...conditions. It is incredible how the medicine today differs from the ones back then, including the way it was advertised and the process of it being made. In the nineteenth century, pharmaceutical companies used marketing tools through advertisements directly from the consumer to producer, usually through newspaper ads. Originating in England, patented medicines made their way across to America in the 18th century. A lot of the times these medicines contained morphine, opium, or cocaine and were advertised towards infants and children. The legalities of this marketing were not fully regulated at the time as consumers did not understand the risks in taking certain medicines. The unregulated market finally began to be controlled towards the middle of the century in order to force companies to both make medicines that will actually help the patients taking it and regulate the advertising that comes with it. Last, the comparison of marketing medicines back then is slightly different than the marketing these days. Over 200 years, as a country, we have been able to regulate these medicines with the best interest of the customers in mind. The modes of advertising were mainly from the producer right to the consumer. Then, there were two types of medicines, “ethical drugs” and patented drugs. Patented drugs were not actually patented at the time, but instead had certain secret formulas which the company had a copyrighted trademark. It is safe to say that the ingredients in these...
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...I Introduction Trade in drugs of abuse such as cocaine, heroin and amphetamines has long been a frustrating feature of the international scene. After attempting for years to combat the drug trade on an individual or bilateral bases, nations have belatedly come to realize that coordinated international action is the only effective way to restrain the trade and, in addition, that social and other broad action is the only means to reduce incentives to participate it. A. Background of the Study Drug is, in the broadest of terms, a chemical substance that has known biological effects on humans or other animals. Foods are generally excluded from this definition, in spite of their physiological effects on animal species. In pharmacology, a drug is “a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being. Pharmaceutical drugs may be used for a limited duration, or on a regular basis for chronic disorders. Psychoactive drugs are chemical substances that affect the function of the nervous system, altering perception, mood or consciousness. Alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine are the most widely consumed psychoactive drugs worldwide. Recreational drugs are drugs that are not used for medical purpose, but are instead used for pleasure. Common recreational drugs include alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine, as well as other substances such as opiates and amphetamines. Some drugs can cause addiction and habituation...
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...Drug use and abuse is as old as mankind itself. Human beings have always had a desire to eat or drink substances that make them feel relaxed, stimulated, or euphoric. Humans have used drugs of one sort or another for thousands of years. Wine was used at least from the time of the early Egyptians; narcotics from 4000 B.C.; and medicinal use of marijuana has been dated to 2737 BC in China. As time went by, "home remedies" were discovered and used to alleviate aches, pains and other ailments. Most of these preparations were herbs, roots, mushrooms or fungi. They had to be eaten, drunk, rubbed on the skin, or inhaled to achieve the desired effect. One of the oldest records of such medicinal recommendations is found in the writings of the Chinese scholar-emperor Shen Nung, who lived in 2735 BC He compiled a book about herbs, a forerunner of the medieval pharmacopoeias that listed all the then-known medications. He was able to judge the value of some Chinese herbs. For example, he found that Ch'ang Shan was helpful in treating fevers. Such fevers were, and still are, caused by malaria parasites. South and Central American Indians made many prehistoric discoveries of drug-bearing plants. Mexican Aztecs even recorded their properties in hieroglyphics on rocks, but our knowledge of their studies comes mainly from manuscripts of Spanish monks and medical men attached to the forces of the conquistador Hernan Cortes (1485-1547). Pre-Columbian Mexicans used many substances...
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...A system of medical practice that aims to combat disease by use of remedies (as drugs or surgery) producing effects different from or incompatible with those produced by the disease being treated. Allopathy is also called ‘modern’, ‘western’, or ‘scientific’ medicine. The term ‘biomedicine’, defined as the ‘application of the principles of natural science, especially biology and physiology to clinical medicine’, is also in use. ‘Clinical medicine’ is the medical practice involving and based on direct observation of patients or healthy volunteers who were given the drug that is being tested, to evaluate the drug’s curative potential, side effects, dosage levels, contra-indications, etc,, before recommending it for use. This concept is opposed to the earlier norms of medical practice based on theoretical study or laboratory investigation or class room teaching. Allopathy is now both biomedicine and clinical medicine. Nevertheless, a number of other systems like Homoeopathy and Ayurveda have also introduced the clinical element into their drug evaluation procedures. History The practice of medicine in both Europe and North America during the early 19th century is sometimes referred to as heroic medicine because of the extreme measures (such as bloodletting) sometimes employed in an effort to treat diseases.[6] The term allopath was used by Hahnemann and other early homeopaths to highlight the difference they perceived between homeopathy and the medicine of that time...
