...Mälardalen University School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology International Business and Entrepreneurship master program Master Thesis, course EFO705 Tutor: Leif Linnskog 03.06.2008 Economic Development through Globalisation in Nigeria An analysis of Shell & the IMF Structural Adjustment Programs Sven Bokhari 820619-P291 Fabrizio Del Duca 791225-P114 Group number: 1983 Summary Date: Level: Authors: 2008/06/03 Master thesis in International Business and Entrepreneurship, 10p (15ECTS) Sven Bokhari Västerås Date of birth: 19820619 Fabrizio Del Duca Västerås Date of birth: 19791225 Title: Economic Development through globalisation in Nigeria. An analysis of Shell & the IMF Structural Adjustment Programs Leif Linnskog, Ph.D. Tutor: Research Question: Can globalisation be seen as positive or negative for the Economic Development of Nigeria? A focus on Shell and the International Monetary Fund Research Issue: Globalisation in its current form is viewed in the Western world as a positive influence for the Economic Development of under developed countries. However these views on the benefits brought to developing countries have been frequently disputed. The research we are undertaking is a pilot study based on documentary research. Our source of information is secondary data such as books, articles, newspapers and journals. The study employs a qualitative approach. Even though globalisation is often viewed as positive we have discovered that...
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...Economic Development – the Decisive Factors The economic development of India largely depends upon a few factors, which prove to be decisive. According to the World Bank, for a better economic development, India needs to give due priorities in various issues like infrastructure, public sector reform, agricultural and rural development, reforms in lagging states, removal of labor regulations and HIV/AIDS. Agriculture, along with other allied sectors like fishing, forestry, and logging play a major role in the economic development in India. In 2005, these sectors accounted for almost 18.6% of the GDP. India holds the second position worldwide in terms of farm output. It also generated works for 60% of the total workforce. Though, currently seeing a steady decline of its share in the GDP, it is still the largest economic sector of the country. In India, a steady growth has been observed in the yields per unit area of all the crops since 1950. And the reason behind this is the fact that, special emphasis was given on agriculture in the five-year plans. In 1965, the country saw green revolution. Improvements came in the various areas like irrigation, technology, provision of agricultural credit, application of modern agricultural practices and subsidies. India has done considerably well in agriculture and allied sectors. The country is in 2014 the world’s largest producer of tea, coconut, cashew nuts, black pepper, turmeric, ginger and milk. India also has the largest cattle population...
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...Discussion Board Forum 2: Economic Development Sebastian Oertel Liberty University Online Discussion Board Forum 2: Economic Development Working in transportation with a focus on rail, government or World Bank based economic development is a key tool to enable some third world countries afford the infrastructure needed for continued growth. Countries like Vietnam or some large cities in Latin America are in need of reliable metro systems in order to combat traffic congestion, offer means of transportation to the low income population and at the same time increase the cities attractiveness for additional foreign investment, while reducing carbon emissions. Lack of funds for these large scale infrastructure projects is a main obstacle, which can be overcome through economic development in form of grants or no to low interest loans. “Economic development is the development of economic wealth of countries, regions or communities for the well-being of their inhabitants. From a policy perspective, economic development can be defined as efforts that seek to improve the economic well-being and quality of life for a community by creating and/or retaining jobs and supporting or growing incomes and the tax base” (http://www.svbic.com/node/24). While this definition gives a broad overview, the basic idea includes a multitude of possibilities, which are aimed to improve the current status of an economy. That economic zone many times is a third world country, region or city, but sometimes...
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...Despite levels of wealth and development unparalleled in history, billions of people on our planet are still uneducated, poorly housed , sick, inadequately fed or even starving as a result of poverty. Is this a result of economic development, or can a rising tide of economic development give all humans a basic standard and dignity of life? In this essay, I will ask if economic progress is only for one group in our society. It’s important to realize that economic activity alone is not enough to end poverty. In many poor countries, natural resources such as copper, oil or even land are being exploited by local or foreign companies but with little benefit for the local people. Nigeria’s oil wealth and Zimbabwe’s diamonds are examples where money leaves the country or does not help the majority. Secondly, economic activity can have devastating consequences on the environment . Dam projects in India or the clearing of the rainforest can mean local people lose land and livelihoods. Furthermore, multinational companies are not tied to any country. Businesses move overnight and outsource to find even cheaper labor or resources, leaving unemployed people behind them. However, we can’t go back to a Stone-Age existence of barter and living in huts. More people than ever have access to electricity , clean water, good schools, and medicine than ever before. Clothes, electronic luxuries such as phones, televisions and computers are cheap. All these things have come about through business...
