...Outline and evaluate one psychological explanation and one biological explanation of an eating disorder. [24 marks] Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterised by recurrent binge-eating followed by self-induced vomiting or another compensatory behaviour (purging). One psychological explanation of bulimia nervosa is the functional model which was created by Polivy et al. in 1994. This model suggests that individuals engage in the binge-eating associated with BN as a way of coping with identity problems, particularly those associated with self-image. By overeating the person can attribute any resulting distress to the overeating rather than to the more serious underlying issues associated with threats to their emotional well-being. This led to the view that bulimic binge behaviour was purposeful for individuals dealing with life stressors. The functional model assumes that individuals with BN engage in binge-eating as a way of avoiding identity issues. Wheeler et al. (2001) proposed that negative self-image and a desire to escape from difficult life issues predicted the onset of bulimic behaviour, the consequence of which was a diffuse-avoidant identity style. Individuals in this state feel externally controlled, use emotion-focused rather than problem-focused coping strategies, and avoid the exploration of identity issues. Consequently they maintain a negative self-image and feel socially isolated. Polivy et al. provided evidence for the claim that BN is a functional...
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...Transaction, Operating, & Accounting (Translation) Exposures Foreign Exchange Exposure – measures the potential for a firm’s profitability, net cash flow, and market value to alter because of a change in exchange rates. Q: What are the three main foreign exchange exposures? A: 1) Transaction Exposure 2) Operating Exposure 3) Accounting Exposure Transaction Exposure – measures changes in the value of outstanding financial obligations incurred prior to a change in exchange rates. Operating Exposure (Economic Exposure, Competitive Exposure, Strategic Exposure) – measures a change in the present value of a firm resulting from any change in future expected operating cash flows caused by unexpected changes in exchange rates. Accounting Exposure (Translation Exposure) – measures accounting-derived changes in owner’s equity as a result of translating foreign currency financial statements into a single reporting currency. Exhibit 8.1 [pic] Note: In the fourth quarter of 2001 Amazon.com reported a net income of $5 million, due in part to a one-time foreign currency gain of $16 million. Hedging – To take a position that will rise (or fall) in value to offset a change in value of an existing position. |Benefits of Hedging |Costs of Hedging | |Improved the planning capability of the firm. |Risk-averse strategy that benefits management...
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...LESSON FIVE & SIX – ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT EATING DISORDERS ------------------------------------------------- Specification link: You will be able to outline and evaluate: ------------------------------------------------- Biological, including neural and evolutionary, explanations of anorexia nervosa ------------------------------------------------- Psychology explanations of anorexia nervosa Outline and description of theories | Research evidence and commentary | IntroductionThe DSM-IV Rev identifies three categories of eating disorder: * Anorexia nervosa 1. AN -restricting type – refusal to eat 2. AN- binge eating/purging type – episodes of binge eating followed by removal of food from the body by vomiting, laxatives, or enemas.Both of these are associated with significant weight loss and the other symptoms of AN. * Bulimia nervosa – episodes of binging followed by removal of food from the body by vomiting, laxatives, or enemas (no significant weight loss). * Eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS)The four major symptoms of anorexia nervosa are: * The body weight is 85% or less of normal weight for age and height * Distorted perception of body weight/shape, and/or denial that the weight loss is severe * Intense fear of becoming fat * Loss of three consecutive menstrual cycles in women (amenorrhoea)Anorexia nervosa (AN) and Bulimia nervosa (BN) have much in common, particularly a dissatisfaction with body weight and/or shape....
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...Eating Disorder Outline I. What is an eating disorder A. Disturbance in Eating B. Has Psychiatric Classification in Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV-R) C. Coping Mechanism II. Coping III. Eating Continuum IV. Normal Eating Normal Eating is being able to eat when you are hungry and continue eating until you are satisfied. Normal eating is being able to use some moderate constraint on your food selection to get the right food, but not being so restrictive that you miss out on pleasurable foods. Normal eating is giving yourself permission to eat sometimes because you are happy, sad or bored, or just because it feels good Normal eating is three meals a day, or it can be choosing to munch along. It is leaving some cookies on the plate because you know you can have some again tomorrow, or it is eating more now because they taste so wonderful when they are fresh. Normal eating is overeating at times: feeling stuffed and uncomfortable. It is also under-eating at times and wishing you had more. Normal eating is trusting your body to make up for your mistakes in eating. Normal eating takes up some of your time and attention, but keeps its place as only one important area of your life. In short, normal eating is flexible. It varies in response to your emotions, your schedule, your hunger and your proximity to food. V. Chronic Dieters 1. 2. 3. VI. Types of eating disorders a. Anorexia ...
