...Discuss factors relating to attitudes to food and eating behaviours. (8+16 marks) Sophie Wright Attitudes to food and eating behaviour can be influenced by several factors including culture, mood and health concerns. One explanation of attitudes to food regards the social learning theory and involves the role of parental modelling within our food choices. Social learning theory emphasises the impact that observing other people has on our own attitudes and behaviour. In terms of food choices, parental modelling inevitably affects children because parents control the foods bought and served in the home. Brown and Ogden (2004) reported consistent correlations between parents and their children in terms of snack food intake, eating motivations and body dissatisfactions, reinforcing the idea that children mimic the behaviours of their parents. Not only does social learning apply to the effect of our parents, but also to the effect of the media and peers. MacIntyre et al (1998) studied the impact of the media on eating behaviour and found that the media have an impact both on what people eat, and also their attitudes to certain foods. However, MacIntyre also stated that how much we are influenced is determined by many other factors, for example age, income and background. The findings of Meyer and Gast’s 2006 study on the influence of peers support the idea of social learning theory in relation to eating behaviour. They surveyed 10-12 year olds and found a positive correlation...
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...Compare the ways the poets present different attitudes towards eating out in the poems ‘The Sweet Menu’ and ‘Eating Out’. 1000 Words. In both poems ‘The Sweet Menu’ and ‘Eating Out’, the poets use a range of linguistic techniques to convey the different attitudes towards eating out. In ‘Eating Out’ the poem is written in unrhymed couplets, 14 lines with an extra last line. This gives the somewhat effect of a sonnet possessing an extra line. The poem is told in a series of different experiences in restaurants. Throughout the poem, Fanthorpe recalls visits to restaurants taking the form of initiation in fine dining which was experienced in the poets childhood as her father rehearsed with her the ‘grown-up’ eating out. Fanthorpe has built most of the poem on particular incidents and memories. However the first line encapsulates the whole meaning of the poem: ‘Adventures into rehearsed but unknown living’. This is gives a slight sense of contradiction. ‘Adventures’ should be spontaneous and exciting, but here they are in set patterns of idealised middle-class behaviour about good restaurant dining ‘rehearsed but unknown living’. Throughout the poem, the gradually maturing poet feels dominated by her parents, in clearly Freudian terms. Even as a grown-up woman, when ordering food at a restaurant with her mother, she is unsettled by her mother saying ‘I’ll have whatever you’re having dear’. ‘The Sweet Menu’ is also written in unrhymed couplets with one final single...
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...Discuss attitudes to food and eating behaviour (35 marks) One explanation for eating behaviour is through Bandura’s social theory observing modelled from other people. Children may learn their attitudes to eating behaviour through observing parents and the satisfaction they receive and through this vicarious learning, they may come to model the behaviour themselves. Children will identify with their parents and their preferences and the satisfaction they receive and through this vicarious learning, they may come to model the behaviour themselves. Children will identify with their parents closely and research by Brown et al found a consistent correlation between eating habits of parents and their children around snack food intake, motivation to eat and dissatisfaction around their body. Parents also tend to shape children’s eating habits through their own as they control the purchase of foods eaten within the home. If parents purchase food based on their own preferences this will invariably affect children eating habits. Social learning may also occur through the media with book and television highlighting different attitude which people observe and learn from. This may occur through celebrities people may identify with who may highlight particular food diets and the benefits gained such as losing weight for example. People may also learn about healthy eating this way and appropriate foods to eat. Macintyre et al found the media did influence peoples food preferences however...
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... 2. Who else influenced Paul’s decisions? 3. How did Paul’s definition of family expand to include the community later on in the film? 4. How and why does Paul’s attitude change over the course of the movie? 5. How would you characterize his level of personal responsibility and investment as events unfolded? 6. How would you describe Paul’s level of empowerment throughout the movie? Explain. Homework for next class: On a separate piece of paper write a paragraph where you explain how the colonization of Rwanda by the Belgians connects to the massacre and the conditions of the people today. You may use details from the movie, the timeline, and outside research to compose your answer. I expect that you use three examples to support your ideas. _____/15 NAME: ______________________________ Hotel Rwanda Movie Assignment Answer these questions on a separate piece of paper while watching the movie. First, take notes while watching the movie; then, rewrite your notes into complete sentences that answer these questions: 1. What role did Tatiana Rusesabagina play in shaping Paul’s actions? 2. Who else influenced Paul’s decisions? 3. How did Paul’s definition of family expand to include the community later on in the film? 4. How and why does Paul’s attitude change over the course of the movie? 5. How would you characterize his level of personal responsibility and investment as events unfolded? 6. How would you describe...
