...International Management Homework Completed by : Christiana Wijaya Kinshi Perdana Cari info 6 besar FDI di Indonesia ( 6 negara besar yang investasi di Indo & apa investasinya ) ! Being a developing country, Indonesia requires a substantial amount of cash for national development. This large amount of fund is there as there is a need to catch up with other developments, especially in developed countries, either regional or global. Indonesia is not being capable enough in providing the funds for those developments. Besides digging up domestic incomes, the government has also tried to invite financing from other countries which is called Foreign Direct Investment According to Krugman (1994), FDI is a flow of international capital whereby a company from a country sets up or widens its company in another country. Hence, not only there is a redeployment of resources, but also there is an implementation of control towards companies abroad. The main objectives of FDI are to look for resources, look for market, look for efficiency, and also to look for political security. In short, Foreign Direct Investment is known as an investment made by a company or entity based in one country, into a company or entity which is based in another country. * According to BKPM (Indonesia Investment Coordinating Board), the realization of Foreign Direct Investment, usually mentioned as FDI, could be differentiated based on several aspects, namely sector, location, and also country...
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...Essay preview AS and A Level Sociological Differentiation & Stratification "Compare and contrast modernisation theory and dependency theory as explanations of development and under-development" The two theories, modernisation and dependency both give valid and just explanations for development and underdevelopment. There is a notable likeness in them both but there are also many differences and neither escape criticisms. Modernisation theory was before dependency theory and was developed in the 1950/60s; the theory is based on 4 main assumptions. Western societies are the most advanced in terms of technological, social and political terms, countries go through a series of stages on their route to becoming advanced, this path is a 'natural' form of development and there must be something preventing them from doing this and finally, these underdeveloped nations can advance without an changes taking place in the finance and trading patterns of the capitalist world. The modernisation theory is politically conservative as it sees nations being undeveloped because they lack the qualities that developed nations have, this is compared with the dependency theory who see this underdevelopment due to the exploitation of advanced nations. W.W. Rostow is one of the most notable modernisation theorists; he argued that there are a number of stages that a traditional society has to pass through to become a modern society. His work is combined with the four key elements above and his...
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...Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D) refers to the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the fields of socioeconomic development, international development and human rights. The theory behind this is that more and better information and communication furthers the development of a society. Aside from its reliance on technology, ICT4D also requires an understanding of community development, poverty, agriculture, healthcare, and basic education.Richard Heeks suggests that the I in ICT4D is related with “library and information sciences”, the C is associated with “communication studies", the T is linked with “information systems", and the D for “development studies”.[1] It is aimed at bridging the digital divide and aid economic development by fostering equitable access to modern communications technologies. It is a powerful tool for economic and social development.[2] Other terms can also be used for "ICT4D" or "ICT4Dev" ("ICT for development") like ICTD ("ICT and development", which is used in a broader sense[3]) and development informatics. ICT4D can mean as dealing with disadvantaged populations anywhere in the world, but it is more seen with applications in developing countries. It concerns with directly applying information technology approaches to poverty reduction. ICTs can be applied directly, wherein its use directly benefits the disadvantaged population, or indirectly, wherein it can assist aid organisations or non-governmental...
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...BINDURA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY NAME MATAIRE MUNYARADZI COURSE TITLE DEVELOPMENT POLICIES AND PLANNING COURSE CODE DG 420 PROGRAMME BACHELOR OF SCIENCE HONOURS IN DEGREE IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES LECTURER DR I MBERENGWA ASSIGNMENT TITLE ARTICLE REVIEW: AN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF THE FAST TRACK LAND REFORM PROGRAMME ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN ZIMBABWE: A CASE OF VUNGU RURAL DISTRICT (2000-2009) BY: CHIEDZA KIMBERLEY CHABHONGORA, CRISPEN HAHLANI AND PERCYSLAGE CHIGORA (2010) TITLE: An analysis of the impact of the fast track land reform programme on disaster management in Zimbabwe: A case of Vungu rural district (2000-2009). PROBLEM: The fast track land reform program (FTLRP) in Zimbabwe did not adequately address disaster management and environmental sustainability. The process was chaotic and failed to meet the real needs of the people but in fact strived to achieve political agendas. The FTLRP was poorly planned because there was no supportive infrastructure and systems that were meant to assist the newly resettled famers. As such production on the farms dropped significantly leading to the farmers engaging in other livelihood activities which were detrimental to the environment and which increased the vulnerability of the people to drought. OBJECTIVES: • To analyze the implications...
