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Dubai

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DUBAI, LA CAPITAL FINANCIERA DEL MEDIO ORIENTE

Siendo el territorio más poblado de la confederación de principados conocida como los “Emiratos Árabes Unidos”, Dubái se ha convertido en un foco principal del desarrollo en oriente medio y un actor principal en el turismo de lujo.

La economía de Dubái se ha ido diversificando a lo largo de los últimos 40 años, buscando no depender totalmente de los pozos petroleros cuyas reservas están pronosticadas a desaparecer en los próximos 20 años. Entre las diferentes estrategias encontramos una gran concentración en la infraestructura, así como la apertura al comercio y servicios financieros.

Con un PIB per cápita de más de 40,000 dólares, Dubái es una de las ciudades más ricas del mundo y a diferencia de una gran cantidad de países árabes, cuenta con un alto índice de desarrollo humano, esto lo convierte en un tema relevante dentro del marco geo-económico actual y por lo tanto, en un caso interesante para investigar a fondo.

Palabras clave: Economía, Diversificación de ingresos, Infraestructura comercial.

Being the most populated city in the confederacy of principalities known as “United Arab Emirates”, Dubai has become a main beacon in the development of the Middle East, and an important stage for luxury tourism.

Dubai's economy has been diversifying through the last 40 years, trying not to rely mainly in the oil wells, whose reserves are predicted to disappear in the next 20 years. These strategies involve a focus on infrastructure and the openness to commerce and financial services.

With a GDP per capita of more than 40,000 USD, Dubai is one of the richest cities in the world, and in contrast with the great majority of Arab countries, it has a high human development index, this becomes a relevant subject in the present geo-economic picture and therefore, an interest study case to research thoroughly.

Keywords: Economy, Income diversifications, Commercial infrastructure.

ÍNDICE

I.-INTRODUCCIÓN…………………………………………………………………….4

II.-PETRODÓLARES Y DIVERSIFICACIÓN DE INGRESOS…………………….5

III.-DUBAI MEDIA HUB Y LOS CONTRASTES TECNOLÓGICOS……………...6

IV.-INVERSIÓN EXTRANJERA, EXPLOTACIÓN PETROLERA Y EL FUTURO ENERGÉTICO DE DUBAI…………………………………………………………….7

V.- FUTURO VERDE EN EL DESIERTO……………………………………………8

VI.- CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………..9

VII.-BIBLIOGRAFÍA……………………………………………………………………10

I.- INTRODUCCIÓN La ciudad de Dubái puede considerarse como uno de los casos más excepcionales en cuanto a crecimiento económico durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Su rápida expansión económica, aunado al crecimiento explosivo de su infraestructura inmobiliaria, lo ha posicionado como uno de los principales actores económicos de este siglo, uniéndose a el fenómeno de “Ciudades globales” tales como Singapur, Hong Kong o Macao. Si bien, Cuba no puede considerarse como un territorio independiente, goza de un alto grado de autonomía al pertenecer a los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, una confederación de Emiratos (Semejantes a los Principados europeos) que se formó a principios de la década de los 70s. La economía de la ciudad se ha ido diversificando a lo largo de los años, si bien al principio, la piedra angular de sus ingresos eran los pozos petroleros estos han perdido importancia conforme la ciudad se desarrolla en otros ámbitos, principalmente el inmobiliario y el comercial. Todo esto, debido a que las reservas petroleras están pronosticadas a entrar en declive o incluso desaparecer para el año 2025. La ciudad está experimentando un boom en el turismo de lujo, contando con varios de los edificios más costosos del mundo, como el Burj Khalifa (Que tiene el récord del edificio más alto del mundo) y el Burj Al Arab, un hotel que presuntamente ostenta 7 estrellas de calificación. En el ámbito energético, Dubái le debe gran parte de su riqueza a las reservas de petróleo encontradas a finales de los 60s, estos “Petrodólares” ayudaron a financiar los grandes proyectos de infraestructura con los que cuenta hoy en día y ayudó a la ciudad a transicional de una ciudad pequeña a una metrópolis de alcance global. El principal actor en la industria petrolera de la ciudad es la “Dubái Petroleum Company” que se formó a través de una concesión a la empresa americana “Continental Oil and Transportation Company (Conoco)” Actualmente, las acciones de la empresa se dividen en distintas entidades extranjeras, como Repsol de España o Totalfina de Francia. El gas natural como fuente energética ha tomado gran importancia en el escenario energético de Dubái (Y de los EAU en general) y se ha puesto en marcha un plan para abastecer de gas a todo el golfo pérsico. Dubái cuenta con dos grandes zonas donde se aglutinan varias empresas internacionales. Por una parte se encuentra la “Dubái Media City” que alberga a grandes firmas multinacionales de comunicación, tales como Reuters, CNN, BBC, Bloomberg, NatGeo, entre otras. Por otro lado se encuentra la “Dubái Internet City” una región dedicada enteramente a las empresas en el campo tecnológico e informático, con sedes de Microsoft, Oracle Corporation, HP, IBM, Dell, Siemens, Canon, Logica, Sony Ericsson. Dubái se cataloga como una ciudad global y por su rápido ascenso económico, vale la pena ahondar más a fondo en las distintas ramas de su economía.
II.-PETRODÓLARES Y DIVERSIFICACIÓN DE INGRESOS.

