...Expert systems are computer applications that combine computer equipment, software, and specialized information to imitate expert human reasoning and advice. As a branch of artificial intelligence, expert systems provide discipline-specific advice and explanation to their users. While artificial intelligence is a broad field covering many aspects of computer-generated thought, expert systems are more narrowly focused. Typically, expert systems function best with specific activities or problems and a discrete database of digitized facts, rules, cases, and models. Expert systems are used widely in commercial and industrial settings, including medicine, finance, manufacturing, and sales. As a software program, the expert system integrates a searching and sorting program with a knowledge database. The specific searching and sorting program for an expert system is known as the inference engine. The inference engine contains all the systematic processing rules and logic associated with the problem or task at hand. Mathematical probabilities often serve as the basis for many expert systems. The second component—the knowledge database—stores necessary factual, procedural, and experiential information representing expert knowledge. Through a procedure known as knowledge transfer, expertise (or those skills and knowledge that sustain a much better than average performance) passes from human expert to knowledge engineer. The knowledge engineer actually creates and structures the knowledge...
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...REPORT ON APPLICATION OF EXPERT SYSTEMS Submitted to: Ms. Alpa Reshamwala Submitted by: Aashumita (351) Aditya shehkhar (371) Anshu Upadhyay (381) Abstract : An expert system is a computer program which captures the knowledge of a human expert on a given problem, and uses this knowledge to solve problems in a fashion similar to the expert. The system can assist the expert during problem-solving, or act in the place of the expert in those situations where the expertise is lacking. Expert systems have been developed in such diverse areas as science, engineering, business, and medicine. In these areas, they have increased the quality, efficiency, and competitive leverage of the organizations employing the technology. Introduction : Expert system technology has captured the interest of professionals in a number of fields in recent years. Systems have been developed in such diverse areas as science, engineering, business, and medicine. Almost every professional and computer society currently has a special interest group for expert systems technology. This widespread interest can be attributed to the ability of the expert system to aid various organizations in solving practical, real-world problems. Expert system is an off spring of artificial intelligence. Al is the study of developing computer Programs...
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...IAI : Expert Systems © John A. Bullinaria, 2005 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. What is an Expert System? The Architecture of Expert Systems Knowledge Acquisition Representing the Knowledge The Inference Engine The Rete-Algorithm The User Interface What is an Expert System? Jackson (1999) provides us with the following definition: An expert system is a computer program that represents and reasons with knowledge of some specialist subject with a view to solving problems or giving advice. To solve expert-level problems, expert systems will need efficient access to a substantial domain knowledge base, and a reasoning mechanism to apply the knowledge to the problems they are given. Usually they will also need to be able to explain, to the users who rely on them, how they have reached their decisions. They will generally build upon the ideas of knowledge representation, production rules, search, and so on, that we have already covered. Often we use an expert system shell which is an existing knowledge independent framework into which domain knowledge can be inserted to produce a working expert system. We can thus avoid having to program each new system from scratch. w9-2 Typical Tasks for Expert Systems There are no fundamental limits on what problem domains an expert system can be built to deal with. Some typical existing expert system tasks include: 1. The interpretation of data Such as sonar data or geophysical measurements 2. Diagnosis of malfunctions Such as equipment faults...
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...T.C BAHÇEŞEHİR ÜNİVERSİTESİ DEVELOPING AN EXPERT-SYSTEM FOR DIABETICS BY SUPPORTING WITH ANFIS Master Thesis ALİ KARA İSTANBUL, 2008 T.C BAHÇEŞEHİR ÜNİVERSİTESİ INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEVELOPING AN EXPERT-SYSTEM FOR DIABETICS BY SUPPORTING WITH ANFIS Master Thesis Ali KARA Supervisor: ASSOC.PROF.DR. ADEM KARAHOCA İSTANBUL, 2008 T.C BAHÇEŞEHİR ÜNİVERSİTESİ INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE COMPUTER ENGINEERING Name of the thesis: Developing an Expert-System for Diabetics by supporting with ANFIS Name/Last Name of the Student: Ali Kara Date of Thesis Defense: Jun .09. 2008 The thesis has been approved by the Institute of Science. Prof. Dr. A. Bülent ÖZGÜLER Director ___________________ I certify that this thesis meets all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Adem KARAHOCA Program Coordinator ____________________ This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that we find it fully adequate in scope, quality and content, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Examining Committee Members Assoc.Prof.Dr. Adem KARAHOCA Prof.Dr. Nizamettin AYDIN Asst.Prof.Dr. Yalçın ÇEKİÇ Signature ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ii To my father ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis is dedicated to my father for being a role model in front of my educational life. I would like to express my gratitude to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Adem Karahoca, for not only being such...