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...《演讲与口才》形成性考核册 作业一 （第一章——第三章） 一、填空题 1、演讲是一种具有现实性和艺术性的社会实践活动。 2、演讲的全过程包括信息源、传播者，媒介，受传者、效果五个环节。 3、公元前 5 世纪亚里士多德写出的《修辞学》可以说是演讲术的逐步完善和形成时期。 4、我国历史上一次有记载的演讲是《尚书》中的《甘誓》。 5、根据演讲者在演讲时采用的表现手法，可以将演讲分为以叙事为主的叙述性演讲，以逻辑论证 为主的论辩性演讲，以解说注释为主的说明性演讲，以感情传达为主的传情性演讲几类。 6、演讲的信息主要是指演讲的内容和材料。演讲活动的实质就是传递和接受信息的过程 7、一篇演讲一个主题 8、演讲的标题，按着制作技巧和功能，可分为揭示主题型、设问引发型、界定范围型和象征比喻 型。 9、演讲材料的收集方法，主要有两方面：一是获得直接材料，二是获得间接材料。 二、名词解释 1、演讲： 演讲是指在特定的时空环境中，以有声语言和相应的体态语言为手段，公开向听众传递信息，表 述见解，阐明事理，抒发感情。以期达到感召听众的目的。它是一种直接的带有艺术性的社会实 践活动。 2、道德演讲： 道德演讲是以思想品德教育为目的一种演讲。 三、问答题 1、简述演讲的特点。 答：1 三方人物、四重联系、五个环节。2 独白式的现实活动言态表达。3 适应面广，实用性强， 极富鼓动性。 2、简述演讲的社会功能。 答：1 政治斗争的有力武器。2 经济活动的思想筹码。3 鼓舞士气的战争号角。4 传播知识的有效 途径。5 思想教育的最佳形式。6 人才考核的重要尺度。 3、如何选择演讲题目？ 答：1 体现时代精神，顺应历史潮流。2 适合听众要求，内容有的放矢。3 切合自己的身份，不妨 “驾轻就熟”。4 注意演讲场合，考虑预定时间。 4、简述收集材料的原则。 答：1 定向。2 充分。3 真实。4 新鲜。5 典型。6 具体。7 感人 四、论述题 结合自己的经验，谈谈演讲前应做哪些准备？ 答：起码有 5 个准备；一、材料内容的准备：1 演讲稿。2 辅助工具。3 音乐，视频等辅助工具。 二、演讲前的练习准备：1 大声的朗读你的演讲稿。2 准备演讲大纲。3 把自己的演讲进行录音。 4 掌握好时间。5 试讲。三、演讲前了解听众的准备：1 身份地位。2 年龄大小。3 男女比例。4 文化水平。5 经济收入。四、了解会场的准备：1 提前到达，熟识会场及舞台。2 熟悉你使用的麦 克风，了解它的开关调试好音量。3 提前播放音乐。4 准备好需要的道具。5 与组织者和主持人沟 1 通。五、调整情绪状态的准备：1 放松你的神经。2 回忆演讲的内容。3 想象演讲现场成功的画面。 4 热身运动。5 深呼吸。 作业二 （第四章——第五章） 一、填空题 1、演讲稿具有声传性、临场性、整体性的特点 2、演讲稿总是由开头、中间和结尾三部分组成。 3、演讲稿的层次排列形式可分为纵向组合结构、横向组合结构和纵横交叉结构三种。 4、纵向组合结构有直叙式和递进式两种情况。 5、在演讲稿的写作过程中，有了好材料，有结构，还必须通过优美动人的语言来表达。要使演讲 稿富有文采，就必须讲究修辞。修辞包括选词炼句和合理运用辞格。 6、:常用的辞格有比喻、比拟、排比、层递、设问、反问等。 7、撰写演讲稿，要有明确的主题、充足的材料，设计出恰当的结构，采用合适的修辞手法；要使 主题、材料、结构、修辞等方面共同配合，形成有机的整体，即达到形式和内容的高度统一。主 题是统帅全编的灵魂。 8、即兴演讲有两种训练方法：一是注意积累演讲材料，二是加强思维能力训练。...
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...Miranda Levy May 2013 BUS-110-OM1 Economic Development Today, economic development is about establishing profitability and a rising standard of living. The core drivers of prosperity is productivity growth, with innovation being the key driver of productivity. The fundamental focus of economic development should be in supporting innovation, increasing the success of American businesses, and guaranteeing American workers have the skills needed in continuing to be the most productive workforce in the world. By encouraging new ideas, technologies, and methods that lead to better jobs with higher wages, innovation will drive the growth of American industry, and, consequently, a much higher standard of living. Currently the prominent reality of economic development is that we now operate in a worldwide economy, meaning that American businesses must collaborate with countries besides our own (mrsc.org) The National Small Business Association (NSBA) is recognized for its bleak reporting, and recently revealed its outlook for 2013's economic climate. The presence of economic unpredictability was referred to as being the most notable challenge facing small business owners, including issues such as the eurozone crisis (one of the largest economic regions in the world) and decreasing growth in nations such as Spain. Although it may seem as though the economic forecast for 2013 is unpromising, there are some considerable reason for optimism. The United States economy, which...
