Introduction Domestication is the process of adapting wild plants and animals for human use in which individual species have been altered to create breeds with characteristics more desirable to human needs. Some of our earliest evidence of man (and art) is tied to animals. Dogs were the first species of animals to be domesticated due to security.

SWINE BRIEF HISTORYOF DOMESTICATION
All Pigs were descended from the European wild boar as early as 13,000 BC. And the Local breeds were introduced to African countries by the colonists
DISTRIBUTION OF PIGS ACROSS THE WORLD
The distribution of pigs around the world is not the same. Almost half the exotic world’s pig population is in Asia (China) 30 per cent in Europe and the former USSR. The population of pigs in large parts of the tropical and sub-tropical developing regions for example Africa and Latin America is relatively small. Local breeds are widely distributed in west- African countries ( Ghana and Nigeria). A typical example of local breeds is the Ashanti dwarf pig or Nigerian hairy black pig. CLASSIFICATION OF PIGS Generally, Pigs can be classified as;
1. Classification Based On functionality:
Meat Type: They are meaty pigs with little fats e.g Berkshire, Chester white Duroc, Hampshire.
Lard Type: These are small lardy pigs (composed of high percentage of fats).
Bacon Type: They build sufficient muscles for desirable bacon (meat from the sides, belly, or back of a pig). Typical examples include; Yorkshire and Tamworth
NIGERIAN BLACK HAIRY PIG: This breed is native to Nigeria (remote areas). It is falls under the black types.

ASHANTI DWARF PIG- ASHANTI, GHANA.

LARGE WHITE YORKSHIRE: It was first bred in Yorkshire, England in the 19th Century.

This breed was originated from Wessex, U.k in 1832. It was later developed in the U.S.A.

LAND RACE: This breed originated from Scandinavia, and it is common in U.S.A, India and also common throughout the Tropics but not as numerous as Large white Yorkshire.

DUROC PIG: This is an older breed of American domestic pig that forms the basis for many mixed breed. The breed originated in America, one of the several red pigs which developed around 1800 in New England.

BERKSHIRE: It is a rare breed of Pig originating from Berkshire, England. It is also kept in New Zealand but estimated to be of low population.

TAMWORTH: It is a breed of domestic Pig which originated from Tamworth, United Kingdom. Everywhere today, its principal populations are in U.k, Australia, U.S.A, Australia, Canada and New Zealand.

HISTORY OF DOMESTICATICATION OF RABBIT
All the domesticated rabbits of today originated from European wild Rabbit of genus; Oryctolagus and species cuniculus. Rabbits were first domesticated by the French Monks as a source of food in the 5th century. In the 19th century, rabbits were introduced to Britain by the Romans who kept them mainly for fur production. DISTRIBUTION OF RABBIT
Europe (USSR, France, Italy, and Spain) and China account for 85% of total world output. Although there is no religious bias towards the rearing of rabbits, they are usually not reared in most Arab countries, due to the non-favourable climatic conditions (extreme heat).
In Nigeria, rabbits are commonly found in the southern part, due to the conducive atmospheric conditions, and a little in the northern part because of the extreme heat. CLASSIFICATION OF RABBIT
. WOOL -PRODUCING TYPE
. MEAT/FUR- PRODUCING TYPE
. FANCY TYPE

ANGORA RABBIT (TURKEY): WOOL PRODUCING RABBIT

NEW ZEALAND WHITE (UK): MEAT/ FURSKIN PRODUCING RABBIT

CHINCHILA RABBIT (FRANCE): MEAT/ FUR SKIN PRODUCING RABBIT)

WHITE CALIFORNIAN (RUSSIA): MEAT AND FUR SKIN PRODUCING RABBIT

NEW ZEALAND RED (UK): FANCY RABBIT

FLEMISH GIANT (Belgium) : Meat and Fur skin producing Rabbit)

HORSE HISTORY/ DISTRIBUTION
Horses were first domesticated in Eurasian Steppes, centred in Ukraine around 3500 BC and Kazakhstan. They evolved from the wild horses that appeared in Palaeolithic cave as early as 30,000 BC.
As regards the latest FAO statistics of Horses in the world, Horses are mostly found in China, followed by U.S.A and Mexico. CLASSIFICATION
Generally, horses are classified based on their uses, which include: i. Hot-blooded (are used for racing) ii. Cold-blooded (are used for working or drought animals) iii. Warm bloods (are used for special competitions)

HOT-BLOODED BREED- ARABIAN HORSE

DONGOLA OR WEST AFRICAN BARB HORSE: IT IS A HOT-BLOODED BREED OF HORSE ORIGINATING FROM CAMEROUN AND COMMONLY FOUND IN WEST-AFRICAN COUNTRIES.

COLD- BLOODED BRED- BELGIUM HORSE

BHIRUM OR NIGERIAN PONY: A COLD BLOODED BREED NATIVE TO NORTHERN PARTS NIGERIA.