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...Rule-based Expert Systems Artificial Intelligence Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Cheng Shiu University Outline * Problem solving * Knowledge based problem solving * Expert Systems * Expert System Development team * Structures of Rule-based ES * Reasoning * Examples of Rule-based ES * Advantages/Disadvantages of Rule-based ES Problem Solving Procedures * Defining and Representing the Problem * Descriptions of Problem Solving * Selecting Some Suitable Solving Methods * Finding Several Possible Solutions * Choosing One Feasible Solution to Make a Decision Defining and Representing the Problem * State space: The combination of the initial state and the set of operators make up the state space of the problem. * Initiate state: The original state of the problem. * Operators: used to modify the current state, thereby creating a new state. * Path: The sequence of states produced by the valid application of operators from an old state to a new state is called the path. * Goal state: A state fit to the searching objective is called the goal state. Knowledge representation * Represent and manipulate the domain knowledge * Knowledge Definition * Knowledge Storing * Knowledge Representation Knowledge Definition * “The fact or condition of knowing something with familiarity gained through experience or association.” (Webster’s Dictionary, 1988)(Knowing something via seeing...
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...An Expert System for Industrial Machine Vision Yoshifumi KITMURA, Hiroaki SATO, and Hideyuki TAMURA Information Systems Research Center, Canon Inc. Kashimada, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki 21 1, Japan Abstract An expert system for vision algorithm design is presented. Its knowledge-base includes human experts' knowledge about image processing techniques, and is capable of solving given vision problems. As a problem domain, we choose vision algorithms for a parts-feeder, which determines the attitude of mechanical parts on a conveyor-belt and rejects parts with inappropriate attitudes. The expert system for parts feeder is designed to consist of three components: FSE (Feature selection expert), IPE (Image processing expert), DTG (Decision tree generator). The knowledge for vision algorithm design to determine parts attitude is discussed. A framework to represent knowledge for finding solutions for pattern classificationproblem is established. 1. Introduction Recently, several expert systems for image processing have been investigated[1][2][3]. Their knowledge-basesinclude human experts' knowledge about image processing techniques, and can generate a sequence of image processing operations to solve the given problem. DIA-Expert system (Digital-Image-Analysis Expert System)[4] is a typical example. When an input image and the goal of analysis are given, it continues to decompose the goal into subgoals until the sequence of executable image processing modules could be found. Here, we...
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...Expert system for the definition of the cutting parameters and machining strategies 1 L.Zaquini1, J.Charpy1, J-P. Bendit2, T.Voumard3, P-E Mathez3, L. Béguelin3 HE-ARC-Ingénierie LMO (Laboratoire de Machines-Outils), University of Applied Science, Le Locle, Switzerland, 2 Jurasoft SA, Porrentruy, Switzerland, 3 Haute Ecole ARC – Software Engineering, University of Applied Science, St-Imier, Switzerland, Switzerland, Abstract The definition of the cutting parameters (Vc, fz, ae, ap), and the definition of the machining strategies or the strategies to engage the tool in the material and to start the cutting process, are usually requested by the CAM systems as input information. These data are usually strongly influenced by the consolidated experience of the operators, by the specific previous similar machining cases and by several other factors depending on the machining practices. In a project, financed by the Swiss national organization for the industrial research, the authors have developed an expert system (ES) in order to get this information through software processes. The paper shows the structure of this expert system. The ES has been realized through the definition of ontology of components and elements of the machining. The ES includes a very large data base of cutting parameters, and is based on the establishment of rules for the competition between the machining strategies. The ES includes learning methods which are able to identify similar operations. The learning...