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...Binge Eating Student Name University Binge Eating Binge eating disorder (BED) is the underlying cause of major health issues such as Digestive and Psychological problems. Binge eating is characterized by voracious cravings that can arise any time. BED causes stresses the organs and body causing a disastrous decline in health This disease occurs in 1>35 adults in the U.S. This translates to 3-5% of women (about 5 million) and 2 % of men (3 million). Although eating disorders are typically twice as common in women, BED seems to be an “equal opportunity” disorder, with 40% occurrence in men. Data also indicates the BED does not discriminate against race (Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, 2013). Binge eating causes notable consequences such as digestive issues, a hormonal imbalance and psychological problems. For instance, excessive eating causes severe digestive disorders and left untreated will not only continue to result in overeating, but could also lead to sickness and even disease. When we have poor digestion, we don't get adequate energy from our food. This is mainly because it doesn't fully break down, so we eat more, attempting to obtain the energy from food. As a result, we have even less energy because we’ve binged or consumed food we couldn't digest. Bloating, feeling heavy, pain, heartburn and gas are all signs of poor digestion. Also feeling tired after a meal is a sign of poor digestion. When food is properly digested it initially gives...
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...Eating Disorder Outline I. What is an eating disorder A. Disturbance in Eating B. Has Psychiatric Classification in Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV-R) C. Coping Mechanism II. Coping III. Eating Continuum IV. Normal Eating Normal Eating is being able to eat when you are hungry and continue eating until you are satisfied. Normal eating is being able to use some moderate constraint on your food selection to get the right food, but not being so restrictive that you miss out on pleasurable foods. Normal eating is giving yourself permission to eat sometimes because you are happy, sad or bored, or just because it feels good Normal eating is three meals a day, or it can be choosing to munch along. It is leaving some cookies on the plate because you know you can have some again tomorrow, or it is eating more now because they taste so wonderful when they are fresh. Normal eating is overeating at times: feeling stuffed and uncomfortable. It is also under-eating at times and wishing you had more. Normal eating is trusting your body to make up for your mistakes in eating. Normal eating takes up some of your time and attention, but keeps its place as only one important area of your life. In short, normal eating is flexible. It varies in response to your emotions, your schedule, your hunger and your proximity to food. V. Chronic Dieters 1. 2. 3. VI. Types of eating disorders a. Anorexia ...
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...Outline and evaluate one psychological explanation and one biological explanation of one eating disorder. (8 marks + 16 marks) Anorexia is an eating disorder of abnormal weight loss dropping below 85% of what was previously considered normal. This is characterised by low blood pressure, amenorrhoea and depression, as well as other bodily changes. Anorexia is caused by strict controls on weight and unusual eating habits which can be explained through both psychological and biological explanations. The psychological explanation of anorexia is explained through cultural ideas in the media which portrays thin models on TV and magazines. This is a significant contributory factor in body image concerns and the drive for thinness among Western adolescent girls. Research by Jones and Buckingham found that people with low self-esteem are more likely to compare themselves to idealised imagines portrayed in the media. There is a wealth of evidence to support the view that the mass media portrays slender as a beauty ideal which people strive to follow. For instance, Goresz et al (2001) reviewed 25 studies and showed that this ideal causes bodily dissatisfaction and contributes to the development of eating disorders, particularly affecting girls aged 19 and below. Furthermore, there also comes support from a natural observation carried out by Becker et al (2002) in a study of Fijian adolescents. It was found that after the introduction of television to an island, these girls stated...
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...Outline and evaluate psychological explanations for anorexia nervosa [20 marks]. Behavioural explanations of anorexia nervosa (AN) suggest that slimming becomes a ‘habit’, through stimulus response mechanisms. For example, the person does on a diet and receives praise either for their efforts or their new slimmer appearance. Operant conditioning then takes effect as the admiration from others further reinforces their dieting behaviour. Rewards may also come in the form of attention gained from parents by not eating. Behavioural psychologists also propose anorexia as a phobia concerning the possibility of gaining weight. The portrayal of thin models on TV and in magazines is a significant contributory factor in body image concerns and the drive for thinness among Western adolescent girls. Jones and Buckingham found people with low self-esteem are more likely to compare themselves to idealised images portrayed in the media. Garner et al (1980) noted that the winners of Miss America and the centrefolds in Playboy magazine have consistently been below the average female weight and have become significantly more so since 1959. Thus the slender female perceived as being the cultural ideal might be one cause of the fear of being fat. A study by Becker of adolescent Fijian girls found that after the introduction of television to the island, these girls stated a desire to lose weight and to b like the women they saw on Western television; this lead to a significant increase in eating...