WARM-BLOODED BREED- ANGLO-ARABIAN BREED DONKEY BRIEF HISTORY
Donkey is a domesticated member of the Equidae or Horse family. Donkeys were first domesticated around 3000 BC or 4000 BC in Egypt after evolving from African wild Ass and they were introduced to other parts of the world including other African countries where they are mainly used as drought animals.
DISTRIBUTION
As regards distribution, China has the highest population of ass, followed by Pakistan, Ethiopia and Mexico. They are generally classified drought animals.

AMERICAN MAMMOTH ASS: II IS AN EXOTIC BREED OF DONKEY AND THE LARGEST BREED OF DONKEY.

ETHOPIAN/ABYSSINIAN ASS- A LOCAL BREED NATIVE TO AFRICAN COUNTRIES.

CHICKENS
The domestic chickens descended from wild Red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus). They were first domesticated in India around 2500 BC for the purpose of cockfighting. In Africa, Chickens were introduced by Indian and Arabian traders and little attention was given to egg and meat production as at that time. The local breeds were mainly raised for rituals, ceremonies and gifts. Later, advances were made on the existing ones and this lead to the development of more local and exotic breeds introduced by the Europeans for meat and egg production. CLASSIFICATION OF BREEDS OF CHICKEN
Chickens may be classified according to their utility or economic value as follows: i. EGG TYPE ( Egg-producing breeds) ii. MEAT TYPE (Meat-producing breeds) iii. DUAL PURPOSE TYPE (Both meat and egg)

EGG TYPE:
These are breeds raise for egg production. Examples are Ancona, Rhode Island Red, leghorn and Boschveld chicken (local breed).

ANCONA: THIS BREED ORIGINATED IN ANCON IN ITALY. IT IS AN EGG-PRODUCING BREED.

LEG HORN: THIS IS THE MOST POPULAR AND WORLD’S NUMBER ONE EGG PRODUCER. IT ORIGINATED IN ITALY.

RHODE ISLAND RED: THIS ISLAND RED ORIGINATED FROM RHODE ISLAND IN NEW ENGLAND. IT IS A DUAL PURPOSE BREED.

BOSCHVELD CHICKEN: THIS IS A TYPICAL EXAMPLE OF THE LOCAL EGG-PRODUCING BREEDS. IT IS NATIVE TO SOUTH-AFRICA AND ALSO FOUND IN OTHER AFRICAN COUNTRIES

Meat type: They are breeds raised for meat production. Examples are Sussex, Wyandotte, and Plymouth Rock.

SUSSEX: ALSO A MEAT- PRODUCING BREED WHICHT WAS DEVELOPED IN ENGLAND ABOUT 2000 YEARS AGO.

PLYMOUTH ROCK: IT IS ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR BREEDS IN AMERICA. ALSO A DUAL PURPOSE BREED

Dual purpose: These are birds that are raised for both meat and egg production. A typical exotic breed is the Plymouth Rock. Most local breeds such as; frizzled chicken, naked neck, Boschveld, ovambo and the Nigerian normal feathered local chickens (Yoruba or Fulani) fall under this category.

LOCAL FRIZZLED FEATHERED CHICKEN: THIS CHICKEN IS NATIVE TO AFRICAN COUNTRIES. IT IS WIDELY DISTRIBUTED IN NIGERIA AND UGANDA.

LOCAL NAKED NECK CHICKEN: THIS CHICKEN IS WIDELY DISTRIBUTED IN NIGERIA AND SOME AFRICAN COUNTRIES. IT IS ALSO A DUAL PURPOSE BREED UNDER THE LOCAL BREEDS.

NIGERIAN NORMAL-FEATHERED LOCAL CHICKEN ( YORUBA CHICKEN OR FULANI CHICKEN) : IT IS THE COMMONEST LOCAL FOWL IN NIGERIA AND IT IS SUB-DIVIDED INTO TWO TYPES; THE FULANI CHICKEN AND YORUBA CHICKEN
DUCK
HISTORY/ DISTRIBUTION
Ducks descended from Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) or wild duck about two thousand years ago. Except for the Muscovy Duck ( Cairina moschata) which is native to Mexico, central and South- America. It was also domesticated by various Native American cultures before it was later brought to the Europe by European explorers, and from there to other parts of the world . They are widely distributed in Europe and Asian countries.
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION
There are various breeds of Ducks which are classified as regards to their economic uses. They are mainly classified as;
. MEAT TYPE(Muscovy, Aylesbury, White peckin)
MUSCOVY DUCK

This breed is native to Brazil and very common in Australia. It belongs to meat-producing class of duck.
AYLESBURY DUCK

This breed originated from Buckingham, UK. They are classified as meat-producing breed.
WHITE PECKIN

This breed originated from China and it falls under the Meat-producing breed.