En el 2011, el Producto interno bruto de Dubái alcanzó los 83 mil millones de dólares. Si bien la economía de Dubái fue fundamentada en la industria energética, hoy en día esta representa solo un 3% de los ingresos al emirato. Sus principales focos de acción se concentran en bienes raíces y construcción (22.6%), el comercio (16%), el entrepôt (15%) y los servicios financieros (11%) entre otros.

Las principales exportaciones de Dubái se efectúan en la India, Suiza y Arabia Saudita. Mientras que en el campo de las re-exportaciones están la India de nuevo, Irán e Iraq.

Dubái tiene una política de libre comercio con el oro, esto le permite ser un foco regional en el tránsito de este producto en la región, incluso teniendo problemas de contrabando con la India, donde el oro es fuertemente regulado.

El puerto de Jebel Ali es un elemento importante en la maquinaria Dubaití para el comercio internacional, pues es el puerto construido por el hombre más grande del mundo, posicionado en el 7mo lugar de tráfico de contenedores.

Además, la ciudad cuenta con “zonas libres” que otorgan beneficios a empresas extranjeras como exención de impuestos e infraestructura pre-diseñada para facilitar la instalación de oficinas regionales. Estos distritos (Conocidos localmente como Dubái Media City y Dubái Internet City) albergan empresas multinacionales como CNN, Microsoft, Sony, BBC y muchas otras.

Al darse el cambio de enfoque, pasando de una economía basada en la exportación de petróleo, a una economía fundamentada en el turismo y la industria del servicio, los precios de propiedad experimentaron una apreciación significativa en la última década, sin embargo, durante la recesión del 2008, algunas propiedades llegaron a perder el 64% de su valor.

Esto no impidió que distintos proyectos inmobiliarios se concretaran en la ciudad, tales como la “Torre Emirates”, el Burj Khalifa, las Islas Palm y el hotel más caro de la ciudad, el Burj Al Arab.

El mercado inmobiliario de Dubái empieza a recuperar fuerzas después de una década de pérdidas, mientras el gobierno se expresó confiado de que el mercado experimentará un auge y alcanza estabilidad en el futuro.

Encuestas internacionales posicionan a Dubái en el lugar 44 en las mejores ciudades financieras, además, también se posiciona en el lugar 40 del índice de ciudades competitivas, esperando un ascenso al lugar 23 para el año 2025.

III.-DUBAI MEDIA HUB Y LOS CONTRASTES TECNOLÓGICOS.

Dubái cuenta con dos zonas que otorgan beneficios a las empresas extranjeras que se establezcan ahí, denominadas “Internet City” y “Media City”.

Estas zonas ofrecen concesiones tales como exención de impuestos e infraestructura extendida de antemano para hacer atractivo la inversión extranjera y crear una demanda de trabajos altamente técnicos. Esto en turno crea la necesidad de trabajadores altamente calificados, que es satisfecha otorgando facilidades a toda persona que desee establecerse en Dubái, siempre y cuando sea calificada.

Esto convierte a Dubái, en un foco de inmigración para Asia, principalmente para la India, pues el 53% de la población Dubaití actual es de origen Hindú.

A pesar de esto, Dubái sigue siendo una ciudad de contrastes en lo que a tecnología se refiere, por un lado, la ciudad atraviesa un proceso de modernización tecnológica que en pocas ciudades del mundo se logra apreciar, con casetas de peaje automáticas y controles de tráfico altamente optimizados.

