...? Codd’s Relational Model Databases Database systems store information in every conceivable business environment. From large tracking databases such as airline reservation systems to ATM application, database systems store and distribute the data that we depend on. Relational Database Model So far, the most popular data storage model is the relational database. The relational database model was invented by Dr. Edward E. Codd in 1970 A relational database store data in the form of relations (or Tables) Tables are made up of rows (tuples) and columns (fields). Relational Database Model It is important to understand the relational database model because the today's’ widely used SQL evolved to service this concepts. Dr. Codd defined 13 rules, oddly enough referred to as Codd’s 12 rules, that define the relational model. Codd’s 12 rules 0. A relational DBMS must be able to manage databases entirely through its relational capabilities. 1. The Information Rule : All information in a relational database (including table and column names) is representable explicitly as values in tables. 2 Guaranteed Access : Every value in a relational database is guaranteed to be accessible by using a combination of the table name, primary key value, and column name. 3 Systematic Null Value Support : The DBMS provides systematic support for the treatment of null values (unknown, not available, missing or inapplicable...
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...Finding Entities and Relationships English Grammar Rules Registration Example Student Registration Course Enrollment Grade Report Relationship Attributes Extended ERD Note: The Entity-Relationship Diagrams presented in this class are based on James Martin’s Information Enginnering approach. Georgia State University--CIS 850/330 Entity Relationship Modeling 1 Design Approach User View Collection of Tables 2. Normalize these relations Steps: 1. Model User View Collection of BCNF Tables 3. Represent all keys Collection of BCNF Tables with Keys Represented New Cumulative Design Old Cumulative Design Georgia State University--CIS 850/330 Entity Relationship Modeling 4. Merge the result of the previous steps into the cumulative design. Model User View Advantages of Data Modeling: + Data Analysis vs. Process Analysis + Graphical Models vs. Prose + “Data is more stable than processes.” Georgia State University--CIS 850/330 Entity Relationship Modeling 2 User Views A user view is the view of the data that is necessary to support the operations of a particular user. Example: Wells Junior College User View #1 -- Registration User View #2 -- Class Enrollment User View #2 -- Grade Reporting Georgia State University--CIS 850/330 Entity Relationship Modeling Entities/ Entity Set An entity is a person, place, object, event, or concept about which the organization wishes to record data. Rules: An entity . . . 1. Must be within the scope of the...
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...Video on Demand (Multimedia databases). - -Video on Demand (Multimedia Databases Introduction Video on Demand (VoD ) is an interactive multimedia system . The fundamental process of its working is same as that of cable television In this , the customer has the option of selecting a movie from a large video database and can watch different programs as and when required . It seems that the video rental shop is present at home . Research is going on to improve the quality of VoD-related services . Some of the VoD-related applications are providing Video Films on Demand , Local news and Weather Forecasting , Games , music and Leisure , Education and Remote Learning Facilities , Home Shopping and Other Consumer Services , Banking etc . This system has three main components . These are Video server : it stores and provides access to programs Data delivery network : it is the linking source for subscriber Set-top box : It is the interface between TV equipments and VoD services MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group ) is a group of people who work for ISO (International Standards Organization ) to generate digital video standards i .e producing sequences of images in time and to generate audio compression . Various kind of MPEG are ranked on the basis of the speed (in CD-ROM data rates ) at which they deliver video to consumer devices . For example , the speed of MPEG-1 was 1 .5 Mbit /s , MPEG-2 with improved resolution deliver broadcast and HDTV quality video . Over...
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...Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Jelena Mamčenko Lecture Notes on INFORMATION RESOURCES Part I Introduction to Dta Modeling and MSAccess Code FMITB02004 Course title Information Resourses Course volume 3,0 cr. (4,50 ECTS cr.) Teaching methods (Full-time, daytime studies): Lectures - 16 h per semestre Laboratory works - 32 h per semestre Individual work - 72 h per semester Course aim Understandig of models and system of information resourses. Jelena Mamčenko Introduction to Data Modeling and MSAccess CONTENT 1 Introduction to Data Modeling ............................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Data Modeling Overview ............................................................................................................... 5 1.1.1 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 6 1.1.2 Data Modeling In the Context of Database Design................................................................ 6 1.1.3 Components of A Data Model................................................................................................ 6 1.1.4 Why is Data Modeling Important? ......................................................................................... 6 1.1.5 Summary ................................................................................................................................ 7 1.2 The...