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...Expert Systems Expert Systems are computer systems which embody some of the experience and specialised knowledge of an expert and thereby mimic the expert and act as a consultant in a particular area. Knowledge is often represented in an Expert System in a knowledge base, which is a network of interconnected rules which represent the human expertise. Expert Systems fall into a field known as Artificial Intelligence. This field is concerned with the development of computer intelligence. The goal of Artificial Intelligence is to develop computers that can think, as well as see, hear, walk, talk and feel. A major thrust of Artificial Intelligence is the development of computer functions normally associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning and problem solving. Advances in computer processing power open the way for wider use of so-called Artificial Intelligence, at the same time that the self-serve aspect of online processes has increased the need for systems that "think." As time goes on and as patterns change, the computer learns because it is constantly being given cause and effect. The Expert System Expert System Development Financial Decision Making The financial services industry has become a vigorous user of Expert System techniques. With their high level of accuracy and reliability, Expert Systems easily replace complex human decision-making. This is done with the help of their expert knowledge-bases into...
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...EXPERT SYSTEMS Advantages • The computer can store far more information than a GP. It can draw on a wide variety of sources such as stored knowledge from books, case studies to help in diagnosis and advice on things such as prescriptions / symptoms • The computer does not 'forget' or make mistakes – remembers obscure cases of heart diseases • Data can be kept up-to-date e.g. adding more results of radiology scans / constant updating • The expert system is always available 24 hours a day. • Will never 'retire'. • The system can be used at a distance over a network. Therefore rural areas or even poorer third world countries have access to experts. • Provides accurate predictions with probabilities of all possible problems with more accurate advice especially for obscure illnesses • Some people prefer the privacy of 'talking' to a computer rather than talking to a GP • Gives the doctor more time to deal with other patients / saves overloading doctors in epidemic/pandemic / more time to deal with serious cases • Can provide a second opinion • It can help train young doctors in unfamiliar diseases. • People can do an initial diagnosis from home saving them travel and time costs especially if in a rural area or have long waiting lists to see a GP, e.g. if you suspect your child has a rash you could quickly check the symptoms for meningitis. THREE COMPONENTS: KNOWLEDGE BASE INTERFERENCE ENGINE USER INTERFACE Disadvantags: • Over reliance on IT system / Loss...
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...The Dreyfus Model Introduction: Dreyfus brothers have stated a theory which depicts the stages of an individual's progression in achieving professional expertise. They have been broken down into a series of five stages: novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, and expert. The phenomenological model states that an expertise in any skill and medical skill, in particular, cannot be captured by the rule-based expert system. It argues that the expertise is said to be an unconscious and automatic performance which cannot be programmed. Thus, the progression is explained to be a gradual transition from a strict rule adherence to an intuitive mode of judgement. The authur assumes that intuition arises though expertise. Thus an expert system would not be able to rise over the level of competence. Dreyfus emphasises on experience (non-analytical) over rules(analytical). The main theme revolves around the following five stages: The Novice: Dreyfus Model explains that a novice should follow memorise and follow rules without feeling any responsibility of judgement or perception. He would need to be monitored either by self-observation or through instructional feedback. This would help the novice concentrate and internalise the rules and procedures. Dreyfus believes that the task environment is decomposed into context-free features so that a beginner can easily follow the instructions without actually knowing the desired skill. In this stage the beginner is merely following rules...
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...Identify and discuss reasons why you think GIS technology currently requires technical experts to apply it in crisis management situations. What are the key issues that need to be addressed? Suppose you had funding resources to combat this problem, where and why would you spend that money? The debate that surrounds the issue of GIS expertise in emergency management seemingly stems from the identity and capabilities of practitioners in crisis management situations. The first or local responders in crisis situations in all likelihood will be police, fire or medical response units; who although highly skilled will not be required to possess any substantial amount of GIS knowledge. Although this observation is simplistic, the cyclical nature and/or role of GIS within emergency management convey the link between GIS expertise and emergency management. The cyclical presence of GIS in the emergency response cycle for example displays how the discipline can be involved in the process of preparedness due to its role in the process of rescue. The presence of GIS expertise in emergency management can be in part explained by the want and desire on the part GIS professionals to retain the consistency and integrity of data pertaining to any given hazard or disaster. This endeavour to build and maintain a reliable data stream facilitates more accurate and thorough long term analysis leading to the delivery of relevant short term information. Operationally the presence of...
