...Review of Related Literature: Dysmenorrhea among women is not common, most of the time women choose to miss out on the whole day of activities because the pain that it can cause. Because of that there are medications in the market that are being sold to prevent or lessen the said pain; one of these drugs is NSAIDs. NSAIDs are the most commonly prescribed treatment, and essentially the first line of defense against cases of severe primary dysmenorrhea (Locklear, 2008). According to Medscape Medical News, comparison of various NSAIDs vs. other NSAIDs showed limited evidence that any individual NSAID was superior for either pain relief or safety. For patients who consistently experience moderate to severe pain during menstrual flow, scheduled dosing of NSAIDs may provide more consistent pain relief than prescribing them to be taken "as needed" (Goldschneider & Waldo, 2008). According to Helms (2006), NSAIDS and COX-2 inhibitors relieve pain of dysmenorrhea via inhibition of cyclooxygenase (1 and 2), the enzyme that converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. The COS-2 inhibitors rofecoxib (VIOXX) and valdecoxib (Bextra) have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of dysmenorrhea in women 18 yrs and older (Locklear, 2008). But then NSAIDS are only successful in 77% to 80% of patients with dysmenorrhea (Gourley, Helms, Herfindal & Quan, 2006). Many NSAIDs block the cyclooxygenase pathways, but they do not block the lipoxygenase pathway, these observations may explain...
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...Painful menstrual periods Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for the painful cramps that may occur immediately before or during the menstrual period. Menstrual cramps are caused by contractions in the uterus, which is a muscle. The uterus, the hollow, pear-shaped organ where a baby grows, contracts throughout a woman's menstrual cycle. If the uterus contracts too strongly, it can press against nearby blood vessels, cutting off the supply of oxygen to the muscle tissue of the uterus. Pain results when part of a muscle briefly loses its supply of oxygen. Painful menstrual periods are periods in which a woman has crampy lower abdominal pain, sharp or aching pain that comes and goes, or possibly back pain.Although some pain during your period is normal, excessive pain is not. Many women have painful periods. Sometimes, the pain makes it difficult to perform normal household, job, or school-related activities for a few days during each menstrual cycle. Painful menstruation is the leading cause of lost time from school and work among women in their teens and 20s. Causes Painful menstrual periods fall into two groups, depending on the cause: • Primary dysmenorrhea • Secondary dysmenorrhea Primary dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain (cramps) usually begin one to two years after a woman starts getting her period. Pain usually is felt in the lower abdomen or back. They can be mild to severe. Common menstrual cramps often start shortly before or at the onset of the period and continue...
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...with low red blood cells. There are many different forms of anemia; some even cause the abnormal shape or size of the cells (Merck & Co., 2005). Physicians will diagnosis and treat anemia by assessing patient complaints, medical history and physical symptoms. This response will discuss objective and subjective data, and laboratory results to formulate a diagnosis and treatment plan of a patient. Subjective Data 26 year old Caucasian female, Ms. A., arrived at emergency room (ER) with complaints of a decrease in energy and her hobby of golf, along with increasing light headedness, general malaise, and dyspnea. She states her first bout of light headedness began while in a higher elevation on a golf course. Ms. A also reports having had dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia for the last 10-12 years, and that the noted symptoms seem to increase during her menses cycle. Ms. A also reports using 1000mg of aspirin every 3-4 hours throughout the 6 days of her menses cycle. She reports also using said dose of aspirin to relieve stiff joints when golfing....
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...study regarding Ms. A. and; confirming the diagnosis IDA. Causes The body stores iron and when the reserves are low it is referred to as IDA. This occurs when the body is not able to replace the RBCs and iron as fast as the body is losing it. Another contributor is the body is not absorbing the iron or the body can absorb the iron but the consumption of iron rich foods is inadequate. Other causes of IDA is loss of iron from bleeding. Bleeding can be a result of heavy menstrual cycles, stomach & esophageal cancer, varices in the esophagus from liver cirrhosis, peptic ulcers, gastrointestinal bleeding and from prolonged use of aspirin and other anti inflammatory medications. (Mayo Clinic, 2015). Rational: Ms. A states, “menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea has been a problem for 10-12 years”. She also reports taking 1000 mg of aspirin every 3-4 hours for six days while menstruating. (GCU, 2015). Symptoms Symptoms of IDA can start out being mild with little or no symptoms at all. Mild symptoms include: irritability, fatigue while exercising, headaches and difficulty concentrating. As the IDA slowly progresses, symptoms may become worse including: shortness of breath (SOB), brittle nails, pale skin, sore tongue, pica and being light-headed with position changes. (Medlineplus, 2015). Rational: Ms. A complains of increased SOB, lower than normal energy and enthusiasm levels. While playing golf at a high...
