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Eco Analysis

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La Actualización Económica del mes de diciembre inició con la participación del Lic. José Luis Araya, representante del Ministerio de Hacienda, con su ponencia “Panorama fiscal: Contexto reciente y perspectivas de mediano plazo”, la cual analizó el contexto económico, las cifras fiscales del Gobierno Central, ¿Qué se ha hecho por mejorar las finanzas públicas?, las perspectivas económicas y fiscales y los principales aspecto de la propuesta “Consolidación Fiscal” presentada recientemente. Actividad Económica. A nivel internacional y nacional muestra un comportamiento moderado. El Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI) estima, en 2013, la Zona Euro decrecerá 0.4%, Estados Unidos crecerá 1.6% y América Latina 2.7%. A nivel interno se estima (Banco Central de Costa Rica) la economía crezca 3%, porcentaje menor al promedio de los últimos trece años (4.3%). Por su parte, a través del Índice Mensual de Actividad Económica (IMAE) se observa que los sectores más dinámicos son los que no pagan impuestos lo que afecta la recaudación de tributos. Contexto fiscal reciente. Los ingresos tributarios, acumulados a noviembre, crecieron 9% en relación al mismo periodo del año 2012. Los tributos que mayor aportan a este crecimiento son los cobrados sobre la renta y los otros ingresos tributarios ( propiedad de vehículos, combustibles, tabaco) y se aprecia una disminución en la recaudación por concepto de impuesto general de ventas. Por su parte, los gastos, acumulados a noviembre, crecieron 12.3% acelerando su tasa de crecimiento en 1.8 puntos porcentuales. Los rubros con mayor aporte a este crecimiento son Transferencias, Remuneraciones e Intereses. Las autoridades hacendarias esperan que el balance primario, para 2013, sea de -­‐2.6% de la producción interna bruta (PIB) y al incluir el pago por intereses alcance -­‐5.1% del PIB.

Acciones para la mejora de las finanzas públicas Por el lado de los ingresos: • Mejorar los procesos para garantizar el éxito en la denuncias penales tributarias • Cambio del modelo de fiscalización • Digitalización de formularios para facilitar el cumplimiento Por el lado de los egresos: • No crear plazas con excepción de sectores de educación y seguridad • Ajuste al salario base en línea con la inflación • Minimización de gastos operativos • Uso de “leasing operativo” para la adquisión de equipos de computo y vehículos • Plataforma digital única para compras públicas Consolidación Fiscal. El documento presentando por el Ministerio de Hacienda consta de cinco ejes temáticos: 1. Fortalecimiento administrativo y legal del sistema tributario y aduanero 2. Policía fiscal y sostenibilidad ambiental 3. Crédito e inversión pública 4. Nivel y calidad del gasto 5. Gobernabilidad fiscal Principales consideraciones por el lado de los ingresos o o o Mejora significativa en administración tributaria Migrar de un Imp. General sobre las Ventas a un Imp. al Valor Agregado (IVA) Eliminar la dispersión tarifaria del Impuesto sobre la renta