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...Recommended Reading - Annotated Bibliography Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge-Eating 3 Anorexia Nervosa: A Guide to Recovery 3 Beating Ana: How to Outsmart your Eating Disorder and Take Your Life Back 3 Beginner’s Guide to Eating Disorders Recovery 3 *Biting the Hand That Starves You 4 *Bulimia: A Guide to Recovery 4 Eating Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence, 3rd Ed. 4 Eating Disorders: Journey to Recovery Workbook 4 *Desperately Seeking Self: An Inner Guidebook For People With Eating Problems 5 *Life without ED: How One Woman Declared Independence from Her Eating Disorder and How You Can Too 5 Overcoming Overeating 6 *Overcoming Binge Eating 6 *The Anorexia Workbook: How To Accept Yourself, Heal Your Suffering, And Reclaim Your Life 6 *The Overcoming Bulimia Workbook 7 *Skinny Boy: A Young Man’s Battle and Triumph Over Anorexia 7 When Dieting Becomes Dangerous: A Guide to Understanding and Treating Anorexia and Bulimia……………7 Body Image and Self-Esteem 8 *Body Image Workbook: An 8-step Program For Learning To Like Your Looks (2nd Ed.) 8 *Body Love: Learning to Like Our Looks and Ourselves 8 *Feeling Good About the Way You Look………………………..……………………………..8 Girls Rock: Wise Teens Offer Tweens and Moms Advice on Healthy Body Image, Self-Esteem, and Personal Empowerment.9 Life Doesn’t Begin Five Pounds From Now 9 Love your Body: Change the Way You Feel about the Body You Have 9 *Self...
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...Specific Purpose: To educate my audience about Anorexia Nervosa. Thesis Statement: Just a glance at all the horrifying aspects of Anorexia Nervosa and how it affects the mind and body. I. Introduction: A. Attention Getter: In this world there are 10 to 30 million Americans who are challenged everyday with an eating disorder (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner, P 288) B. Thesis Statement: Just a glance at all the horrifying aspects of Anorexia Nervosa and how it affects the mind and body. C. Credibility Statement: Ever since I was thirteen years old, I have had this image engraved into my mind. The perfect body type. Something I didn’t ever really have. But once of my friends took the “perfect image” to the next level, that’s when I decided to educate myself on Anorexia Nervosa. D. Importance of Topic: Unfortunately, we live in a world where if you are built “big boned” you’re ugly, if you are too skinny, you’re ugly, if you have a certain hair color, you’re ugly, and if you have acne, you’re ugly. But if you’re blonde, you’re beautiful, if you are tan, you’re beautiful, and if you are from California, you’re beautiful. In this world there is no winning unless you are Jennifer Lopez, Halle Berry, or Scarlett Johansson. E. Preview: The main points that I’ll be covering will give a better understanding on what leads people to become anorexic, how it effects the mind and body, and other simple signs that occur when someone is dealing with being anorexic...
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...Virginia A Hess PSY 410 December 12, 2013 Kelley Smith Case of Karen Carpenter Anorexia nervosa happens when an individual fixates on being thin. The individual with anorexia will become obsessed with the amount of food that he or she will intake. Individuals with anorexia usually decline to consume food as well as are in denial about being hungry. These individuals are also scared to get weight as well as view themselves in a bad way. They tend to avoid social situations that involve eating. These individuals suffer from different physical problems for example dizziness/fainting, dry skin, dehydration, constipation, as well as decreased blood pressure level (Hansell & Damour, 2008). This can also result in death like in the case of Karen Carpenter. This paper will be discussing her tragic struggle with this disorder. Case Karen Carpenter was an American singer who battled with anorexia nervosa in the 1960’s. Her struggle with disorder would bring eating disorders to the public and would later contribute to her death. At an early age Karen was teased by her older brother being called “fatso”. Her mother also would make comments that made her aware of her flawed body figure. Her mother would remind her of the fact that big hips run in the family. At the age of 17 she lost 25 pounds. Career At the age of 19 Karen and her brother were signed to A&M Records. This would be the start to Karen being in the spotlight. Being in the spotlight made Karen...