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...Chapter 17 Female Reproductive System Assignment Part 1 Identifying Medical Terms Matching Abbreviations Practical Applications SOAP: Chart note analysis pgs. 634-635 Identifying Medical Terms 1 Cervicitis Inflammation of the uterine cervix 2 Dysmenorrhea Difficult or painful monthly flow 3 Fibroma Fibrous tissue tumor 4 Gynecology Study of the female 5 Hymenectomy Surgical excision of the hymen 6 Mammoplasty Surgical repair of the breast 7 Menorrhea Normal monthly flow 8 Oogenesis Formation of the ovum 9 Dyspareunia Difficult or painful sexual intercourse 10 Genitalia Male or female reproductive system Matching E 1 Laser ablation A Beginning of the monthly flow (menses, menstruation) B 2 Lumpectomy B Surgical removal of a tumor from the breast A 3 Menarche C Abdominal pain that occurs midway between the menstrual periods at ovulation C 4 Mittelscherz D Process in which an ovum is discharged from the cortex of the ovary D 5 Ovulation E Procedure that uses a laser to destroy the uterine lining H 6 Gynecologist F Pertaining to the rectum or vagina J 7 Contraception G Period of gradual changes that lead into menopause G 8 Perimenopause H Physician who specializes in the study of the female I 9 Hysterectomy I Incision into the uterus F 10 Rectovaginal J Process of preventing conception K Lack of monthly flow (menses, menstruation) Abbreviations 1 AH Abdominal hysterectomy 2 DES Diethylstilbestrol 3 Birth control pills BCP 4...
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...TOP 200 DRUGS FOR 2009 WITH CLASSIFICATION, ROUTE, AND USE GENERIC | BRAND | CLASS | MAJOR USE | SCHEDULE | ROUTES | atorvastatin | Lipitor | HMA-CoA reductase inhibitor | hypercholesterolemia | not controlled | PO | amoxicillin | Amoxil, Trimox | Penicillin antibiotic | infection | not controlled | PO | hydrochlorothiazide | Microzide | Thiazide Diuretic | Hypertension/edema | not controlled | PO | azithromycin | Zithromax | macrolide antibiotic | infection | not controlled | PO, IV | metformin | Glucophage, Glucophage XR | antidiabetic | Type 2 Diabetes | not controlled | PO | atenolol | Tenormin | beta blocker (B1) | hypertension/angina/acute M.I. | not controlled | PO, IV | Simvastatin | Zocor | HMG-CoA Redctase inhibitor | hypercholesterolemia | not controlled | PO | alprazolam | Xanax, Xanax XR | benzodiazepeine | anxietty/panic disorder | schedule 4 | PO | furosemide | Lasix | loop diuretic | edema/hypertension | not controlled | PO, IV | zolpidem | Ambien, Ambien CR | anxiolytic/hypnotic | insomnia | schedule 4 | PO | potassium chloride | K-Dur, Klor-Con, Micro-K | posassium supplement/electrolyte | hypokalemia | not controlled | PO, IV | sertraline | Zoloft | selective serotonin reuptake (SSRI) | major depression/ocd/panic disorder | not controlled | PO | montelukast | Singulair | leukotriene inhibitor | asthma maintenence | not controlled | PO | escitalopram | Lexapro | selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) | major depression/anxiety...
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...Rajpravartini-vati is the drug of choice in treating amenorrhea. One tablet, twice a day, with warm milk is given for three days. For anaemia, Poonarnava mandoora is given with buttermilk in a dose of one tablet, thrice a day. Alternatively, Shatmoolyadi lauha, two tablets twice a day, with water is ideal remedy. Kumaryasva (wine prepared from aloes), six teaspoonfuls (30 ml), twice a day, with equal amount of water can be added to Poonarnava mandura or Shatmoolyadilauha. Decoction of Ulta-kambla, six teaspoonfuls (30 ml), thrice a day slightly warmed is also recommended for treating amenorrhea. Painful menstruation or Kashtartva (Dysmenorrhea) Cause: It is of two types, spasmodic and congestive. Spasmodic dysmenorrhea is characterized by severe pain dating from soon after puberty and the disease has definite cause. Congestive dysmenorrhea is a form of pre-menstrual or early menstrual pain. Signs and symptoms: In spasmodic variety, pain begins on the first day of menstruation, never pre-menstrual. Duration of the pain is few hours to days. There may be vomiting or fainting. Menstrual period is often late in appearance. Sterility is common and usually disappears after the age of 30. In congestive type, pain is of general aching nature. It radiates to the back and down to legs. Amount to blood lost may be excessive. Period is frequently longer than normal. Pelvic inflammatory diseases, tumours, abnormal position of the uterus or endometriosis are common cause...