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Revisar el conjunto de exoneraciones Balance(financiero( (%PIB)$ actualmente vigente, incluyendo IVA en 2012$ 2013$ 2014$ 2015$ 2016$ 2017$ 2018$ 0.0$$ servicios (1.0)$ o Incrementar la tasa de algunos impuestos (2.0)$ (3.0)$ ya existentes (4.0)$ Principales consideraciones por el lado de los (5.0)$ (6.0)$ egresos (7.0)$ o Política restrictiva en creación de nuevas (8.0)$ Con$CF$ Sin$CF$ plazas Gobierno(Central( o Control del crecimiento en el salario total Deuda( (%%PIB)% o Reforma al régimen salarial (mediano 55.0% 51.5% plazo) 50.0% o Racionalización de regímenes de 45.0% 40.0% 39.0% pensiones 35.0% o Revisión de destinos específicos 30.0% 24.7% o Revisión de las duplicidades en las 25.0% 20.0% funciones del Gobierno Central Sin%CF% Con%CF% Seguidamente, el Dr. Rodrigo Bolaños, Presidente del Banco Central de Costa Rica, presentó la ponencia “Política Monetaria en el 2013 y sus desafíos para el 2014” Economía nacional y la política monetaria en 2013. En este año se han obtenido resultados positivos, donde los dos lunares fueron la actividad económica y la situación fiscal. La actividad económica tuvo en el primer semestre del año una desaceleración. Todas las actividades menos la construcción privada han presentado una tasa media de IMAE a octubre menor que en el 2012. En parte la desaceleración de la actividad se ha explicado por la disminución de la demanda externa y por la incertidumbre ante el cambio de gobierno. Recientemente, se observa que la actividad económica se ha venido recuperando, por el mayor dinamismo mostrado por las Zonas Francas. Las estimaciones de crecimiento para el 2013 son entre un 3% y un 4%. La inflación interanual en noviembre del 2013 fue de 3.4%, por debajo del límite inferior del rango meta del BCCR. Además, entre agosto 2009 y noviembre 2013, la inflación interanual promedio fue de 5.0%, este nivel de inflación no se ha observado desde finales de los años sesentas y principio de los setentas. Los precios de los bienes y servicios no regulados se han caracterizado en los últimos 18 meses por su estabilidad. Por el contario, la tasa de inflación interanual de los bienes regulados muestra una desaceleración importante explicada, en gran parte, por la disminución de los precios de los combustibles. La alta volatilidad de los precios de los bienes y servicios regulados, sobre todo servicios, es un problema serio que se debe corregir pues tiene importantes costos para la economía, y sería un importante logro para el BCCR convencer a los partes involucradas de la necesidad de controlarla. En relación a la balanza de pagos, tanto las exportaciones como las importaciones crecen a tasas muy bajas. La cuenta corriente no se presenta grandes desviaciones respecto a las previsiones de la Revisión del Programa Macroeconómico, se estima un déficit del 5.2%. En el 2013, las entradas de capital (privado e IED) han disminuido. o
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En el mercado cambiario existe una menor oferta neta del sector privado. El tipo de cambio aún no se despega del piso de la banda por la menor demanda del Sector Público. A finales del 2012 y en la primera parte del 2013 las Reservas Monetarias Internacionales (RIN) mostraron un fuerte aumento, explicado por las colocaciones del Gobierno, así como por las abundantes entradas de capital, sin embargo se observa que estas reservas han empezado a disminuir. Además, por primera vez desde el 2006 el resultado neto en ventanilla, en diciembre, fue negativo debido al traslado hacia dólares sumado a la disminución en las RIN, hace pensar que dólares están saliendo del país lo que reduce la compra de divisas por parte del ente emisor. El retiro del estímulo monetario por parte de la Reserva Federal (FED), puede incentivar la salida de dólares y acrecentar la salida de capitales antes señalada. Es importante señalar que la intervención cambiaria tiene un costo; entre junio 2012 e inicios de diciembre 2013 el BCCR compró $2.231 millones e implicó un costo neto de esterilización de ¢56.525 millones (0.23% PIB). Se deben tomar precauciones con respecto al endeudamiento externo del país, sobre todo por la velocidad del crecimiento de este endeudamiento. Desde julio 2012, para el sistema financiero nacional, el crédito al sector privado en moneda extranjera ha sido mayor a las captaciones en moneda extranjera, lo que muestra un aumento en el crédito financiado con pasivos externos, preocupando de esto la dependencia hacia los pasivos externos. Las entradas de capital externo han provocado desequilibrios como los excesos monetarios. Sin embargo, estos han venido disminuyendo desde el 2012 por los esfuerzos de esterilización que ha realizado el banco central, pasando de ¢450 mil millones en enero del 2013 a ¢17 mil millones a principios de diciembre. Por otro lado, el crecimiento del crédito al sector privado en moneda extranjera ha venido creciendo menos, lo que se explica, en parte, por las acciones tomadas por el BCCR. Además, si bien se había programado que en total el crédito al sector privado debía crecer máximo 9%, preliminarmente se observa que ha crecido sólo un 8.2%. Desafíos de la Política Monetaria en 2014 1. Mantener inflación meta con riesgos por: − Posibles devaluaciones del colón por retiro de estímulo monetario en EUA. − Ajustes en precios regulados. − Situación fiscal (Gobierno y BCCR). − Convencer a empresarios y población de beneficios de la inflación baja. 2. Crecimiento de la economía y desempleo. 3. Discusión sobre cómo pagar los costos de: − Subsidio a los exportadores con sistema de bandas. − Déficit acumulados. − Intervenciones futuras. 4. Riesgos en el sistema financiero, por: − Crecimiento del crédito en dólares. − Crecimiento del endeudamiento del Sistema Financiero Nacional en el exterior. − Posibles devaluaciones del colón por retiro de estímulo monetario en EUA.