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...Literature Review - Business Intelligence Timothy Sheahan Liberty University Business 600 Dr. Jonathan D. Schultz December 19, 2013 Abstract Business intelligence (BI) is a popular and growing field that helps managers and decision-makers in deciding important decisions. Over the past two decades advancements in technology have elevated the importance of BI systems and software to an organized corporate strategy and overall success. Reliable and accurate BI systems are used by many large corporations; they can be custom-built by a service provider or by people working for the corporation. This is because they are very expensive, cutting edge software systems. Past research has shown that BI is one of the fastest-growing methods of intelligence gathering in the field. With all of the attention of advances in information technology (IT) and how helpful they are it is easy to overlook some of their repercussions. This paper highlights the importance of BI in decision-making areas and the techniques used to make them. Advantages and benefits are then discussed and one major problem is described in detail. Computer hacking is becoming more popular as the future comes closer and it is a larger problem than most think outside of the business world. The conclusion offers an insight into the future of BI and identifies the problem of hacking as its major threat. 1. Introduction ...
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...Topic : Name : Course : Date : Word Count : Abstract NoSQL databases offer a noteworthy change to how venture applications are manufactured, testing to two-decade authority of social databases. The inquiry individuals face is whether NoSQL databases are a fitting decision, either for new extends or to acquaint with existing undertakings. Where they originated from, the nature of the information models they utilize, and the diverse way you need ought to consider utilizing them, why they won't make social databases old, and the essential outcome of bilingual ingenuity. Versatile Search consolidates the force of Apache Lucene (NoSQL since 2001) and the simple to utilize composition free web index that can serve full-content hunt appeal, key-esteem lookups, pattern free investigation demands. The key highlights of Elastic Search with live cases. The discussion won't be a thorough highlight presentation yet rather a review of what and how Elastic Search can accomplish for you. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. What is Nosql Database Systems? 3. Relational Database Systems 4. Comparison 5. Conclusions 6. REFERENCES 1. Introduction NoSQL stays for Not Only SQL in like manner declared as noseequel. NoSQL is used for securing epic measure of data made by various source, for instance, facebook(audio, highlight and consistently posts). NoSQL is a non-social database organization structure and speedy information recuperation...
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...illustrate the mechanism of storing and retrieving information from databases. (If you find any errors, please send me an email and I'll promptly set it right. If there's something you'd like to see here let me know too.) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- What's a database ? A database is a collection of data organized in a particular way. Databases can be of many types such as Flat File Databases, Relational Databases, Distributed Databases etc. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- What's SQL ? In 1971, IBM researchers created a simple non-procedural language called Structured English Query Language. or SEQUEL. This was based on Dr. Edgar F. (Ted) Codd's design of a relational model for data storage where he described a universal programming language for accessing databases. In the late 80's ANSI and ISO (these are two organizations dealing with standards for a wide variety of things) came out with a standardized version called Structured Query Language or SQL. SQL is prounced as 'Sequel'. There have been several versions of SQL and the latest one is SQL-99. Though SQL-92 is the current...
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...CHAPTER 1 1 The word ________ indicates that the facts have not yet been processed to reveal their meaning. a. data b. dictionary c. raw d. information correct: c 2 Processed data, or ________, can be used as the foundation for decision making. a. information b. DP c. raw data d. queries correct: a 3 Raw data must be properly ________ for storage, processing, and presentation. a. sorted b. grouped c. formatted d. arranged correct: c 4 What is a key characteristic of knowledge? a. "new" Knowledge can be derived from "old" knowledge. b. It is assembled from raw data. c. It cannot be duplicated. d. It exists in a vacuum. correct: a 5 Accurate, relevant, and timely ________ is the key to good decision making. a. relationships b. data c. processing d. information correct: d 6 What is the name for data about data? a. unique data b. superdata c. metadata d. raw data correct: c 7 Data management is a discipline that focuses on ________. a. the proper generation, storage, and retrieval of data b. the help items to be used by end users c. the management of end users d. the proper generation, storage, and retrieval of information correct: a 8 What is a benefit of using a DBMS? a. It provides seamless Internet access to database data. b. It creates automatic backups. c. It helps create an environment for end users to have access to more data. d. It provides full security to data using private/public key encryption. correct: c 9 The ________ manages interaction between the end...
