 2015 The politics of security knowledge What is international security? We could start thinking about the security council of the UN But also about the invasion of Afghanistan (chapter 7 UN in order to secure the international security) We can also think about security in terms of the invasion of Iraq in 2003. This was a unilateral act of war, but sure it can also mean other things We can think of the national security agency, the agency in charge of spying all the signals and communications to a certain extent. What’s interesting about the NSA, it is seen as a threat to the security of the privacy. Lately, with the reports of the UN development programme, we start talking about HUMAN security (not military security, but rather the security of individuals, having a livelihood that’s acceptable). Whether security is international or not, it can be a rather confusing word The protection of values we hold dear. We search for it, we pursue it, we achieve it, we deny it to others. * what is to be secured? Is it the security of states? Or individuals? * What is the actual threat that we’re facing? Primarily to be dealing with military threats, or are there other types of threats we are facing. Essentially contested concept A concept that ‘inevitably’ involves endless disputes about their proper uses on the part of their users – Walter Gallie There can be ambiguity (one persons freedom-fighter is the other’s...
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...The Patriot Act Vs The United States Constitution Khadija Nurul Hasan Chaffey College The Patriot Act Vs The United States Constitution The “Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism” Act, or Patriot Act was passed on October 24th, 2001 with almost all legislators in favor of it. The terrorist attacks on the Pentagon and the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, sparked a nationwide desire for heightened security and increased abilities for law-enforcement agencies to track and stop terrorists. Thus, the Patriot Act was created in response, and passed with the aim of battling terrorism. However there are always two sides to any passing of a political law: those who support it and those who oppose it. Those who support the Patriot Act have consistently countered that the provisions of the Act are necessary to protect the people from future terrorist attacks, and that the law does an adequate job of protecting individual civil liberties; while those who oppose it argue that the Act is an egregious assault on individual liberties as it violates their constitutional rights. The hypothesis of this paper is to dissect and analyze Sections of the Patriot Act to see if they are in violation of the United States Constitution. Specifically the paper will analyze Sections 505, 215 of the Patriot Act to see if they violate the Constitution. The first violation in question comes from Section 505 of...
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...SC Response to Terrorism Project MIT Center for Transportation and Logistics “Supply Chain Response to Terrorism: Creating Resilient and Secure Supply Chains” Supply Chain Response to Terrorism Project Interim Report of Progress and Learnings August 8, 2003 This report was pre pared by James B. Rice, Jr. of the MIT Center for Transportation and Logistics (CTL) and Federico Caniato of Politecnico di Milano for the Supply Chain Response to Terrorism Project team with contributions from team members Jonathan Fleck, Deena Disraelly, Don Lowtan, Reshma Lensing and Chris Pickett. This work was conducted under the direction of Professor Yossi Sheffi, CTL Director. Please contact James B. Rice, Jr. of CTL (jrice@mit.edu or 617.258.8584) if you have any questions or if you would like to discuss this report. 08/12/2003 1 SC Response to Terrorism Project Supply Chain Response to Terrorism Project: Interim Report of Progress and Learnings 1 2 Executive summary........................................................................................................... 4 Research introduction and background ............................................................................. 6 2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................ 6 2.2 Background Research ................................................................................................ 6 2.3 Project...
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...Democratic peace theory, in its wider interpretation, is the empirical observation that democracies rarely, if ever, fight one another and it is this empirical dyadic observation that that has been described as the “closest thing we have to empirical law” in international relations. [1] Although what is meant by democratic peace is contested, and indeed as its validity as this essay will explore, the theory has been previously under Woodrow Wilson and more currently the Presidencies of Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, a significant conceptual factor in the formation of American foreign policy.[2] Our aim is a democratic peace, a peace founded upon the dignity and rights of every man and woman. America acts in this course with friends and allies at our sides, yet we understand our special calling: this great republic will lead the cause of freedom. In light of this statement, ongoing U.S. policy and its likely persistence an examination and understanding of the democracy peace proposition is clearly with merit. This essay will look at the democratic peace proposition at a several levels of analysis: at the monadic level of interstate war on whether democracies generally are more peaceful and whether transitional democracies are more inclined to war; and at the intrastate level as to whether democracies experience more or less civil war. It will examine the validity of the proposition(s), reasons for is occurrence and postulate on what implication there may be for...