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...Sinclares book The Jungle , the book depicts working class poverty, the absence of social programs, harsh and unpleasant living and working conditions, and a hopelessness among many workers. Many readers were concerned with his exposure of health violations and unsanitary practices in the American meatpacking industry during the early 20th century, based on an investigation he did for a socialist newspaper. The book helped bring along two acts that would help in consumer protection. The Fedral Meat Inspection Act and The Pure Food and Drug Act.The Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906 (FMIA) is a United States Congress Act that works to prevent adulterated or misbranded meat and meat products from being sold as food and to ensure that meat and meat products are slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions. The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was consumer protection laws enacted by the Federal Government in the 20th century and led to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration. Its main purpose was to ban foreign and interstate traffic in adulterated or mislabeled food and drug products. In the late 19th century into the early 20th century womens suffrage was a rising event. The National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA), founded by Susan B. Anthony was a suffrage group that fought for womans rights, equal rights and fair treatment. After a...
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...They say that it displayed the weakness of the Qing dynasty and later on encouraged many new ideas, theories and encouraged China to reform. On the other hand, the negatives out-weigh the positives. Many wars were waged on China, resulting in unfair treaties being made, there were many revolts and rebellious attempts and there was a high rate of unemployment, poverty, death and many other devastating effects that harmed China and its population throughout the 19th century. In my opinion, the 19th century was a negative outcome for China because although new ideas, theories and technology were being introduced, these would not have been obtained with the unfair treaties looming over China, exposing China’s weakness. Also, as a result of these new ideas and theories, many Chinese began to question their beliefs and way of life, known to them for so long, causing many rebellious attempts and civil wars rising, that effected not only the government but the population as well. Similarly, because of...
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...Snakehead, Japanese Yakuza, Irish mob, Pancho Villa's Villistas, Dead Rabbits, American Old West outlaw gangs, Bowery Boys, Chasers, the Italian mafia, Jewish mafia, and Russian Mafia crime families have existed for centuries. According to some estimates the Thuggee gangs in India murdered 1 million people between 1740 and 1840.[7] The 17th century saw London "terrorized by a series of organized gangs",[8] some of them known as the Mims, Hectors, Bugles, and Dead Boys. These gangs often came into conflict with each other. The members dressed "with colored ribbons to distinguish the different factions."[9] Many poor orphans in Victorian London survived by joining pick-pocketing gangs controlled by adult criminals.[citation needed] At the beginning of the 19th century, child criminals in Britain were punished in the same way as adults. They were sent to adult prisons, transported to the various Australian penal colonies, flogged, and sentenced to death for crimes such as petty theft.[10][11][12] All the major cities of Victorian England in the late 19th century had gangs.[13][14] Chicago had over 1,000 gangs in the 1920s.[15] These early gangs had reputations for many criminal activities, but in most countries could not profit from drug trafficking prior to drugs being made illegal by laws such as the 1912 International Opium Convention and the 1919 Volstead Act.[citation needed] Gang involvement in...
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...known problem for some time, the word itself being traced to the 17th century, defined as a compulsion to carry out poor habits, referred to as dipsomania for the overuse of narcotics, or alcoholism for the excessive consumption of alcohol. It was the 19th century when medical textbooks first printed addiction as an extant medical problem. Sigmund Freud...
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...“Poisons and medicines are sometimes the same substance given different intent.” (Latham Mere Peter) In the early 19th century, little was known about the depths of biology. Doctors and research began to wane away from traditional ideas that women were smaller versions of men, just turned inside out. While anatomy was thoroughly explored, the body was considered to be but a closed source of energy. The century brought forth a tremendous amount of change. Researchers began to challenge medicinal ideas and made momentous strides in several areas. In order to have an immersed understanding of medicinal developments of the 19th century, one must examine the driving factors, newer practices, medicinal advancements and leading scientist. Epidemics...
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...Drugs have been produced since the 18th century in the United States. There are essentially seven types of popular illegal (and some legal) drugs that are used improperly in many ways which are: marijuana, LSD(acid), opium, cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, codeine, and oxytone. During the late 19th century and early 20th century, anti-drug policies were ineffective, politicized and possess questionable data. Drugs were coming from different parts of Latin America, eventually coming to the U.S. from Europe. Drug policy in America has been ineffective more than actually being achievable or successful. Drugs are the enemy of the nation bringing crime, violence, addiction, foreign and economic policies in an immense catastrophe....
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...Pharmaceutical advertising, which dates back to the 18th and 19th century, conveys a message to consumers in which medication can relieve just about any ailment. Today, these ads are everywhere. They exist on billboards, television, radio, the newspaper, magazines, and the Internet. Direct-to-consumer marketing (DTC) almost challenges the individual to question whether or not he or she has a medical issue. This is synonymous with selling an illness and not a remedy. Pharmaceutical advertising and marketing among health care providers remains questionable in terms of ethical practices. Pharmaceutical representatives promote their medications through a commonly known marketing strategy, which involves the use of gifts to entice or persuade the health care provider. These gifts involve pens, pads, lunch, dinner, and luxurious trips. Effective advertising and marketing should promote a product that gains the interest of an individual without question. Advertising, mainly in the form of pharmaceuticals should not be misleading and should not insinuate that common occurrences produce a medical problem. The History of DTC Marketing Originating in the 18th and 19th century, DTC marketing deluded consumers through misleading and falsified advertising. Moving on into the 20th century, “pharmaceutical ads accounted for nearly half of newspapers’ advertising revenue” (Huh, DeLorme, Reid, & Soontae, 2010, para. 3). The Pure Food and Drug Act became a law in 1906 in which Congress placed regulations...