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...THE ECOTOURISM IN CALAUG, QUEZON: IT'S POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT Abstract In Calauag, Quezon, ecotourism is a term yet to be coined by its local inhabitants. Calauag, Quezon is a first class municipality in the province of Quezon in Region IV-A. It belongs to the Luzon group of islands. Calauag is partly urban but still is considered as an agricultural municipality. Statistics would show that a small slice of its land is used for the urban core of the municipality which is as much as 1.59 hectares out of the 42, 318 hectares of land. The rest is devoted to agriculture. (Vesorde, 2011) Ecotourism, in its very essence is intended to provide cultural unity and economic improvement to its local inhabitants while fostering environmental education. Wildlife and natural surroundings are the assets of ecotourism such as those found in Calauag, Quezon, hence the researcher, being born and raised in this municipality, thought of conducting a study which assesses its real potentials for ecotourism development. Furthermore, the researcher intends to point out the strengths, weaknesses, and possible future effect of the study area for developing it into eco-tourist spot. With this in mind, this thesis entitled “The Ecotourism in Calaug, Quezon: It's Potential Development” was conceptualized. This study was conducted to assess the potential development of ecotourism in Calauag, Quezon. Specifically, it aims to focus on the following sub problems, viz. a viz.: (1) What are the demographic...
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...humiliations they suffer on the line of duty. T Abrefa-Gyan (2002) Ultimately, people lack a productive and household asset, which leads to urban poverty. So urban poverty is indicated as an urgent issue to be addressed and realised as many policies and development work focus on the rural areas yet rural - urban migration influx is high and continues to perplex modernisation in the city. Kiguli,J. (2004) Woldiya in search of employment and to utilize urban services and education. Hence, the out flow of economically active people from the rural agricultural sector has a negative effect on production in the areas of origin and the receiving area now experiences problems such as a shortage of housing, unemployment, increasing cost of living, lack of access to social services, Therefore, to mitigate the problem of rural-urban migration is launching of integrated rural development policy. Miheretu, Birhan Asmame (2011-06) The regression analysis shows that rural-urban migration contributes significantly towards the development of their rural communities through monetary remittances and the involvement of the rural-urban migrants in community development projects. Based on the findings, recommendations such as initiation of development projects based on the identified needs of each of the rural communities to augment the effects of migration in the study area are made. (2013) Chukwuedozie K. Ajaero and Patience C. Onokala The adjustment of migrants to urban living is a difficult concept...
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...Discuss who is responsible for producing global leaders. A leader is an individual that has made decision to succeed. This individual is not afraid to try new things and to master them. Leaders are creative and they excel at anything that they put their hands to do. Leaders help others by becoming trailblazers to create a path of success for his/her families, friends, or colleagues to follow. Leaders are not selfish individuals; they rise with the intentions to conquer the day. Leaders plan for the future not complaining about minor things that they can’t change, yet they remain unstoppable towards their goals. Leaders are able to humbly take criticisms and direction and to quickly correct those things that may have been challenged. Leaders are always seeking ways to improve every aspect of their lives. They are business woman and business men that are serious about creating new opportunities. Leaders influence others to become great and to have an assisting hand in helping others to become successful. A leader is admired by many; and attracts followers because of their confidence. Global leaders are created at home first. They are shaped and molded by their parents who never give them an option to give up or settle. These parents are not satisfied with just enough, or hear the words “I Can’t”. These children are future leaders, will bloom into adolescent and then adults; remembering the instructions. After this foundation has been established...