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...AVIATION TERRORISM Thwarting High-Impact Low-Probability Attacks TERRORISME AÉRIEN Contrecarrer des attaques improbables à impacts élevés A Thesis Submitted to the Division of Graduate Studies of the Royal Military College of Canada by Jacques Duchesneau, C.M., C.Q., C.D. In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 2015 ©Jacques Duchesneau © This thesis may be used within the Department of National Defence but copyright for open publication remains the property of the author. ROYAL MILITARY COLLEGE OF CANADA COLLÈGE MILITAIRE ROYAL DU CANADA DIVISION OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH DIVISION DES ÉTUDES SUPÉRIEURES ET DE LA RECHERCHE This is to certify that the thesis prepared by / Ceci certifie que la thèse rédigée par JACQUES DUCHESNEAU, C.M., C.Q., C.D. AVIATION TERRORISM Thwarting High-Impact Low-Probability Attacks complies with the Royal Military College of Canada regulations and that it meets the accepted standards of the Graduate School with respect to quality, and, in the case of a doctoral thesis, originality, / satisfait aux règlements du Collège militaire royal du Canada et qu'elle respecte les normes acceptées par la Faculté des études supérieures quant à la qualité et, dans le cas d'une thèse de doctorat, l'originalité, for the degree of / pour le diplôme de PHILOSOPHIÆ DOCTOR IN WAR STUDIES Signed by the final examining committee: / Signé par les membres du comité examinateur...
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...Running header: Just War Theory The Just War Theory Regarding the War on Terrorism Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Abstract The modern interpretation of the Just War Theory list seven conditions which must met in order for a war to be considered “Just” (jus ad bellum). This paper demonstrates that, while it has been suggested that all wars, even the current war on terrorism, are unjust, the facts remain that any war that meets each of the seven criteria is a just war, regardless of opinion. Throughout the ages man has always looked to bring about the end of war, or when war has been waged to minimize the destruction caused when nations war. According to the text;”these rules were worked out in the late Middle Ages by the so-called Schoolmen or Scholars, building on the Roman law and early Christian thinkers such as Augustine and Ambrose. (The Moral of the Story, 2006) These rules were developed to first, deter wars, but when determined necessary, to limit the scope and suffering from the war. While not completely universal in scope, most advanced western societies have embraced the theory of just war as a bases for determining when, and if, a war is justified. As set forth by the Schoolmen, there are seven criteria that must be considered and met before nations can engage in war. They are; the Last Resort, a Just Cause, a Legitimate, Competent Authority, Comparative Justice, Right Intention, Probability of Success...
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...Customary international Law, according to Article 38(1)(b) of the International Court of Justice Statute is defined as “evidence of general practice accepted as law”. A more implicit definition says, “Customary international law develops from the practice of States. To international lawyers, the practice of states' means official governmental conduct reflected in a variety of acts, including official statements at international conferences and in diplomatic exchanges, formal instructions to diplomatic agents, national court decisions, legislative measures or other actions taken by governments to deal with matters of international concern. (Public International Law In a Nutshell: 22-23). In examining customary international law in light of these definitions, this essay will seek not only to answer the questions of whether its method of creation is uncertain, its method of development, mysterious and its application arbitrary. Customary international law is created when a norm or principle embraces a particular set of characteristics. There has been great debate among legal academics as to the uncertainty of this method of creation. However, the implicit characterization of what is considered to be customary international law suggests that there is some measure of certainty pertaining the method of creation. According to Berkeley Law, for a principle or rule to be characterized as customary international law it must comprise of three undeniable characteristics, which include state...
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