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...Drugs A great deal of attention is paid to the terrible death toll among the native inhabitants of the New World caused by the European's introduction of new diseases for which they had no immunity. It should also be noted that over half of the Europeans coming to the Americas died within a year of their arrival, usually from some fever, and that the death toll among Europeans in the interior of Africa was so great that it remained largely unexplored by them until well into the 19th century. The Europeans were quick to use native remedies for their ailments, and the bark of the chincona tree -- from which quinine was extracted -- was of great help to them. The medical establishment of Europe resisted the introduction of these new drugs, however, and it was not until the 1830's, for instance, that quinine was brought into general use. This lag has continued to be the case. It was only in 1952, for instance, that Western medical researchers recognized the value of Rauwolfia, a root that the inhabitants of India had chewed to relieve nervousness for centuries. The active substance was extracted from the root and sold as miltown, the first tranquilizer. Given this general resistance to "native remedies," the medicines and medical techniques of the new lands had relatively little effect on Europe. The importance of the drugs of the new worlds lay in another direction. We have noted that medieval Europeans displayed violent swings of emotions. Part of this may have been simply a...
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...public health challenges of the current century is HIV/AIDS, which kills millions of people worldwide each year. In developed nations, there has been a reduced death rate from the disease due to increased access to antiretroviral therapy which has been very successful in prolonging the lives of those infected with HIV. In developing nations, there is less access to this treatment because of the lack of technology the nations possess, and due to the high costs associated with the treatment. There are different theories of public health and disease causation that changed from the 19th to 20th to now 21st century, which influenced and can explain certain policies that were made for handling HIV/AIDS. Policymaking for this deadly virus also came with the stigmatization of certain groups of people, and these stereotypes about people with HIV/AIDS even hampered policymaking to an extent. “The Age of AIDS” is a PBS Frontline documentary that looks into the disease and the public health response to it, showing how all of this really worked. There are many theories of disease causation that influenced public health policies in the 19th, 20th, and 21st century. In the 19th century, there was the supernatural theory, the personal behavior theory, the miasma theory, and the contagion theory. The supernatural theory was the idea that God caused diseases when he was unhappy with the human race. This theory started when the Black Plague of the 14th century killed close to...
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...Running Head: Biology Article 05/14th/2015 Experimental Biology SCI 115 Pamela Anderson Professor: Maria E. Monzon-Medina DUE 05/14th/2015 BIOLOGY ARTICLE Introduction Several lines of evidence support the claims surrounding the knowledge of biology. To begin I will discuss experimenting of drugs and other forms of biology linking to different topic on experiment. Then to discuss the history that link with the 17th century thinker. After that I will explain the three basic assumptions or principles of biology. BIOLOGY ARTICLE Experimental Biology This claim surrounding the knowledge of biology, is to begin with experimenting on different form of living things using drugs and other ways to test, our ideas, according to scientific principle on one occasion people have been engaging in experiment for as long as we are learning to eat and develop life saving drugs and medical treatment. Identifying the toxic chemical in our environment and food supply lab works is made evident to support research of modern lives (extracted from biology article 2013 ) this article relate to this course in many form. E.G. Biology dealt with plant, animals and human which is the component of biology it also dealt with research and experiment. In biology today book there is a subtopic evolution of diseases it explain how micro organism existed for many years it also explain the deference between pathogen and armless. (Star 2013). BIOLOGY ARTICLE History of...
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...woman has been raped, a victim of incest, or if the woman’s life is in danger, abortion should be used. Abortion can be performed for many reasons. The main reason if the woman’s health is at risk. However, some people abuse this right and use it has a form of birth control. There are a variety of drug-based abortion methods, all of which need to be monitored by a physician. In a method commonly referred to as the “morning-after pill”, a woman is given large doses of estrogen within 72 hrs of unprotected sexual intercourse and again 12 hrs later. Depending on where a woman is in her menstrual cycle, the estrogen will either inhibit or delay ovulation or it my altar the uterine lining. This will prevent the implantation of a fertilized egg. However, several side effects may include, nausea, headache, dizziness, or fluid retention. There are more dangerous forms of abortion. In one procedure, a drug called Misoprostol is used with an anti-cancer drug called Methotrexate, to induce abortion. First, a physician injects a pregnant woman with methotrexate. About a week later the woman takes misoprostol to induce uterine contractions and expel the fetus. Both of these drugs combined effectively end pregnancy in 95% of women who take them, but the side effects can be deadly. One of the most controversial types of abortions is the one known as a partial birth abortion. This procedure has come under fire in many states. This method is usually preformed during the third trimester...
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