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...Implicit Association Test Gina Pylka ETH/125 October 27, 2013 Constance Dolecki Implicit Association Test I found taking a couple of the tests on the IAT homepage interesting. The test I took said I had an automatic preference for young compared to old. I found the results something to think about. I would of said I had no known preference. In examining our own prejudices I think we automatically respond in terms of race and ethnic backgrounds. There are so many other areas in life where our prejudices surface. My understanding of prejudice is a negative attitude towards an entire group of people. By this simple explanation after taking this test it becomes clear to me that without even realizing it there is a prejudice because I prefer one group to another. This being the case for most of us I will assume for right now. I would have to say that prejudice would be difficult to measure. Some prejudice is very clear and directly out in the open. Some examples would be in how we respond to other’s because of the where they live or how they dress. Jumping to conclusions about someone without getting to know them is such a loss for everybody involved I personally feel. What has come clear to me in this weeks assignments is that no matter how hard we try I think we are always prejudice against others. The lines aren’t always clear when it comes to how we approach or avoid people as we go about own individual lives. Boundaries can shift as things happen to us or around us...
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...Attitude Theories Your attitude is your positive or negative evaluation about an object. There is more than one theory about how a person’s attitude is formed through cognitive, behavioral, and affective processes. This paper will outline two theories of how a person’s attitude is formed. Self Perception Theory Fazio stated that self perception theory argued that attitudes stem from the observation of one’s behavior. (Fazio, 1987, p. 129) A person’s attitude toward something is formed after that person observes their behavior toward an object. An example is you listen to rock music, therefore you must like it, and you would form a positive attitude towards rock music based on your behavior of listening to it. An individual decides their attitude, and emotional feeling toward an object based on the observation of their own behavior and the circumstances that caused the behavior. Self-perception theory also suggests that when the internal cues are weak or uninterpretable, the individual is in the same position as the outside observer who must rely on external cues to infer the individual’s inner state. (Bem, 1972) What I believe to be a negative aspect of this attitude theory is I don’t believe an attitude toward an object is based solely on one’s behavior. An example would be as a child my mother told me to eat spinach and even though I ate the spinach, didn’t mean I liked it because I ate it. I ate it so I wouldn’t get in trouble but my attitude towards spinach was that I...
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...Name Writing Assignment #1 Date I have purchased a product within the last week and half using many of the marketing examples we recently learned about in Chapters 1-4. I have an app on my phone called Wanelo, and it allows you to browse through different items posted on a very simple screen. They have a good website because it saves everything that I have liked, looked at, and even pulls new items in based on what I recently have viewed. One day I was just browsing on this app using my technology, and came across a dress I liked, so I clicked on it and it took me to the website. I went to all the dress selection, and found a dress I just needed to have. I then realized a marketing transaction was going to occur because there was me and the owner, my desire of wanting the dress, communication through email or phone, and my money in exchange for the dress. With this product, I was part of the target market and when I was purchasing it I had to consider the Four P’s: product, price, promotion, and place. The product was my dress, the price was reasonable, the promotion was the convenience of “one click” buy, and the place was the newly installed app right at my fingertips. In the buying process, there were most of the environmental forces in play. I think the social force, played the biggest role as the site was aimed towards everyone but then did a special draw for the generation Y people. There was also the economic forces with knowing my income to whether I...
