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Short-term effects
The short-term effects of exercise is an increase in your heart rate. In real life, you heart rate will begin to rise before you even start to exercise because your brain realises you are going to work out and releases adrenalin to speed up your heart in preparation for the upcoming exertion. This is called "the anticipatore response." Heart rate will continue to rise in direct proportion to the intensity of exercise until maximum heart rate is achieved. Stroke volume--the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle by each beat--increases by up to 80 millilitres per beat. Cardiac output--the volume of blood the heart pumps in a period of one minute--increases from the typical 5 litres per minute, to up to 40 litres per minute, during strenuous exercise. Short-term changes in blood flow. At rest, the muscles require only about 15 to 20 per cent of the total amount of blood circulating through the body. During exercise the hardworking muscles demand more oxygen from the cardiovascular system, up to 80 per cent. In response, blood is shunted away from the digestive organs, kidney and liver and redirected to the skeletal muscles. Blood flow to the skin also increases. The blood vessels serving the skin dilate to allow more blood to the surface of the body. This helps to cool the body down during exercise.Your body uses by-products of carbon dioxide to buffer the hydrogen ions in your bloodstream. Hydrogen ions are electrically charged particles in your body. The greater the number of hydrogen ions, the higher the acidity. Because you breathe faster during cardiovascular exercise, you expel carbon dioxide faster than you would normally. This gives the hydrogen ions time to accumulate.
Long-term effects
Decrease in resting heart rate. Because the rigours of regular exercise require so much work from the cardiovascular system, sedentary periods

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