Por otro lado, la ciudad ostenta altos costos de internet, llegando a los 75 USD por Mbps. SI bien esto no frena la creatividad en el sector tecnológico, representa un lastre causado por la poca competencia que existe en el mercado de las telecomunicaciones.

La empresa “Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company” conocida bajo el nombre comercial de “Du”. Esta es poseída mayoritariamente por el fondo de inversiones federal “Emirates Investment Authority” lo que lo hace una empresa parcialmente controlada por el gobierno.

Dubái cuenta con un gran número de universidades e institutos tecnológicos (muchos de ellos son campus de universidades privadas norteamericanas y británicas)
10% de la población debatí cuenta con estudio de posgrado, principalmente en las ramas de la ingeniería y la computación.

IV.-INVERSIÓN EXTRANJERA, EXPLOTACIÓN PETROLERA Y EL FUTURO ENERGÉTICO DE DUBAI

La historia de Dubái (a la par con la historia de los EAU) está íntimamente ligada con el fenómeno de los “petrodólares”, nombre que se le dio al fenómeno ocurrido a principios de los 70s, cuando se encontraron grandes cantidades de reservas petroleras debajo de los emiratos, el más grande localizado en Abu Dabi.

Dubái no se quedó atrás, y si bien las reservas en su territorio no fueron tan grandes como las de Abu Dabi, las uso para catapultarse e iniciar un proceso de crecimiento económico sin escalas.

A finales de los 60s, la empresa norteamericana Conoco mediante una concesión otorgada por el gobierno dubaití, un yacimiento petrolero que el emir de ese entonces denominó “Fateh” (buena fortuna en árabe). Con esto, empezó el despunte de la economía de Dubái y de su rol como exportador de petróleo, llegando a su punto más alto en 1991 con 410,000 barriles de petróleo por día.

El dinero de toda esta bonanza petrolera fue usado para financiar la transición de la ciudad, pasando de ser una economía petrolera a una economía del turismo, comercio y bienes raíces. Su puerto principal, el puerto Jebel Ali, sigue siendo uno de los principales puntos de comercio en el oriente medio y el golfo pérsico.

En años recientes, la producción de crudo ha entrado en declive, pronosticando su desaparición en 25 años. En el 2007, sólo el 7% del PIB se relacionaba con el sector energético.

La historia de Dubái demuestra como unas concesiones a empresas extranjeras pueden traer beneficios, siempre y cuando estas concesiones sean controladas. La empresa dedicada a la extracción de crudo en Dubái, la “Dubai Petroleum” está controlada en la actualidad por varias empresas extranjeras, como Repsol, Conoco y Totalfina.

Al igual que el petróleo, EAU posee también grandes yacimientos de gas natural, aunque estos no han tenido un papel tan protagónico como lo ha tenido el petróleo para las economías de los emiratos, en 2007, la extracción y exportación de gas natural representó sólo un 2%.

Las políticas energéticas de Dubái le otorgaron a la ciudad un clima de cooperación extranjera y un alto margen de capital para invertir en proyectos de construcción e infraestructura comercial que hoy en día son pilar fundamental de la economía de la ciudad, muestra de ello son las “Islas Palm”, las islas artificiales más grandes del mundo, o el Burj Khalifa, el edificio más alto del mundo.

V.-FUTURO VERDE EN EL DESIERTO

El rápido crecimiento urbano de Dubái trajo como consecuencia un alto impacto al medio ambiente. Los grandes proyectos inmobiliarios otorgaron a la ciudad uno de los más altos índices de huella de carbono por habitante. Además, hay desabasto de agua (Dubái ocupa el tercer puesto de más consumo de agua, detrás de USA y Canadá). Dubái obtiene su agua principalmente de plantas desalinizadoras ubicadas en la costa del golfo pérsico, plantas que están alimentadas por plantas de gas natural, puesto que es un recurso abundante de la ciudad. El calentamiento global podría conllevar problemas a la ciudad, pues al ser costera, mucha de su infraestructura podría resultar dañada en caso de que los niveles del mar suban. El gobierno de Dubái se ha propuesto ha empezar una campaña verde con algunos proyectos de urbanización sustentables y bajos en emisiones.

