...an increase in deaths, and economic losses. The epidemic of the Ebola virus provoked fear within the hearts of many. This epidemic in West Africa shows how a disease can grow rapidly and cause huge problems because of poor healthcare systems incapable of handling the issue. The outbreak of Ebola started in Guinea in December 2013 and began to spread into neighboring countries such as Sierra Leone, Liberia, and few cases in Nigeria. In August 2014, President Barrack Obama declared Ebola to be an international public health emergency. To understand a disease, scientists not only need to know how to understand it clinically but also how other people will perceive it. It is clear that a biomedical approach alone could not address the issue, but taking an interdisciplinary approach from different fields such as biology, mathematics, anthropology, and psychology to name a few are needed to develop successful health interventions to address the Ebola issue. At the time of the outbreak, the healthcare systems in West Africa especially in those regions, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone are extremely limited. Healthcare systems within these impoverished countries did not have the resources nor funds to respond rapidly to the outbreak. There were inadequate numbers of qualified health workers. Liberia has 0.014 physicians per 1,000 people; Sierra Leone's is 0.022 and Guinea's is 0.1 physicians per 1,000 people (Ebola timeline). Infrastructure, logistics, health information, surveillance...
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...Statement of the Issue: There are many pressing health issues to be addressed in the upcoming election. In light of the recent Ebola outbreak, you will be expected to choose a position on this issue and a course of action. Ebola is a rare and deadly disease that originated in what is now known as the Democratic Republic of Congo, it is caused by infection with one of the five Ebola species. It can be transmitted through blood or bodily fluids, objects (like needles and syringes) that have been contaminated with the virus, infected fruit bats or primates. Symptoms of a person infected with the virus include fever, severe headache, fatigue, muscle pain, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain and unexplained bleeding or bruising. Symptoms may appear anywhere form 2 to 21 days after exposure to the virus, and a person is...
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...Year 1976 , when I first reigned in Sudan and Democratic Republic of Congo where I get my name . Meantless, I really don’t expect that great humans are to afraid of me, I let my kids—clans ,scratch and sprout more faster ,thanks to their help. But lately, I came slow and weak so I let just stop my plan and recharge. Then after it, my popularity came down . I promise I will come back more popular than it someday and here I am now. This time recently, I attacked in Western Africa , remember my plan? I just continue it and guess what ? 15,400 are reported infected and 5,100 killed. I am now so powerful . Lately people do anything just to ignore me, but don’t they see that they’re the only one making way to let me in into their weak body? Now, they’re trying to kill me . but that’s a do or die game. Injecting what so ever medicines and liquids around their body with me let me do job more hard but I still have to try that’s why it results in their internal bleeding also some of my branches are transmitted through their bodily fluids like saliva, teardrops ,vomit and others. Honestly, I may just be a virus for them but I also have feelings , feelings cannot be understood by them .They do not believe to it ‘couz they’re not like me. Its just kind of abuse, abuse that neither rich or poor people do. Something that will remind them right now how hard it is to be poor. Not in material things but environmental and habitat. I might not be with them right now if...
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...A trademark protects any phrase, symbol, and/or design that identify the source or origin of the goods or the services of one party from those of others. Federal registration are not required but recommended, as it adds value to the goods or services set forth in the registration. Trademarks can be licensed to third parties, it to third parties, be sold with a specified value or used as equity for business development. A patent protects the functional expression of an idea, it grants the property right to the inventor in exchange for public disclosure of the invention. In order to qualify for a patent, an invention must be novel, useful and non-obvious. A registered patent can be used to raise funds for business, licensed or sell the invention. A copyright protects works of authorship, the specific creative expression of an idea through any medium of artistic expression that has been tangibly expressed. Copyright provides licensing fee and royalty payments. Copyright’s filing fee is small, registration period is relatively short, and the examination process is administrative. For trademark, the filing fee is much higher with a longer registration period, and an adversarial examination process. Registration and filling are desirable but not requite for both copyright and trademark, however it is a necessary step for issue patent. Both Copyrights and patents are under federal law while trademark laws differ in each state. There is also a federal trademark law. Once a work...
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...button to indicate that a screenreader is being used so we may better provide accessible content DEBUNKING TH E MYTHS OF DEBUNKING THE MYTHS OF EBOLA MARK PHILLIPS WESTERN GOVENERS UNIVERSITY LUT1 Debunking The Myths Of Ebola Introduction a. Audience Hook: There seems to be a lot of hysteria about Ebola in the news media. Look at any news source and Ebola is probably on the front page. It makes it seem as though we should be frightened, but how much of a threat does Ebola pose? This presentation was put together to debunk the myths of Ebola and outline what is being done to combat its spread in the United States. b. Thesis Statement: Research suggest that the current Ebola outbreak will not be an epidemic in the United States because it has limited transmission vectors, limited survival on fomites (inanimate objects), and adequate containment measures are achievable to prevent its transmission. Additionally the U.S. community and government responses will be much different than they are in the countries where Ebola is escalating. c. Preview of Main Points: i. Research indicates Ebola is not transmittable through the air but only by direct contact with an infected source so it appears that contact precautions will be an adequate barrier to its spread. ii. Ebola has limited ability to live on fomites therefore research shows that fomites must contain large sources of body fluids in order for the disease to...