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...Attitude Survey Paper Lola Shannon PSY/475 September 24, 2011 Stephanie Mead Attitude Survey Paper The purpose of this survey is to show the relationship between social anxieties, fruits/vegetable, food consumption, dieting, and eating attitudes. The behavior between physical and weight control, cigarette smoking and how much fruits/vegetable is consumption is examined within this study. The (EAT) “Eating Attitudes Test” is used around the world as a measure for self reports and eating disorders. Garner and Garfinkel developed the test to measure anorexia nervosa symptoms in (1979). The scores on the EAT-26 derive as the sum of the composite items, ranging from 0-53, with a score of 20 on the EAT-26 used as the cut off (Garner et al., 1982). The three EAT-26 factors are as such: Dieting-F1: avoidance degree, fatty foods, and the thinning preoccupation, Bulimia F2: Food preoccupation/Oral control F3: self control degree when in the present of food. The EAT-26 reliability determines the pilot study of food. The anxiety social physique scale is an original designed of Hart, Leary, and Rejeski (1989). The ASPS of the individual self inventory is a participation respond of 13 items on a point of 5 Likert scale. Historical evidence from 1959 to 1988 has the illustration of the continual shift toward an increased thinner physique in the Western society (Garner, Garfinkel, Schwartz, & Thompson, 1980; Wiseman, Gray, Mosimann, & Ahrens, 1992). In today’s society the...
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...SUGENTHEERAN KOMANNAYAR (28380) GAYTHRI KUPUSAMY (26347) SELF PERCEPTION THEORY Self-perception theory is an account of attitude change developed by psychologist Daryl Bem. It asserts that people develop their attitudes by observing their behaviour and concluding what attitudes must have caused them. The theory is counterintuitive in nature, as the conventional wisdom is that attitudes come prior to behaviours. Furthermore, the theory suggests that a person induces attitudes without accessing internal cognition and mood states. The person reasons their own obvious behaviours rationally in the same way they attempt to explain others’ behaviours. The self perception theories is categories into three parts which is, Foot-In-The-Door technique There is both foot-in-the-door phenomenon and foot-in-the-door technique. As you can guess, the technique is used to get the phenomenon. The phenomenon is the tendency for people to comply with some large request after first agreeing to a small request. As you can then imagine, the technique is used to get compliance from others (to get them to behave in a way you want) in which a small request is made first in order to get compliance for a larger request. For example, someone might want you to give to give 5 hours of your time a week for the three months as a volunteer to a charity (a big request). But to get you to agree to this big request, they first ask you to volunteer for 1 hour one time and one time only. After hearing...
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...Chapter 7 1. An attitude is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including oneself), objects, advertisements, or issues. 2. The functional theory of attitudes was initially developed to explain how attitudes facilitate social behavior. 3. The knowledge function of attitudes applies when a person is in an ambiguous situation and needs order, structure, or meaning. 4. Which of the following attitude functions is associated with a focus on particular social identities and lifestyles (e.g., “What sort of man reads Playboy)? Value-expressive 5. What do the “A, B, Cs” of the ABC model of attitudes stand for? Affect, behavior, and cognition 6. According to the basic of ABC model of attitudes, _____ refers to the beliefs a consumer has about an attitude object. Cognition 7. What is the first step in the standard learning theory hierarchy approach? Cognition 8. The _____ hierarchy assumes the consumer does not initially have a strong preference from one brand over another. Instead, he acts on the basis of limited knowledge and then forms an evaluation only after the products has been purchased or used. Low-involvement 9. According to the _______ hierarchy, the consumer considers purchases based on an attitude of hedonic consumption (such as how the product makes him or her feel or the fun its use will provide). Experiential 10. Researchers agree that there are various levels of commitment to an attitude. The highest level of involvement...
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...Relationship between Attitudes and Behavior Attitude is holding a particular object in some degree of favor or disfavor. The attitude object can be a person, an event, an action or a thing. Previously it was believed that the inner dispositions are what controlled the actions of man. This is to say that man is rational with all behavior being deliberate. However, evidence has shown that this is not always the case and though attitude does influence behavior to an extent, it is not the only factor that influences behavior. Moreover, in some cases behavior can cause attitude change. Theory of planned behavior This theory aimed at predicting deliberate and premeditated behavior. The theory was an add on to the previously formulated theory of reasoned Action when research proved that human action is not entirely voluntary or controlled by rational reason. According to this theory the greatest determinant that leads to behavior is intention (a person’s willingness and readiness to perform a certain action).This intention is determined by attitude towards the behavior, subjective norms and an individual’s perception on their ability to control behavior (Ajzen 2005). Cognitive Dissonance theory According to this theory people have a tendency of seeking a consistency in their inner dispositions (both attitudes and beliefs). Further there is also a need for personal behavior to be in tune with attitudes and beliefs held. If there is a disconnect between behavior and attitudes, then it is...