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...INTRODUCTION What we ought to see in the agonies of puberty is the result of the conditioning that maims the female personality in creating the feminine. - Germaine Greer The word adolescence is taken from the Latin word “adolescere” which means "to grow up”. Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical, sex and mental human development generally occurring between puberty and legal adulthood, but largely characterized as beginning and ending with the teenage stage. The onset of adolescence is usually associated with the commencement of puberty and the appearance of secondary sex characteristics. The pituitary gland secretes hormones that stimulate enlargement and development of the sex organs, which thus become capable of reproduction. In females the reproductive cycle of ovulation and menstruation begins, pubic hair appears, and development of the breasts and other body contours takes place.1 During this phase of transition from childhood, adolescents are often confused about the physical and emotional changes in their bodies and feel hesitant and embarrassed to discuss them with anyone. Therefore adolescence is a critical period which influences one’s reproductive health and well-being throughout life. Adolescent girls are especially vulnerable to the biological and social changes taking place during this time and their effects, owing to the existing inequity...
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...A 32 year old female present to Emergency Department with severe chest pain, palpitation and vomiting for 3 days. She has been diagnosed with the previous episodes of heart failure and traditional risk factors of CAD in medical history. She described her chest pain with tightedness and flank dull pain at both the areas of kidneys with back pain. On physical examination, Cardiac sounds were normal on auscultation with no tenderness on palpation, no intra-abdominal rebound masses, no neck stiffness, no jugular vein enlargement, no dysmenorrhea, no clubbing, no family history of CAD and no hypertension. She was profound sweating on presence with weight loss, urine retention, fatigability and restlessness from 1 week. Her medications at the time...
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...“The Pill” another name for the contraception pill, used widely by millions of women around the world. Yer a large number of women around the world. Yet a large number of women have no clue about the huge number of women have no clue About the huge risk the or taking. The Pill can help in many shapes and forms. Although like everything in this world, it’s had both benefits and risks. Birth-control is primarily used to prevent pregnancies. However that is not always the case various women who struggle with menorrhagia or dysmenorrhea take it to help decrease the pain or flu. We’re control once on it will regulate the menstrual periods. Even women who are diagnosed with premenstrual dysphoric disorder, A severe form of premenstrual syndrome. Take birth control, to treat such symptoms, due to the estrogen and progestin. As much as birth control can help with periods, decreased breast cysts and pelvic inflammatory disease, it does not help prevent sexually transmitted disease. While taking the pill, effects are to come it. Some can come across as a positive side effects. There are higher chance of receiving health issue affects, keep in mind. Nether less some women might find these effects better for them, and yet some women might not. Some women experience...
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...fallopian tubes 4. Altered Immunity – deficiency in cellular immunity or NK cells result in inability to recognize the presence of endometrial tissue Epidemiology 1. Prevalence between 10-15%; true Prevalence is unknown – need surgical confirmation for diagnosis 2. Age group : found almost exclusively in age of reproductive women 3. Single most common reasons for hospitalization of women in this age group 4. Suspected in 20% chronic pelvic pain and 30-40% of infertility Clinical Manifestations 1. Timing 1. Begins: Cyclic Pelvic pain begins 1 or 2 weeks before menses 2. PEAKS: 1-2 days before onset of menses 3. Subsides: at onset of menses or shortly there after 2. Classic symptoms: Dysmenorrhea, Pelvic Pain, Dyspareunia, infertility 3. Severity of pain does not reflect extent of disease Perform exam during early menses; implants are more likely to be largest and most tender 1. Subtle or nonexistent in early stages of disease 2. Later stages: Think scaring and fibrosis: Uterosacral nodularity , fixed retroverted uterus, tender fixed adnexal mass Diagnosis - Imaging 1. First line imaging - suspected endometriosis have pelvic ultrasounds 2. ONLY Definitive way to diagnosis endometriosis is through direct visualization...