. EGGTYPE(Khaki Campbell, Indian runner)
KHAKI CAMPBELL DUCK

It originated in England in 1901(from a cross between Indian Runner and Rouen breed). It is classified as Egg-producing breed.

INDIAN RUNNER

It originated in India and also falls under the egg-producing breed.
. ORNAMENTAL TYPE(Black-East India)
BLACK-EAST INDIA

It belongs to the ornamental class. It also originated in India.

TURKEY (Melaegris gallopavo) history of domestication of turkey -It was domesticated by the indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica at least 2,000 years ago, with the evidence pointing to what are today the central regions of Mexico. Ancient Mesoamericans domesticated this subspecies, using its meat and eggs as major sources of protein and employing its feathers extensively for decorative purposes.
Domestic turkeys were taken to Europe by the Spanish and many distinct breeds were developed in Europe In the early 20th century. They are mostly distributed in U.S.A.
CLASSIFICATION
Meat-producing breeds- Bourbon red, White Holland, Bronze breed.
WHITE HOLLAND TURKEY

This breed originated in Holland
BOURBON RED It originated from Kentucky in 19th century . EGG TYPE- NARRAGANSETT BREED. Ornamental breeds- Atypical example is the Royal palm breed ( Bronze turkey + Narragansett turkey). DOMESTIC GEESE (Anser anser domesticus) Archaeological evidence of domestication by Charles Darwin is an evidence for the domestication of Geese in Egypt about 4000 years ago. Domesticated goose descended from Graylag Goose (Anser anser). Many breeds have been bred as farm animals for meat, egg and feathers. CLASSIFICATION OF GOOSE EGG TYPE: Toulouse Geese( Toulouse, France) MEAT TYPE: Emden Geese ( Holland and Germany) Ornamental breeds include; Canadian Geese- Canada.

Chinese geese- China

QUAILS Quail are part of the Pheasant family and are classified as game birds. They are newly introduced species in poultry. The most popular quail, often regarded as Japanese quail (Cortunix cortunix japonica) was first domesticated by the Japanese in the 12th Century and was first raised as singing birds. In 1900, they started raising them for meat and egg production and the population of quail started increasing extensively which made it widely distributed all over the Asian continent. Later advances were made on the old quail which lead to the development of modern quails. CLASSIFICATION/ DISTRIBUTION OF QUAILS They are widely distributed in Europe, Africa and Asia Quails can be classified as; 1. New world and 2. Old world Quail. The most popular breed of the old world quail is the Japanese quail (Cortunix cortunix japonica). Most modern domesticated breeds evolved from the Japanese quail. These include; BOBWHITE QUAIL- USA BOTTON QUAIL- South-East Asia CARLIFORNIAN QUAIL- California, USA OSTRICH (Struthio camelus) HISTORY/ DISTRIBUTION Ostrich is one of the largest species of flightless birds native to Africa. Ostrich domestication began around 1860( over 150 years ago) in South-Africa mainly for its production of feathers. Shortly after this period, people started domesticating it also for meat production and it began to spread gradually to other countries, particularly, Egypt, Australia, New Zealand, United states and Argentina and other part of the world but South-Africa and U.S.A have the highest population of Ostrich. They common types are; MAASAI OSTRICH (S. camelus massaicus): It is native to Eastern part of African Continent. It is mostly found in Countries like; Kenya, Tanzania, Ethopia and Somalia. SOMALI OSTRICH (S. camelus molybdophanes) It is found in Eastern Africa. It is mostly found in Counties like; Kenya, Ethiopia and Somalia. MIDDLE-EAST OR ARABIAN OSTRICH (S. camelus syriacus); It is found in parts of Syria and Saudi-Arabia and also distributed in African continent. SOUTHERN OSTRICH (S.camelus australis): This is limited to southern part of Africa, in regions lying to south of Zambezi River. NORTH -AFRICAN OR RED-NECKED OSTRICH (S. camelus camelus) : This breed is native to North- Africa. HISTORY OF PIGEONS Domestic Pigeons (Columba domestica domestica) was derived from Rock Pigeon. The Rock Pigeon (the world’s oldest domesticated bird) about 5000 years ago in Egypt and since then it began to spread across the world. They were mainly used as carrier of messages and now they are also used as racing birds. Pigeons are mainly classified as; 1.Racing/ Sports pigeons: they are mainly raised for sports 2.Ornamental pigeons: mainly raised for decorative purposes. An example is the Fantail pigeon 3. Homing pigeons: mainly raised for their navigation ability. An example is the White homing pigeon. As regards distribution, they are widely distributed in Asia, Europe and some parts of Africa. PHEASANTS Pheasants are birds belonging to the family; Phasinidae. They are native to Asia and they have been introduced to other parts of the world as game birds. They are relatives of Quail, domestic Turkey, chickens and other poultry species. They are mostly found in Asian countries and England. They are genareally classified as game birds