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... Economic development is a term closely related to industrialization, western inputs and modernization trends in this wake of globalization. It is a transition term that best describes growth movement a state can experience. In the contemporary society, economic growth is a measurable terminal phrase tied to sustainability of input policies. For instance, a policy that foster economic growth bases on quantification factors of its efforts towards increasing economy (Chang, 2002). National economic development must consider political, social and economical achievements and the extents to which it impacts on human life. Therefore, this is a classical submission that highlights development strategies in accordance to empirical formulas developers considers while securing development to a state. Economic development is a development strategy since it bows to pragmatic procedures a developing nation must ever put into consideration. The most unwelcoming aspect of economic development are obstacles that keep on regenerating; despite well defined policies (Chang, 2002). This essay relevantly addresses some of the challenges responsible for the decline in productivity in the society. The key gainsays while addressing economic development relies on the realities concurrent in some case studies. Main Obstacles to Economic Development for States Sustainability of the natural resources is one of the main obstructions to economic development. A country’s economic growth is a subset...
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...the world will tremble”), Napoleon Bonaparte. This expression is indeed, justified by the spectacular economic growth of China the past 3O years and by the fact that today, China is considered as one of the most important economic power in the world. Our country has known many changes: from the gai ge kai fang, under the leadership of Deng Xiao Ping where China experienced effective agricultural reforms, to our days when China, with 1/5 of world population, opened its doors to foreign investment, privatization, and export, leading to unprecedented growth. However, this growth is confronted with many challenges, external or internal. Among them, environmental issues are the most evident and urgent. In fact, this explosive growth has left scars across China's landscape and environment. Which lead us to our problematic: How the environmental issues can affects the economic development of China? And what are the solutions? Current situation * Overview of the Chinese economic development Since the opening policy in 1978, China has been the most rapidly growing economy in the world. And even if there is a certain tightening of the economy policy of the government and in spite of the rise of the price of raw material, this growth doesn’t have until now given any major sign of breathlessness (6% for the trimester of 2008). In July 2007, China is the fourth world economic power behind the United States, Japan and Germany, with a nominal GDP of more than 2.6 billion dollars...
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...Introduction In this essay, I will be taking a look into the general growth and development experience of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay over the period of 1950 to present day. Using several dimensions of development, I hope to provide a glimpse into the development process that Uruguay has gone through in the above mentioned period. Description Uruguay is a South American country with a relatively small population of 3.3 million people, as of 2008, living in a land area of 176,000km2 (World Bank, 2009). However, they do possess a fairly good Gross National Income (GNI) per capita of US$8260, which is fairly high compared to the Latin America & Carribean average of US$6781 (World Bank, 2009). Throughout the last 60 years of its history, Uruguay has undergone much changes in terms of its social, economic and political scenes. Uruguay suffered many years of turmoil during the period of the 1950s and 1960s. Though at one point of time, the people living in Uruguay had the highest per capita income in the continent, that did not last and economic problems occured. In the 1970s, Uruguay suffered a military coup, in which the generals took power from the elected officials and thus began a period of military rule from 1973 to 1985. During the early years of military rule, the economy did recover from the economic downturn of the previous period. However, the Uruguayan economy began to worsen once again towards the end of this period. Because of this, the military was forced to...
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...and economic development. The paper opens with a brief look into the importance of economic development, and then looks into democracy and its elements and how they factor into the growth of the economy, with some hypotheses from specialists of the field. Cases of economic growth in non-democratic countries are also delved into, namely the case of China. There the paper analyzes what results in economic growth in the absence of democracy. In the end we come to a conclusion on the matter, whether or not democracy is a necessity for economic growth. Economic development is one of the core priorities of any given state, regardless of regime or position in the international...
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...Economic Development and Growth Stages of Economic Growth: (Walt Rostow) 1. Traditional Society: economy dominated by subsistence activity where output is consumed by producers rather than traded. Agriculture is the most important industry. 2. Transitional Stage: through investment by developed countries into LDCs, a social climate emerges that encourages the pursuit of economic objectives. Banking and manufacturing begin at this point in addition to the emergence of a transport and communications infrastructure to support trade. 3. Take off: industrialisation increases with workers switching from the agricultural sector to the manufacturing sector. New industries emerge. Movement from rural to urban areas. 4. Drive to Maturity: long period of sustained economic progress and GNP continues to increase. Economy is diversifying into new areas. Technology improves. Less reliance on imports. 5. High Mass Consumption: increase in real income and the population enjoy an increased standard of living. Increased resources are devoted to social welfare and security. Economic Development: is an increase in GNP per head of population, which is accompanied by a fundamental change in the structure of society. Economic Growth: is an increase in GNP per head of population, without any changes in the structure of society. Characteristics of LDCs: ➢ High rate of population growth: rates are very high, resulting in economic problems that are hard to solve by the government...