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...fast food intake, and too much television watching for long periods of time and not enough physical activity, and the portion size of foods being bought (Brantley 2005). What are some health problems associated with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder? Anorexia nervosa can cause osteoporosis, brittle nails and hair, yellow and dry skin, muscle weakness, constipation, low blood pressure, brain damage, and organ failure and body weakness. People who become anorexic believe that they are over-weight ("What Are Eating Disorders?", 2011). Bulimia nervosa can cause sore throat, swollen glands, tooth decay and acid reflux, intestinal issues from laxative abuse, dehydration and heart attack. People who become bulimic fear becoming over-weight ("What Are Eating Disorders?", 2011). Binge-eating disorder can cause cardiovascular disease and high blood pressure. People who binge- eats lose control over their eating and are often obese or over-weight ("What Are Eating Disorders?", 2011). Explain, from a physiological standpoint, how eating disorders may lead to health problems. Provide at least three examples to support your answer. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, “An eating disorder is an illness that causes serious disturbances to your everyday diet, such as...
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...Dying to be Thin: America’s Obsession with the Anorexic Profile. Matthew Smith Strayer University SOC100 Sociology Professor Sheila Farr April 29, 2012 In today’s society we have a standard by which we compare ourselves to others. We judge the people around us by physical appearance before we even meet and get to know them. Mental disorders revolved around eating stem from this kind of mass judgment. These standards are often not based around our own appearance but by the standards set for us via the Media. We allow ourselves to become over saturated with these images of the ”perfect” person. Why is it that the people who aren’t even in our live get to decide the way we look? We put our bodies through hell trying to meet and manage these expectations that society has placed on us. Is this really necessary with all the other pressures we face on a daily basis? Which begs the question, why is our society dying to be thin? In many other cultures it is a sign of wealth and prosperity to be overweight. This girth is afforded by a station above all others and looked upon with envy. (Popenoe, 2004)As a result there are few without this stature within these cultures. The small and skinny are those who can’t afford to eat as robustly. Other societies, like our own have taken an opposing stance on this. The small are suspended on pedestals while the over -weight are rejected. It has not always been this way, however. Through the years our perspectives have been skewed by...
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...Body Fat and Eating Disorders Tony Sadler SCI 241 Nicole Walker 11 June 2013 Body composition is composed of lean tissues and fats in the body. Lean tissue includes muscle, bone, and organs, while fats include essential, non-essential, and storage. Obesity has environmental and lifestyle effects. Some effects include high availability of fast food and high fat content food. Advertisements for different types of foods are seen all over the television, and a lot of the ads are for unhealthy foods that are aimed at children. Many families are limited to buying the cheaper foods that are found in stores. Health foods are often more costly and low income families simply cannot afford them. Inexpensive foods are often served in portions that are well above the recommendations for servings. Families keep themselves so busy in this day and time, and this leads to buying foods that are convenient to make. Convenience foods can often be high in fat and calories, making them unhealthy choices. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that causes a fear of gaining weight. A person may feel fat even though he or she is extremely thin. Some of the health problems associated with anorexia are changes in brain chemistry, brittle hair and nails, weak muscles, bone loss, and fractures. Anorexia can also cause kidney failure and growth problems. Bulimia nervosa is when large amounts of food are uncontrollably eaten and then purged. A person with bulimia may use methods like...
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...Abstract The main purpose of this extended project dissertation is as following: to explore the causes of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, in particular the biological, psychological and societal causes. Eating disorders are becoming increasingly common in today’s society and the causes of theses disorders are not completely known. This essay explores the symptoms of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, the risks and consequences of suffering from such disorders. The essay also concentrates upon how eating disorders are gradually affecting more and more men and children – something that was not often seen before. The main focus of this project is to discover whether the causes of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa stem from pre-dispositions which are linked with the body and mind or rather stemmed from society. The main biological reasons which the essay focuses on are; damaged hypothalamuses and genetic hereditariness. The main environmental causes of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa that I have studied are media influences and undesirable conditions for raising children. In writing this project I believe that I have developed valuable skills that I will need in my subjects which include; being able to extract key information from large pieces of text, researching, speedy note taking and the ability to weigh up two sides of an argument fairly and without bias. I am also aware that the skills I am developing while writing this dissertation...
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