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...MODERN DATABASE MANAGEMENT / JfFFREY A. HOFFER . Warehousing Success 426 Data Warehouse Architectures 428 Generic Two-Level Architecture 428 Independent Data Mart Data Warehousing Environment 426 429 C O NTENTS Dependent Data Mart and Operational Data Store Architecture: A Three-Level Approach Logical Data Mart and Real-Time Data Warehouse Architecture 432 Three-Layer Data Architecture 435 Role of the Enterprise Data Model 435 Role of Metadata 436 Some Characteristics of Data Warehouse Data Status Versus Event Data 437 Transient Versus Periodic Data 438 An Example of Transient and Periodic Data 438 Transient Data 438 Periodic Data 439 Other Data VVarehouse Changes 440 The Reconciled Data Layer 441 Characteristics of Data after ETL 441 The ETL Process 442 Extract 442 Cleanse 444 Load and Index 446 Data Transformation 447 Data Transformation Functions 448 Record-Level Functions 448 Field-Level Functions 449 More Complex Transformations 451 Tools to Support Data Reconciliation 451 Data Quality Tools 451 Data Conversion Tools 452 Data Cleansing Tools 452 Selecting Tools 452 The Derived Data Layer 452 Characteristics of Derived Data 452 The Star Schema 453 Fact Tables and Dimension Tables 453 Example Star Schema 454 Surrogate Key 455 Grain of Fact Table 456 Duration of the Database 456 Size of the Fact Table 457 Modeling Date and Time 458 Variations of the Star Schema 458 Multiple Fact Tables 458 Factless Fact Tables...
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...This page intentionally left blank Te n t h E d i t i o n MODERN DATABASE MANAGEMENT Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Editor in Chief: Eric Svendsen Executive Editor: Bob Horan Editorial Project Manager: Kelly Loftus Editorial Assistant: Jason Calcano Director of Marketing: Patrice Lumumba Jones Marketing Manager: Anne Fahlgren Marketing Assistant: Melinda Jensen Senior Managing Editor: Judy Leale Project Manager: Becca Richter Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Ilene Kahn Senior Art Director: Jayne Conte Cover Designer: Suzanne Behnke Cover Art: Fotolia © vuifah Manager, Visual Research: Karen Sanatar Permissions Project Manager: Shannon Barbe Media Project Manager, Editorial: Denise Vaughn Media Project Manager, Production: Lisa Rinaldi Supplements Editor: Kelly Loftus Full-Service Project Management: PreMediaGlobal Composition: PreMediaGlobal Printer/Binder: Edwards Brothers Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color/Hagerstown Text Font: Palatino Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Microsoft® and Windows® are registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.A. and other countries. Screen shots and icons reprinted with permission from the Microsoft Corporation. This book is not sponsored or endorsed by or affiliated with the Microsoft Corporation. Copyright © 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005, 2002...
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...DATABASE S YSTEMS DESIGN, IMPLEMENTATION, AND MANAGEMENT CARLOS CORONEL • STEVEN MORRIS • PETER ROB Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, Ninth Edition Carlos Coronel, Steven Morris, and Peter Rob Vice President of Editorial, Business: Jack W. Calhoun Publisher: Joe Sabatino Senior Acquisitions Editor: Charles McCormick, Jr. Senior Product Manager: Kate Mason Development Editor: Deb Kaufmann Editorial Assistant: Nora Heink Senior Marketing Communications Manager: Libby Shipp Marketing Coordinator: Suellen Ruttkay Content Product Manager: Matthew Hutchinson Senior Art Director: Stacy Jenkins Shirley Cover Designer: Itzhack Shelomi Cover Image: iStock Images Media Editor: Chris Valentine Manufacturing Coordinator: Julio Esperas Copyeditor: Andrea Schein Proofreader: Foxxe Editorial Indexer: Elizabeth Cunningham Composition: GEX Publishing Services © 2011 Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted...
