...Literature Review: Enlarged Tracheoesophageal Puncture after Total Laryngectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Name Affiliation Date ABSTRACT Objectives: Enlargement of the tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) is a challenging complication after laryngectomy with TEP. We sought to estimate the rate of enlarged puncture, associated pneumonia rates, potential risk factors, and conservative treatments excluding complete surgical TEP closure. Methods: A systematic review was conducted (1978–2008). A summary risk estimate was calculated using a random-effects meta-analysis model. Results: Twenty-seven peer-reviewed manuscripts were included. The rate of enlarged puncture and/or leakage around the prosthesis was reported in 23 articles (range, 1% to 29%; summary risk estimate, 7.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.8% to 9.6%). Temporary removal of the prosthesis and TEP- site injections were the most commonly reported conservative treatments. Prosthetic diameter (p =.076) and timing of TEP (p = .297) were analyzed as risk factors; however, radiotherapy variables were inconsistently reported. Conclusions: The overall risk of enlarged puncture seems relatively low, but it remains a rehabilitative challenge. Future research should clearly establish risk factors for enlarged puncture and optimal conservative management. Keywords: tracheoesophageal puncture, total laryngectomy, enlarged tracheoesophageal puncture, complications, leakage Enlarged Tracheoesophageal Puncture after Total...
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...ISSUES IN SELECTING A BUSINESS FORM Entrepreneur: Someone who initiates and assumes the financial risk of a new enterprise. One or more entrepreneurs setting out to start a business should consider the following four factors when deciding what form of business to organize: (1) ease and expense of creation, (2) liability of the owner(s) for obligations of the entity, (3) tax considerations, and (4) the need and ability to raise capital. TRADITIONAL BUSINESS FORMS Sole Proprietorship: A business owned by a single person or family. Partnership: An agreement by two or more persons to carry on, as co-owners, a business for profit. Corporation: A legal entity formed in compliance with the statutory requirements of its state of incorporation, owned by shareholders whose liability is limited to their investment in the corporation, and managed by (i) a board of directors elected by the shareholders and (ii) officers employed by the board of directors. SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP: PROS AND CONS Advantages: a proprietorship is easy and inexpensive to form; the proprietor receives all of the profits; the owner has the maximum degree of control over business decisions; and the proprietor may establish a tax-exempt retirement account. Disadvantages: the proprietor has unlimited personal liability for any losses or liabilities incurred by the entity; the entity will not survive the proprietor’s death, disability, or retirement; and ...
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...Company Case Payless Shoesource: Paying Less For Fashion Questions For Discussion 1.Which of the different product mix pricing strategies discussed in the text applies best to payless's new strategy? The strategy for setting a product's price changes when the product is the part of a product mix. Mostly,firms look for a set of prices that maximizes the profits on the total product mix where pricing is difficult because the various products have related demand and costs and face different degrees of competition. There are five different product mix pricing strategies that can be used for a firm. These are such as the product line pricing, optional-product pricing,captive-product pricing, by-product pricing and lastly, product bundle pricing. 2. How do concept such as psychological pricing and reference pricing apply to the Payless strategy? In what ways does Payless’s strategy deviate from these concepts? : A pricing approach that considers the psychology of prices and not simply the economics; the price is used to say something about the product. For example, $19.99 or $9.99 sort of “odd prices” that can round of by one last digit number. With the new line and new strategy, Payless increase the price of their products. However, if the suddenly change their price by increasing a lot, customers would not feel comfortable and they wouldn’t like it at all. So, they can use this kind of strategy of Psychological pricing so still increasing of prices but make their customers...
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...more organized and this is the first to step to take to become more organized. The next solution I learned from the article was to “tackle your To-Do Pile” (DSFDFS). Rather than putting things off for the next day, doing something the moment that it needs to get done is another way that you can become more organized. Being lazy and organized are two things that do not go together. If you are lazy, then you will disorganized but, if you are organized, then you will be a go getter. Things can stack up quickly and if you are not on top of it then it can overwhelm a person. In the article it suggests using file folders as a way to help a person stay more organized. Another solution that I got from the article was “use technology wisely” (DSFSDF). Smartphones and computers are the wave of technology. The article suggests “strive to keep phone numbers and other often-used data on your computer and/or mobile phone” (DFSFSDDFS). Smartphones can be used for many other things instead of just communicating with people. They can help a person stay organized. In another article I read from Psychology Today I learned some more ways to get better organized. Sherrie Bourg Carter writes “keep a notebook close by” (ASDSAD). By having a notebook it allows you to jot down notes rather than having to remember things that someone tells you. People are not going to remember everything off the top of their head. Writing them thoughts down will help keep people on track. Notes will also...
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