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...Benefits of DSS Decision support systems are computer systems that assist the user in complex problem solving or decision-making. They are an integrated approach to the age-old problem of helping people make better decisions. Decision support sys-tems typically have quantitative output and place emphasis on the end user for final problem solving and decision-making. An expert system (ES) is another computer tool used for decision-making. Expert systems use qualitative rather than quantitative reasoning. They perform at a level generally recognized as equivalent to that of a human expert or special-ist in a particular field. Often, ES are developed around very specific and highly detailed “domains” and thus tend to be narrow in their range of knowledge. The use of DSS within animal production allows produc-ers to integrate information into more useable forms and enhances management skills through improved decision-making and increased capacity for benefit:cost and risk analyses, and DSS allows comparisons of the cost-effectiveness of various production alternatives. They can reduce costs of production and improve productivity and sustainability by matching livestock requirements to feed inputs. As well, they can be used as education tools to in-crease the effectiveness of educating current and future gen-erations of primary producers and service agents. In addition, DSS can be used to test alternative animal production strate-gies that would take years to determine using traditional...
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...QUESTION 1 a. Describe how expert systems perform inference [4 marks] Inferencing is the reasoning process of AI. It takes place in the brain of an AI process. The brain of an expert system is the inference engine that provides a methodology for reasoning about information in the knowledge base. Inference can be performed using semantics networks, production rules, and logic statements. b. Describe generic categories of Expert Systems applications [16 marks] Diagnosis. These are mainly used in the medical field to recommend remedies to illnesses, trouble-shoot electronic or mechanical problems or as debugging tools. Repair. Expert systems that define repair strategies are also very common. As well as diagnosing the problem they can suggest a plan for the repair of the item. The repair plan typically contains a scheduling structure and some control structure to validate the repair process. Such systems have been employed in the automotive repair field and similar areas. Instruction. They are mainly used in the training of pilots . Instructional expert systems have been used for individualised training or instruction in a particular field. The system presents material in an order determined by its evaluation of the user’s ability and current knowledge and monitor’s the progress of the student, altering the sequence depending on this progress. Interpretation. Interpretive expert systems have the ability to analyse data to determine its significance or...
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...technology. Ex. Some of VR users develop cybersickness such as eyestrain and motion sickness * Another limitation is the cost of VR system Intelligent Agents They are growing in popularity as a way to use artificial intelligence routines in software to help users accomplish many kinds of tasks in e-business and e-commerce. They are software surrogate for an end user or a process that fulfills a stated need or activity. They are also called software robots or bots because of special purpose knowledge-based information systems that accomplished specific tasks for user They are growing rapidly as a way to simplify software use, search websites on the internet and corporate intranets, and help customers do comparison shopping among the many e-commerce sites on the web. They are becoming more necessary.Intelligent agents like those in Ask Jeeves help you find information in a variety of categories from many online sources Expert System It is a knowledge-based information system that uses in knowledge about specific, complex application area to act as an expert consultant to end users.It provides answers to questions in a very specific problem area by making humanlike inferences about knowledge contained in a specialized knowledge base.Knowledge base contains facts about a specific subject area and heuristics that express the reasoning procedures of an expert on the subject Methods of knowledge Representations * Case based reasoning – representing knowledge...
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...Since the 1970s,Transaction processing systems are already available and was already used by nearly all businesses. The development of transaction processing systems is pushed forward by the advent of the Internet which turned this system a booming software. We are all aware that the cost of buying and implementing the necessary software has dropped so much and is now very affordable to all. Most businesses can now apply the softwares profitably. Many transaction are now readily available and less time consuming. Anyone can now do banking from home, booking a holiday on the net, shopping and working from home are all now, and that was made possible by transaction processing. Transaction processing is actually a computer-based group of logical operations. Success of all the operations or failure of the operation as a group makes the transaction processing to work. For example if you are buying an item, the process of buying include paying the price from your account. That consists debiting your account according to the price of an item, and crediting your utility provider’s account. The system to be efficient it needs to pass the ACID test. Transactions are known as atomic, and that mean the transaction will either happen or not. If one account is debited, then another account has to be credited. For example for the transaction processing to work, both the debiting from your account and crediting to the provider’s account should be successful. Supposing your account was...
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