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...disappeared and newer, more daunting ones have emerged. Many of these changes have taken place in the wake of important transformations in human civilizations and ecology. It is therefore feasible to propose that diseases succeed and fail in response to humanity's advances. Natural selection is unable to provide us with perfect protection against all pathogens, because they tend to evolve much faster than humans do. E. coli, for example, with its rapid rates of reproduction, has as much opportunity for mutation and selection in one day as humanity gets in a millennium. And our defenses, whether natural or artificial, make for potent selection forces. Pathogens either quickly evolve a counter defense or become extinct. Diseases such as AIDS, Ebola, Polio have shown their wrath and humans have sought to find cures and treatment options. By definition, disease is essentially “a disorder of structure or function that produces specific signs or symptoms or that affect a specific location (not just from a physical injury)” (WHO, 2007). The true boundaries and limitations of disease remain elusive. Healthcare specialists and researchers use “normal” conditions as their basis in order to understand what disease is. By understanding what disease is, one can target and identify the causes of the “abnormal” condition. The truth about diseases is that they are all relative. The question of how disease came to be remains unanswered though. Diseases are about as old as time—they have always...
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...Public Health Management Abstract Many low-income countries need to significantly scale up coverage of priority health services. This will generally require additional national and international resources, but better leadership and management are key to using these resources effectively to achieve measurable results. Good leadership and management are about providing direction to, and gaining commitment from, partners and staff, facilitating change and achieving better health services through efficient, creative and responsible deployment of people and other resources. While leaders set the strategic vision and mobilize the efforts towards its realization, good managers ensure effective organization and utilization of resources to achieve results and meet the aims. Public health management is really needed in Africa. For active and resourceful nursing management in Africa, competencies are vital. It is important to know the expertise of the managers on these competencies. It is also important to know if there is a gap between what managers think they know and what they really know in regards to skills. The role of public health for case management is to upkeep early identification of possible circumstances and persons under investigation (PUI) via investigation, mapping communication, awareness activities to healthcare workers and the public. Public health experts can also partake in updating the channeling of PUIs’ likely plus confirmed cases to health care facilities...
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...kasl;dka;s da;sdlas;dasnfks Dasdmsakdmlasdas;das Dasd a;sdlas Transmission It is thought that fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are natural Ebola virus hosts. Ebola is introduced into the human population through close contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected animals such as chimpanzees, gorillas, fruit bats, monkeys, forest antelope and porcupines found ill or dead or in the rainforest. Ebola then spreads through human-to-human transmission via direct contact (through broken skin or mucous membranes) with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected people, and with surfaces and materials (e.g. bedding, clothing) contaminated with these fluids. Health-care workers have frequently been infected while treating patients with suspected or confirmed EVD. This has occurred through close contact with patients when infection control precautions are not strictly practiced. Burial ceremonies in which mourners have direct contact with the body of the deceased person can also play a role in the transmission of Ebola. People remain infectious as long as their blood and body fluids, including semen and breast milk, contain the virus. Men who have recovered from the disease can still transmit the virus through their semen for up to 7 weeks after recovery from illness. Symptoms of Ebola virus disease The incubation period, that is, the time interval from infection with the virus to onset of symptoms is 2 to 21 days. Humans are...
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...Paper 1 Ebola Ebola first appeared in 1976 in 2 separate incidents which occurred at the same time. The first one in Nzara, Sudan the other in Yambuka Democratic Republic of Congo in a village near the Ebola river, from which the disease gets its name. The reason why Ebola is spreading so frequently now is because the latest case have started in Guinea und has spread into Liberia and Sierra Leone, It is stilled being carried by persons from one to the other so it has not changed. The Human is being infected by coming into contact with an animal that has the disease which then infects that person who then in turns infects other people he comes into contact with. The ways that an infected person infects another person is from direct contact through broken skin or mucous membrane with the blood or other bodily fluids or secretions of the infected person. The incubation period range from 2 to 21 days. I now from personal experience that the Military has a 21 day incubation period for all those that come back from the West Africa Region, but it is not on the same post where you are stationed but on one of the 6 posts that are specially set up for this, this areas are like you normal place of duty or home, you are there just to be checked if you have the disease as you go about your daily routine. People that are exposed to Ebola are encouraged to seek out medical attention right away so that they can get proper...
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...Ebola: Overview of the Disease: Ebola, formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is an uncommon but often deadly disease. This disease was first discovered when two outbreaks happened simultaneously in 1976 with cases in Sudan and The Democratic Republic of Congo. (1, 2015) It can affect non-human primates and also humans. Evidence suggests that fruit bats (Pteropodidae) may have been the Ebola virus source. (2, 2015) To date, there have been over 28,000 cases and over 11,000 deaths. (1, 2015) Since it was discovered, Ebola has had several outbreaks in Africa, but nothing of the scale of the current outbreak. More cases and deaths have occurred in the past 18 months than each previous outbreak combined. Symptoms: Usually symptoms appear...