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...to them. Women have been deprived of opportunities for years without realizing it until today. What would happen if suddenly men menstruated monthly instead of women and if suddenly men can do the one thing that makes a woman a woman? That would be amazing wouldn’t it? However, the answer would be simple. As said in the article, if suddenly men could menstruate, menstruation would become an enviable, boast-worthy, masculine event for men. Men would be bragging about it. It would become a sort of proof of manhood. I asked my husband what he will do if it happens to him and he said he’ll be proud of it and deal with the pain unlike women that whine about everything. And my favorite line is “Congress would fund a National Institute of Dysmenorrhea to help stamp out monthly discomforts”. Why? Would it have something to do with male superiority within the society? And what will happen to women? Will it help them...
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...Anemia Jinal patel Grand Canyon University Pathophysiology and Nursing Management of Clients' Health NRS-410V April 17, 2016 Anemia is defines as a condition which body don’t have healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen to the tissue of our body. There are different type of anemia which have different causes. While look at Ms. A’s sign and symptoms she complain of menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea for 10-12 years, lightheadedness, increased respiratory rate, and heart rate which point towards Iron deficiency Anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is common type of anemia in which blood lake healthy red cells which are provide oxygen to tissue of our body. It can cause by insufficient iron in our body. Due to low iron our red blood cell lake hemoglobin which enable oxygen supply. Her Hbg: 8g/dl, Hematocrit: 32%, Erythrocyte: 3.1 x 10/mm, RBS smear with microcytic and hypochromic cells, Reticulocyte count: 1.5%, considering her sign and symptoms Ms. A should be further evaluated for her condition and should be treated for her Iron deficiency anemia. Iron is very important for all existing beings because it is very important for different metabolic processes which includes oxygen transportation, synthesis of DNA, and transport of electron (Harper, 2012). Any condition of bleeding or blood loss can cause iron diminution. Hemoglobin represent 2/3 of body iron in red blood cell which are circulating in our body. Every gram of hemoglobin contains about 3.47mg iron, 0.5mg of iron...
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...Running Head: Hypothesis Identification Article Analysis Hypothesis Identification Article Analysis RES/342 – RESEARCH AND EVALUATION II Hypothesis Identification Article Analysis New study finds therapeutic medicine that reduces endometriosis which is called pycnogenol. This plant is extracted from a pine bark along the southwest of France and has been studied for over 35 years. Now researchers have study and discovered that this antioxidant reduces pain symptoms associated with endometriosis by 33%. Endometriosis is the lining of the uterus that regurgitates into the abdominal during menstrual cycles. Endometriosis affects women in their reproductive years and is estimated to affect over one million women in the United States. It is one of the common reasons women have to undergo hysterectomies and laparoscopic surgery. The average diagnostic age is 25-30, however endometriosis has been reported in girls as young as eleven years of age. Estrogen and progesterone sometimes cause endometriosis to grow outside the uterus; normally it stays within the abdominal cavity. This tissue causes extremely painful menstrual periods, pelvic pain and infertility. During the study, 58 women between ages 21 to 38 who had undergone surgery were broken up into two groups. One group was given 30 mg of pycnogenol twice a day for 48 weeks and the other group was given hormone treatments which were injection of leuprorelin. After four weeks into the study, the researchers notice...
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...Entering Womanhood Most women, since the age of about 11, every month experience what it is like to have a menstrual cycle. During the menstrual phase women have a discharge of the “thickened inner layer of the endometrium” tissue that has sloughed off from the uterine wall when conception does not take place (Alexander et al. 109). “This menstrual discharge consists of blood, mucus, and endometrial membranes that sometimes present as small clots” (Alexander et al. 109). The menstrual flows and the cycles themselves vary. A woman’s flow is “usually 6 to 8 ounces in volume per cycle,” while the cycle on average lasts 28 days but “can vary from 21 to 40 days” (Alexander et al. 109). For most menstruation occurs without medical problems. While for others, menstruation can cause some physical and emotional problems such as cramps (known as dysmenorrheal), or premenstrual syndrome (PMS), a lack of having a menstrual cycle which is knows as amenorrhea (Alexander et al. 112-114). One such medical problem is endometriosis. Endometriosis is a common medical condition in which “tissue like that which lines the uterus (tissue called the endometrium) is found outside the uterus -- usually in the abdomen on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and ligaments that support the uterus; the area between the vagina and rectum; the outer surface of the uterus; and the lining of the pelvic cavity. Other sites for these endometrial growths may include the bladder, bowel, vagina, cervix, vulva...
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