Parte de esta estrategia se demuestra en el uso de paneles solares ubicados en los rascacielos para aminorar el consumo de energía fósil y reemplazarla con alternativas menos perjudiciales para el medio ambiente.

Al mismo tiempo, hay un proyecto de urbanización en la ciudad para construir el primer sector 100% alimentado por energía renovable, cosa que significara una proeza tecnológica y logística.

Hay una alta concentración de automóviles en Dubái, por lo que esto se traduce en altos niveles de emisiones. A pesar de que la industria no juega un papel tan importante como el comercio y el turismo

CONCLUSIÓN

El rápido desarrollo económico de Dubái es un gran ejemplo de como el petróleo se puede usar para desarrollar una infraestructura diversificada hasta el punto de ya no depender de él. Un ejemplo para el mundo, aunque su éxito puede que no sea fácilmente replicable (Los grandes pozos petroleros ayudan mucho), la historia económica de esta país le puede dejar varias enseñanzas a un país en desarrollo como México, que apenas está atravesando la clase de reformas que permitieron la inversión extranjera en Dubái hace cerca de 40 años.

A pesar de todos estos logros, no todo es color de rosa es este oasis económico, la censura es algo común, con ciertas páginas web bloqueadas. Una velocidad de internet ralentizada por el monopolio de telecomunicaciones, el desabasto de agua y por un deficiente sistema de tuberías que no pudo mantenerse a la par con los grandes y variados proyectos de construcción. La democracia no está presente en la ciudad, en vez de eso, un Emir descendiente de un linaje real árabe es quien se encarga de gobernar la ciudad. La contaminación y la inmigración excesiva también son problemas en el emirato.

Aun así, Dubái cuenta con un alto índice de desarrollo humano, así como una de los más bajos índices de discriminación e igualdad de oportunidades. Al ser una ciudad multicultural, donde convergen varias culturas como la china, la hindú y la árabe, tiene gran variedad de manifestaciones culturales.

Todo esto representa una serie de logros y dilemas de los cuales México puede aprender mucho, sobre todo en el ámbito de las inversiones extranjeras y el manejo del comercio. Así como Dubái tiene una zona de libre comercio, también Hong Kong, Macao y Singapur, otros grandes ejemplos de rápido desarrollo en un corto lapso de tiempo.

Se puede aprender mucho de Dubái, así como de otros tantos países que han sabido superar sus problemas de una manera eficiente e inteligente. México como país puede desarrollar una estrategia económica tomando lo mejor de cada una de esas economías, tropicalizar sus modelos e implementarlas en el país.

BIBLIOGRAFÍA

1. Al-Abed, Ibrahim; Hellyer, Peter (2001) (en inglés), books.google.es/books/about/United_Arab_Emirates.html?id=QcMz3zV0qAM United Arab Emirates: A New Perspective, Trident Press Ltd, ISBN 1900724472

2. Al-Abed, Ibrahim; Hellyer, Peter; Vine, Peter (2006) (en inglés), The United Arab Emirates Yearbook 2006, Trident Press Ltd, ISBN 1905486057

3. Al-Jabali, Abdullah; Vine, Paula; Hellyer, Peter; Vine, Peter (2010) (en español), The United Arab Emirates Yearbook 2010, Trident Press Ltd

4. Bharne, Vinayak (2012) (en inglés), The Emerging Asian City: Concomitant Urbanities & Urbanisms, Routledge, ISBN 1136208518

5. Boermeester, Ber (2006) (en inglés), Best of Dubai Vol 1., Volume 1, Global Village Productions Ltd, ISBN 1904566715

6. Christensen, Shane (2010) (en inglés), Frommer's Dubai (2 edición), John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 1119994276

7. Explorer Publishing (2006) (en inglés), Dubai: Live. Work. Explore, Explorer Series, Explorer Publishing & Distribution, ISBN 9768182768

8. Gavin, Thomas (2009) (en inglés), Frommer's Dubai and Abu Dhabi Day by Day, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 9780470684597

9. Govers, Robert; Go, Frank (2009) (en inglés), Place Branding: Glocal, Virtual and Physical Identities, Constructed, Imagined and Experienced, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0230230733

10. Int'l, Business Publications (2002) (en inglés), Dubai Investment and Business Guide, World Investment and Business Library, 58 (4 edición), Int'l Business Publications, ISBN 0739740539

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