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...Ebola Virus In, Guinea on March 10,2014 hospitals and public health service alerted “Ministry of Health”. Guinea medical response was alerted to a disease characterized by fever, severe diarrhea, vomiting and a high fatality rate. The disease was spread from small town of Guinea to West Africa, which resulted in major outbreak in African continent. The outbreak is caused by genus Ebola virus, with cases fatality rate of 30 to 90 percent. Ebola virus is an aggressive pathogen that causes hemorrhagic fever syndrome in human and non-human primates. The virus originally has been identified during an “outbreak in Zaire in 1976 near the river Ebola were it got its name”(Sullivan, Yang and Nabel, 2003). Normally, the Ebola virus progress infection...
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...JONATHAN AGYEMANG HUNTER COLLEGE 11/11/14 AMERICANS ARE TERRIFIED OF EBOLA. WHICH COULD MAKE IT HARDER TO STOP EBOLA ? The title of this article is Americans are terrified of Ebola. Which could make it harder to stop Ebola, the author of the article is Paul Waldman, the date of article October 14,2014 , the source is The Washington Post . Ebola is now the most scary epidemic that has put fear in people. The existence of Ebola has caused a lot of people emotionally to be very careful to whom ever they encounter. As a result of this fear, the general public is experiencing different attitudes towards people in buses , trains, school halls etc. Ebola virus kills as...
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...Name: Professor: Title: Date of Submission: Origin and Spread Ebola Background According to WHO, Ebola which is a serious, acute illness if untreated is very fatal (WHO.Int). Ebola virus disease first appearance was in two simultaneous outbreaks back in 1976. One was in Yambuku in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the other in Nzara, Sudan. The name Ebola sprout from Yambuku neighbors a river known as Ebola River. In 2014, the first case was notified in March which is the most recent and is still a current outbreak in the West of Africa. Ideally, this is the most complex and largest Ebola outbreak since the 1976 first appearance. The numbers of deaths are the highest (WHO.Int). The spread began in Guinea before spreading to the bordering nations including Liberia and Sierra Leone, then to Nigeria through one traveller on air, and to Senegal through on traveller on land. Ebola hemorrhagic fever also the Ebola virus disease or simply Ebola is a disease of primates including humans whose cause is Ebola viruses. Fever, headaches, muscle pain and sore throats are the initial signs and symptoms that develop between two days and three weeks upon contracting the virus. Decreased function of the kidney and liver then follow in addition to rash, diarrhea and vomiting. At this time, it is likely to observe both external and internal bleeding. The risk of death in relation to Ebola is significantly high. Killings between 25% and 90% are recorded of those infected which extends to...
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...Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa — No Early End to the Outbreak Margaret Chan, M.D. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:1183-1185September 25, 2014DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1409859 Share: ArticleCiting Articles (5) Many people have asked me why the outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa is so large, so severe, and so difficult to contain. These questions can be answered with a single word: poverty. The hardest-hit countries, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, are among the poorest in the world. They have only recently emerged from years of conflict and civil war that have left their health systems largely destroyed or severely disabled and, in some areas, left a generation of children without education. In these countries, only one or two doctors are available for every 100,000 people, and these doctors are heavily concentrated in urban areas. Isolation wards and even hospital capacity for infection control are virtually nonexistent. Contacts of infected persons are being traced but not consistently isolated for monitoring. Large numbers of people in these countries do not have steady, salaried employment. Their quest to find work contributes to fluid population movements across porous borders. The area where the borders of the three countries intersect is now the designated hot zone, where transmission is intense and people in the three countries continue to reinfect each other. Recent decisions to quarantine this area have brought extreme hardship to more than a million people...
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...EBOLA VIRUS (EBOV)1 Ebola Virus (EBOV) Alaina White Microbiology 11/04/2014 EBOLA VIRUS (EBOV)2 Ebola Virus (EBOV) The Ebola virus causes a serious illness, that causes haemorrhagic fever in humans and animals which, if it is not treated in time is often fatal. Diseases that are fatal like Ebola, affect the body's vascular system, which makes it hard for the blood to circulte through the body. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the first notification of the ebola virus was mentioned in the Ebola River valley in Zaire for the time of an outburst in 1976 (Olival et al., 2013). Researchers claim that the virus is zoonotic (animal-borne), with 4 out of 5 subtypes that happen in animal hosts close to Africa (MacNeil et al., 2010). Literature Review It has been proven by scientists that the Ebola virus can be transferred from one human beng to another by means of bodily contact. The common geographic territory that ia mostly influenced by divergent subtypes of the Ebola virus is Central Africa, especially the cities of Zaire, Sudan, and Gabon (Chepurnov, Bakulina, Dadaeva, Ustinova, & Chepurnova, 2009). Ebola virus infection runs its course from 14 to 21 days. Firstly, the infection can be identified with symptoms that are uncommon for the flu, including malaise, fever, and muscles pain. With the progress of infection, patients experience acute bleeding and coagulation abnormalities such as a rash, gastrointestinal bleeding (Chepurnov, Bakulina, Dadaeva...
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