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...Chapter 7 – Attitudes The Power of Attitudes Attitude: A lasting, general evaluation of people, (including oneself), objects, or issues. • Is lasting because it tends to endure over time • It is general because it applies to more than a momentary event • Can be very product-specific behaviours (Crest toothpaste rather than Colgate) • Can be toward more general consumption-related behaviours (how often they should brush their teeth) Attitude Object (A0): Anything toward which a person has an attitude, whether it is tangible or intangible. The Functions of Attitudes Functional Theory of Attitudes: Attitudes exist because they serve some function for the person; that is, they are determined by a person’s motives. • Developed by psychologist Danial Katz Attitude Functions 1. Utilitarian Function a. Related to the basic principles of reward and punishment b. Develop attitudes based on whether these products provide pleasure or pain c. Ads that stress straightforward product benefits appeal to the utilitarian function 2. Value-expressive Function a. Express the consumer’s central values or self-concept b. Product attitude not because of its objective benefits c. Of what the product says about him/her as a person d. Highly relevant to lifestyle analyses, where consumers cultivate a cluster of activities, interest and opinions to express a particular social identity 3. Ego-defensive Function a. Formed to protect the person, either from external threats...
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...ATTITUDE Introduction Attitude refers to a learned tendency to evaluate things in a special ways which may include evaluation of people, issues, object, or event. The evaluation can be positive or negative and can be uncertain at times. Researcher who took a more behavioural stance define attitude as predisposition to respond consistently in a positive or negative way to some person, object, or situation. Psychologist are in a better position to meet the goals of psychology (describe, explain, predict and influence) when they know the attitude of people. COMPONENT OF ATTITUDE Attitude have been seen as having three dimensions which include A. Cognitive: this represents belief, thought and expectation held about the object of ones attitude. B. Affective or emotional: this reflects feelings or emotional reactions. And can also said to be part of an attitude encompassing how one feels about the object of one attitude. C. Behavioural: this is the predisposition towards actions based on a particular attitude or to act in a way that is relevant to ones attitude. Let see how these three components works together. For example an attitude towards eating caterpillars is said to be unhealthy or likely to do you harm or at any rate the sort of things of things which will make you appear abnormal to others. The effective component will be feelings of disgust or nausea at the thought of eating the things and the behavioural component would be how likely you would be actually...
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...of one or more factors that influence attitudes to food (4 marks + 8 marks) Social learning theory emphasises the impact that observing other people has on our own attitudes and behaviour. One way children acquire their attitudes to food is observing and imitating their peers. Birch et al. carried out an experiment finding that children would try a vegetable they disliked if their peers were eating said vegetable. This supports the view that peer modelling is significant in a child’s preference for vegetables since they shifted their preference for several weeks after the study was carried out, suggesting that effects are long lasting rather than temporary. This study strengthens social learning as a factor affecting attitudes to food as it provides evidence to suggest that children’s peers can influence their eating habits.. Further supporting evidence for the theory would be that of Meyer and Gast (2008). They carried out a survey which involved 10-12 year old boys and girls. They found a positive correlation between peer influence and eating disorder. The more the children liked their peers, the more of an influence they had on their eating habits. This supports social learning theory as it suggests that we imitate the eating behaviour of others, especially those who we view as role models or people we like e.g. friends. The research has practical real world implications. This is because the findings suggest that our eating habits are affected by those around us...
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...Zimmern. There are many examples of this from things such as a lamb’s eyeball, a frog’s heart or even water rodents. These types of foods seem strange to most but within the culture the food is a supreme delicacy. What types of attitude towards the food in front of you is your choice. However, according to the article “The Rooster’s Head in the Soup” written by Tim Cahill, he presents his own experience of tasting strange food during...
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