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...O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2013 GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS: INVESTMENT AND TRADE FOR DEVELOPMENT New York and Geneva, 2013 ii World Investment Report 2013: Global Value Chains: Investment and Trade for Development NOTE The Division on Investment and Enterprise of UNCTAD is a global centre of excellence, dealing with issues related to investment and enterprise development in the United Nations System. It builds on four decades of experience and international expertise in research and policy analysis, intergovernmental consensusbuilding, and provides technical assistance to over 150 countries. The terms country/economy as used in this Report also refer, as appropriate, to territories or areas; the designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. In addition, the designations of country groups are intended solely for statistical or analytical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage of development reached by a particular country or area in the development process. The major country groupings used in this Report follow the classification of the United Nations Statistical Office. These are: Developed countries:...
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...Non-profit organizations play a key role in the world’s economy. Organizations like Opportunity International assists people in developing countries give back to the community. In the 25 years of the company, Opportunity International has assisted over one million people in 28 different countries. Developing countries do not have financial institutions such as banks where the under privileged can receive loans to start an entrepreneurship. That is where organizations like Opportunity International comes into play. These people, who are mostly women, that take advantage of Opportunity International, receive microloans so they can start and invest in a business. Even though microloans maybe only 100 to 200 dollars, a small amount to someone in a developed country, can make a huge difference to a village in an under-developed country. By having investors, the community grows and prospers from that one investment. This also includes the investors themselves. This provides the investors with opportunities for growth as an individual as well as providing employment for the community. For example, Pamela took advantage of the services offered by Opportunity International. She used the training to start a small mushroom business. She employed three people to assist in the business, which in return provided profit to feed her family, send her husband to school, and support her community. As they explained in the video, Pamela was another person in an underdeveloped country...
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...stages of growth. Development in the first and second world is used as models for development progress in the third world and assumes innovation and development are easily transferred from the first and third World. Criticized for ignoring diversity of experience, cultural factors and unequal relationships between nations. 1. Commercial Modernization (1700-1979) Associated with early commercial functions in mercantile era. 2. Industrial Modernization (1850- mid 1900) Involves the metropolitanization of primate cities in the developing world. 3. Technological modernization( mid 1900 –present) Adopts capitalism, export-led development, and is associated with political democracy. Advocating primate cities in the developing world. Dependency Theory:developed by Andre Gunder Frank (1967) Focus on a political and economical perspective in order to explain lack of development. Dependent development in third world cities. It also divides the power distribution into 3 main categories, the core (first World), Periphery (third world) and semi- periphery in both regions. Development in third world develops with the first world. First world under-develops the Third World by exploiting their raw materials, resources and goods. Inorder for the third world to develop they need to break free from first world and its capitalist agenda. World Systems Theory: Immanuel Wallerstein(1970-1980) Focus on a systematic approach to understanding development via complex interactions...
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...O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2013 GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS: INVESTMENT AND TRADE FOR DEVELOPMENT New York and Geneva, 2013 ii World Investment Report 2013: Global Value Chains: Investment and Trade for Development NOTE The Division on Investment and Enterprise of UNCTAD is a global centre of excellence, dealing with issues related to investment and enterprise development in the United Nations System. It builds on four decades of experience and international expertise in research and policy analysis, intergovernmental consensusbuilding, and provides technical assistance to over 150 countries. The terms country/economy as used in this Report also refer, as appropriate, to territories or areas; the designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. In addition, the designations of country groups are intended solely for statistical or analytical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage of development reached by a particular country or area in the development process. The major country groupings used in this Report follow the classification of the United Nations Statistical Office. These are: Developed countries:...