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...Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL Instructor Guide • Volume 1 40049GC11 Production 1.1 October 2001 D33993 Authors Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2000, 2001. All rights reserved. Nancy Greenberg Priya Nathan This documentation contains proprietary information of Oracle Corporation. It is provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and is also protected by copyright law. Reverse engineering of the software is prohibited. If this documentation is delivered to a U.S. Government Agency of the Department of Defense, then it is delivered with Restricted Rights and the following legend is applicable: Technical Contributors and Reviewers Josephine Turner Martin Alvarez Anna Atkinson Don Bates Marco Berbeek Andrew Brannigan Restricted Rights Legend Use, duplication or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions for commercial computer software and shall be deemed to be Restricted Rights software under Federal law, as set forth in subparagraph (c)(1)(ii) of DFARS 252.227-7013, Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software (October 1988). This material or any portion of it may not be copied in any form or by any means without the express prior written permission of Oracle Corporation. Any other copying is a violation of copyright law and may result in civil and/or criminal penalties. Laszlo Czinkoczki Michael Gerlach Sharon Gray Rosita Hanoman Mozhe Jalali Sarah Jones Charbel Khouri ...
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...Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL Instructor Guide • Volume 1 40049GC11 Production 1.1 October 2001 D33993 Authors Nancy Greenberg Priya Nathan Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2000, 2001. All rights reserved. This documentation contains proprietary information of Oracle Corporation. It is provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and is also protected by copyright law. Reverse engineering of the software is prohibited. If this documentation is delivered to a U.S. Government Agency of the Department of Defense, then it is delivered with Restricted Rights and the following legend is applicable: Restricted Rights Legend Use, duplication or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions for commercial computer software and shall be deemed to be Restricted Rights software under Federal law, as set forth in subparagraph (c)(1)(ii) of DFARS 252.227-7013, Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software (October 1988). This material or any portion of it may not be copied in any form or by any means without the express prior written permission of Oracle Corporation. Any other copying is a violation of copyright law and may result in civil and/or criminal penalties. If this documentation is delivered to a U.S. Government Agency not within the Department of Defense, then it is delivered with “Restricted Rights,” as defined in FAR 52.227-14, Rights in Data-General, including Alternate III (June 1987). The information in this document...
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...Annual Report 2014-15 Infosys Annual Report 2014-15 Narayana Murthy A tribute to our founders Nandan M. Nilekani S. Gopalakrishnan K. Dinesh The year 2014 was a milestone in our Company's history, when we bid farewell to three of our founders who held executive positions in the Company during the year – Narayana Murthy, S. Gopalakrishnan and S. D. Shibulal. Narayana Murthy stepped down as the Chairman of the Board on October 10, 2014. His vision, leadership and guidance have been an inspiration to Infosys, the Indian IT industry and an entire generation of technology entrepreneurs. He propelled the Company into accomplishing many firsts and in setting industry benchmarks on several fronts. He espoused the highest level of corporate governance standards that have defined Infosys over the years and made us a globally respected corporation. Between June 2013 and October 2014, he guided the Company through a period of stabilization and leadership transition. S. Gopalakrishnan stepped down as Vice Chairman of the Board on October 10, 2014. Kris, as he is popularly known, served the Company in several capacities over the last 33 years. As the Chief Executive Officer between 2007 and 2011, he steered the Company at a time when the world was faced with economic crises. Ranked as a global thought leader, Kris has led the technological evolution of the Company. S. D. Shibulal stepped down as the Company's Chief Executive Officer on July...
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...KAROLINSKA INSTITUTET a medical university Development of a new tool for healthcare company analysis CMI Corporate Database Jonas Lundberg Supervisor Associate Professor Carl Johan Sundberg Stockholm 2001 Master thesis in medical science with a major in biomedicine Centre for Medical Innovations Karolinska Institutet Sweden Contents SUMMARY....................................................................................................................................3 ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................................................4 DEFINITIONS ...............................................................................................................................5 PURPOSE OF THE THESIS .......................................................................................................8 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................9 The biotechnology industry in Sweden ...............................................................................9 Technology Transfer at Universities ...................................................................................9 A corporate database as an analytical tool.........................................................................10 Thesis disposition ...........................................................................................
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