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...Role of Entrepreneurship in Economic Development Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurship is the attempt to create value through recognition of business opportunity, the management of risk taking appropriate to the opportunity and through the communicative and management skills to mobilize human financial and material resources necessary to bring a project to fruition. According to A. H. Cole, "Entrepreneurship is activity of an individual, undertaken to initiate, maintain or aggrandize profit by production or distribution of economic goods and services." According to Schumpeter, "Entrepreneurship is based on purposeful and systemic innovation. It included not only the independent businessman but also company directors and managers who actually carry out innovative functions". Need For Entrepreneurship Development: Economic development essentially means a process of upward change whereby the real per capita income of a country increases over a period of time. Entrepreneurship has an important role to play in the development of a country. It is one of the most important inputs in economic development. The economic history of the presently advanced countries like USA, Russia and Japan supports the fact that economic development is the outcome for which entrepreneurship is an inevitable cause. The crucial and significant role played by the entrepreneurs in the economic development of advanced countries has made the people of developing and under developed countries conscious...
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...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background To The Study The financial system is created to move funds from surplus economic units to deficit economic units in order to produce goods and services and to make investment in new equipment and facilities so as to facilitate the growth of the economy and improve the standard of living of its citizens. It is generally recognized that financial system plays a catalytic role in the process of economic development. The financial system of any nation is a function of the size of its economy. A growing economy places more responsibilities on the financial sector to mobilize the needed capital to facilitate production, generate employment and income. An economy that does not experience growth on sustained basis is likely to have a very passive financial sector as there are no incentives for investment. Through the process of growth, financial system offers a wide range of portfolio options for savers and issuable instruments for investors, a function often referred to as financial intermediation (Oke, 2000). The Nigerian financial system comprises of various institutions, markets and operations that are in the business of providing financial services. These institutions can be broadly categorized into money and capital markets. While money market is a market in which short term financial instruments are traded, the capital market on the other hand deals with long term transactions. The major players in the money market are the banks and discount...
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...1Developed Economy Developed economy is an economy enjoying sustained economic growth and security. Some of the common characteristics of a developed economy are low birth rate and higher life expectancy, high level of literacy and a well trained workforce and the export of high value added goods. High gross domestic product is also a common measure of a developed economy. (Business dictionary 2011) However a developed economy is an economy that has a high level of economic development in a classified state, according to some criteria. Countries classified We could also argue that in times of low unemployment, workers have more power to demand higher wages because they know they cannot be easily replaced. Conversely, during high unemployment businesses have more bargaining power because both they and their workers are aware of the competition and that replacing workers is easier. Also the need to lower spending on welfare where more people working means fewer people claiming welfare. With lower welfare spending, governments can put more money into new schools or hospitals. Increased spending on health care and policing, which suggests that areas with high unemployment rates tend to have higher crime rates, too, coupled with the local population's poor health. The social and psychological effect of low unemployment rate cannot be totally ignored; high unemployment has been linked to psychological and physical disorders, divorce, suicide and crime. (Baumol...
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...paper discusses the roles of small businesses in the economic development of Zambia. It aims to shed light on some of the challenges faced by most Zambian entrepreneurs as well as explain how entrepreneurs can develop for themselves a competitive advantage. It will further go on to identify and explain some entrepreneurial characteristics of our local entrepreneurs, while finally shedding light on how business opportunities are created. Role of Small Businesses in Zambia’s Economy According to the June 2010 Zambian Business Survey, it was noted that 80 % of the private sector in Zambia are small businesses with less than 50 employees. “These firms constitute the bulk of private sector employment in Zambia, employing 73% of the total labor force”. (Conway and Shah, JUNE 2010). Small businesses such as car washes, Beauty parlors, restaurants and small scale farmers open way for new employment opportunities and serve as building blocks of Zambia’s largest establishments. Not only do these small businesses offer employment opportunities, they also in turn assist in addressing some of Zambia’s key economic challenges such as Poverty reduction as well as increasing Government revenue collection. Additionally, small businesses in the agricultural sector add enormously to the nation’s food security. Challenges Faced By Zambian Entrepreneurs Granting small businesses are playing a major role in the economic development of our country, however Entrepreneurs are still facing...
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