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...The benefits of urbanization outweigh the costs. Discuss. “Urbanization is the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities” (Learn on the Internet, 2008). Globally, urbanization is increasing. For example, in 1950, the percentage of urbanization was 30%, now, it is around 55%, and by 2030, it may rise to 60%. (WHO, 2010). In addition, this phenomenon usually happens in developing countries. At present, urbanization is mostly happening in countries such as China and India (Learn on the Internet, 2008). For instance, in 1980, there were 501 million urban residents in low income countries, but in1995, this increased to 912 million. People move from the countryside to cities for several reasons. One reason may due to “population pressure and lack of resources in rural areas” (Learn on the Internet, 2008). A more positive reason may for this move be better opportunities which include higher salaries and health care. In spite of these benefits, there are also some costs. In this essay, the benefits and costs of urbanization will be discussed. It will first focus on three benefits then two costs. Urbanization has several benefits. Benefit number one is efficiency. Efficiency here means using less time to do more things. One example of efficiency is that recycling programmes can be carried out because of the concentrated population. People usually live in apartment complexes and there may be hundreds of people living in one block. Compared with individual...
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...of those countries, many still experience unsustainable debt. The debt burdens of developing and middle-income countries increased from $500 billion in 1980 to $1 trillion by 1985. By 2000, their debt was about $2 trillion. The debts of HIPC countries increased from $60 billion in 1980 to $190 billion by 1990. Even with relief programs like the HIPC Initiative, 8 countries under the Initiative experienced worsening debt indicators even after reaching their completion points. The consequences of developing countries’ inability to exit from debt payments go beyond the financial level. In addition to economies being hurt, the peoples of developing countries will also feel the affects. The United Nations established the Millennium Development Goals in 2000 that pledged to halve income poverty between 1990 and 2015, but countries like those in Sub-Saharan Africa will most likely not meet this goal. The problems delaying debt relief result from numerous actors. Creditors need to provide additional financing and fulfil their commitments to debtor countries. The Bretton Woods institutions need to speedily and effectively implement the enhanced HIPC. Some heavily indebted countries still have to take policy measures to become eligible for the HIPC Initiative and reach the decision point. All parties are responsible and must make greater efforts to reduce the debt burdens in order to...
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...Corporate Social Responsibility Role of Organization in the Community One of the core values of most organizations is community development. This is because most organizations are built around a certain community for the purpose of proximity to customers and marketing intentions. However, organizations are required to understand and recognize the type of surrounding community, its basic values, and principles and by what means they may correlate with the organization’s setting. Google, engages, empowers and benefits the community with the general aim of improving the quality of life and contributing to the community development. Below are the specific roles Google plays in the surrounding community. The organization enhances natural capacities and develops networks. A community may have a variety of sources of strength; for instance, social support systems, informal networks and talented and helpful individuals. Thus, the firm often works with such community’s assets towards acquiring mutual benefits. Correspondingly, the organization creates awareness on certain social issues and creates communication links among the people in the community. Another role the organization plays is providing jobs to the residents. The provision of employment to the citizens of the population results in building of partnerships with the society, which leads to conjoint support. Patil (2012) suggests that one of the objectives of community organizations is “to develop public...
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...From my opinion, removing all agriculture tariffs and subsidies would help the citizens of the world’s poorest nations more compared with provide the higher foreign aid in the long run. There is a proverb told us that it’s better if you teach someone the way to fishing rather than feed them with fish. Provide foreign aid to world’s poorest nations only allow them to live better for current moment. After they have finished the foreign aid, they will ask for another round of feeding and in the end what they have really learn is way to asking for the aid. The world economic will not be as good as it always be, when the economic is down, even develop country will also affected by it. When that time, most of them have to focus on their own country, they don’t even have time and extra money to provide foreign aid for developing country and under develop country. This could be a seriously problem as fundamental of these country usually are not strong enough to overcome the economic down. A serial of social problem might be occur and lead to an unstable political environment. Although remove the agriculture tariffs and subsidies may create turbulence in the country, but I believe that it can be solve out shortly. Each of the economic system has its own formula to work, when there is imbalance occur there surplus will always come to fill up the shortage. Survival of the fittest, those who can’t adapt with the environment will knock out in one day. However, it is advice that the government...
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