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5. Intervención con RIN si se dan riesgos cambiarios y reducción “violenta” de entrada de capitales externos. 6. Proyectos de ley que proponen cambiar peso de objetivos (“chocolate sin cacao”). 7. Avanzar en desdolarización: se destaca la relevancia de discutir costo y beneficios de seguir con dolarización de hecho. Para finalizar, el Dr. Luis Mesalles, socio consultor de Ecoanálisis, planteó los principales retos de la economía costarricense para el 2014. En este sentido, uno de los principales desafíos es recuperar el crecimiento económico, especialmente de la producción interna cuyo desempeño ha sido muy discreto. Esto ha contribuido a aumentar los índices de desempleo, de ahí que una reactivación en el crecimiento ayudaría generar más oportunidades de empleo y reducir así la pobreza y desigualdad. Al analizar las cifras, se puede constatar que en promedio, el crecimiento del PIB durante la presente administración ha sido relativamente aceptable si se compara con los datos desde 1998. Sin embargo, el crecimiento del ingreso nacional disponible en los años recientes ha sido sensiblemente menor al promedio de los últimos 15 años, lo cual confirma que la producción nacional se ha desacelerado. En particular, este fenómeno ha sido especialmente notorio durante 2013 y ha sido acompañado de una desaceleración de la economía mundial. Una parte del menor crecimiento económico se puede explicar por las exportaciones, cuyos componentes han tenido un comportamiento desigual. Por un lado, las de servicios han tenido un buen crecimiento mientras que las de bienes decrecieron en el último año. Es importante destacar que la entrada de inversión extranjera directa ha ayudado a sostener el crecimiento económico, sin embargo, este último no se ha reflejado en los sectores que más generan empleo. De hecho, si el crecimiento del desempleo se da principalmente en los trabajadores no calificados, los efectos en la pobreza van a ser más evidentes. Debe destacarse que el crecimiento económico de Costa Rica ha sido superior al promedio de Latinoamérica durante los últimos 14 años, sin embargo, la región ha logrado avanzar para reducir la desigualdad mientras que en nuestro país la misma se ha incrementado. En otras palabras, el tipo de crecimiento económico que hemos experimentado ha hecho que la riqueza se concentre cada vez más en un sector de la población mientras que otro no logra salir de la condición de pobreza. Por lo tanto, un reto importante que deberá afrontar el próximo gobierno es lograr revertir esta situación. Para lograr esto, es necesario analizar los diferentes componentes de la política económica. En un principio, la apreciación real que ha tenido el colón durante los últimos años le ha restado competitividad al sector exportador nacional debido al aumento de los costos de producir en el país. Lo anterior se puede explicar básicamente por dos factores: el colón dejó de devaluarse nominalmente, pero además la inflación nacional ha sido en promedio superior a la internacional durante los últimos seis años. Ahora bien, eliminar las bandas en este contexto podría afectar aún más al sector exportador en el corto plazo, sin embargo los datos muestran que el exceso de divisas que presiona para que el tipo de cambio disminuya parecen estar desapareciendo. Aunado a esto, dependiendo del resultado de las elecciones algunas personas podrían no estar de acuerdo con las políticas del siguiente gobierno y podrían sacar sus capitales del país, haciendo que el tipo de cambio se devalúe.

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En relación a la política monetaria, específicamente la inflación medida a través de la variación del Índice de Precios al Consumidor (IPC), las cifras muestran que pasamos de tener inflaciones de dos dígitos a valores cercanos al 4%, lo cual ha reducido la brecha con la internacional. En este sentido, cabe destacar que el sistema de bandas y el de metas de inflación han ayudado a que crecimiento de los precios de los bienes transables se desacelere en comparación al de los no transables. Por otro lado, el hecho de que la variación del Índice Subyacente de Inflación (ISI) se encuentre por debajo de la meta de inflación del BCCR y la disminución en la entrada de divisas podrían sugerir que existe espacio para reducir un poco más las tasas de interés y estimular así el crecimiento económico. Por lo tanto, un reto de la política monetaria es el manejo de una inflación relativamente baja con un tipo de cambio que podría tender a depreciarse. En relación a las finanzas públicas, el déficit del Gobierno Central ha superado el 5% del PIB durante los últimos dos años y probablemente en el 2013 también ocurra algo similar. Esta situación se ha generado por un mayor crecimiento de los gastos en comparación con los ingresos, condición que no es sostenible en el tiempo. Una parte importante del gasto se debe al pago de intereses, lo cual deja pocos recursos para inversión pública y el desarrollo de infraestructura. En este contexto la deuda pública ha venido creciendo pero al desagregar la misma se puede constatar que el crecimiento de la interna ha sido significativamente mayor que el de la externa. Esto pone presión al mercado interno, haciendo que las tasas de interés reales, tanto las activas como las pasivas, sean más altas. Por lo tanto, el reto de las finanzas públicas consiste en recomponer el gasto de manera que se estimule el crecimiento económico y que su efecto en las tasas de interés no sea tan marcado. En términos de competitividad, el país ha venido mejorando según el Índice de Competitividad Global. Sin embargo, se aprecian rubros en los que existe un amplio margen de mejora: ambiente macroeconómico, desarrollo de mercado financiero y de valores e infraestructura. Asimismo, es necesario mejorar el ambiente para estimular los emprendimientos, tanto para los nuevos como los ya existentes. Algunas de las medidas, mencionadas por el expositor, que deben implementarse son: simplificar la tramitología para crear nuevos negocios, generar políticas que estimulen el encadenamiento productivo con el sector exportador, fomentar la investigación y desarrollo y mejorar el acceso al crédito y capital. Asimismo, a pesar de que el país ha sobresalido a lo largo de la historia en Latinoamérica en este rubro, la educación debe ser reenfocada para satisfacer las necesidades del sector empresarial privado.

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