...reasons behind Rome becoming a naval power in early stages of First Punic War (264 to 241 BC). Discussion The Carthage City was established in 814 BCE and is believed to be originally the dwelling of Phoenician inhabitants from the town of Tyre (present day Sur, Lebanon.) (“Rise and Fall: Civilizations at War Heaven.”, n.d.). As time has passed, territories were expanding. Later the Carthage united provinces of North Africa to the scale large enough to compare to modern day Morocco of the Egyptian regions. Moreover, influence has extended to the lands Sardinia, Malta, the Balearic Islands and the western part of Sicily, which later was the reason of First Punic War rise between Rome and Carthage. As a matter of fact, we have the Carthage as one of the most powerful trade regions of the Ancient world. The Carthage extended their business paths even as far as Cornwall in England (Miles, 2010). Many historians believed that trade paths together with growing maritime forces were reasons to form significant economic and political organization of the Carthage. The growing trade-net was vast enough to bring gold from all across Spain and the silver of the Balearic Isles (Carthage, n.d.). According to Morey, among other products of trade were “the purple of Tyre, the frankincense of Arabia and the linen of Egypt” (2003). The scale of...
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...------------------------------------------------- Team 129R 5th National Law School International Arbitration Moot Court Competition, 2012 ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- In the matter of an Arbitration at, Somali City, Democratic Republic of Calona under the Calona-Nolania Bilateral Investment Treaty ------------------------------------------------- Wayne Electronics.........................................................................................................Claimant v. Democratic Republic of Calona……........................................................................Respondent ------------------------------------------------- (Arb/Cas/12/35) ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Memorandum for Respondent ------------------------------------------------- Table of Contents Table of Abbreviations I Index of Authorities IV Statement of Jurisdiction XI Statement of Facts XII Questions Presented XV Summary of Pleadings XVI Arguments Advanced 1 I. The Tribunal Does Not Have Jurisdiction Over The Claims Brought Before It. 1 A. The undertaking of the Claimant does not amount to an investment. 1 B. The Tribunal does not have jurisdiction over contractual matters. 2 1. The Tribunal does not have jurisdiction over contractual disputes because of an exclusive dispute resolution clause...
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...EDUCATION QUALITY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH Education Quality and Economic Growth Education Quality and Economic Growth Eric A. Hanushek Ludger Wößmann THE WORLD BANK Washington, DC © 2007 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: feedback@worldbank.org All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 5 10 09 08 07 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy...
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...evolution of international marketing in the industry sector of your choice, considering issues of cultural difference, political and legal matters, and where relevant ethical concerns. Submitted on December 10, 2010 The internationalization of Renault : a strategy of development in emerging countries Nowadays, Renault is the car manufacturer of reference in France, ahead of Peugeot and Citroën of the PSA group. The Renault-Nissan alliance, established in 1999 and based on two independent companies with their own culture and their own brand identity, is the fourth largest automotive group in the world. After experiencing some difficulties in the 80's, Renault has developed an aggressive strategy of international development that makes it today one of the key players in the global automotive market. By focusing on cultural, political, legal and ethical issues, we will first explain the different stages and difficulties in the internationalization of the group. Then, we will study its different implementation strategies in the several new markets and finally, we will discuss the consequences of the internationalization of Renault. The story of Renault started on the 24th of December in 1898. The society Renault Frères grew rapidly and in 1903, Fernand Renault started to develop the commercial network of the company and created the first subsidiaries abroad – England, Belgium, Italy, Germany, Spain and the United States. However, because of collaboration during the 2 nd world...
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...Running head: ISLAM : GLOBAL CONCEPT AND PRACTICES 1 Islam : Global Concept and Practices DeVry University Sociology – 350N – Cultural Diversity in Professions Spring Semester 2013 Introduction The history of Islam, its’ concepts and practices is one of the most intriguing yet controversial religions known today. Worldwide, Muslims make up about 23.4 percent of the population, while Christianity makes up about 30 percent (Goodstein, 2011). A study published in 2009 by the Pew Research Center to get global concept of the Muslim population found, “Of the 232 countries and territories included in this study, 50 are Muslim-majority” (p. 5). The Center also found “While 80% of the world’s Muslims live in countries where Muslims are in the majority, significant numbers – about one-fifth of the world’s Muslim population – live as religious minorities in their home countries” (p. 7). With so many countries adhering to Islam and the growth of the Muslim population here in America and worldwide; how will this affect how non-Islamic countries communicate and interact with Islamic countries and how we communicate right here in the United States? If Muslim fundamentalists were not at the forefront of controversy in the war on terrorism, would Islam be a religion that sparks so much debate? Even before September 11th, there had been much controversy related to Islam. However most of it occurred on foreign soil. With significant bombings and terrorist attacks in Europe...
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...College in Fulton, Missouri, which marked the start of the Cold War. The cold war did not end until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. During this period, the United States and the USSR confronted each other in politics, economy, ideology, and so on. And they nearly divided this world into two camps, socialist camp and capitalist camp, what made the conflict on ideology especially sharp. Every incident in the world could not happened without reasons, and the original cause may happened quite long ago. So there are long term causes and short causes of the Cold War. One of the short term causes is that the US President had a personal dislike of the Soviet leader Josef Stalin. At the Potsdam Conference starting in late July 1945, serious differences emerged over the future development of Germany and Eastern Europe. At Potsdam, the US was represented by a new president, Harry S. Truman, who on April 12 succeeded to the office upon Roosevelt's death. Truman was unaware of Roosevelt's plans for post-war engagement with the Soviet Union, and more generally uninformed about foreign policy and military matters. The new president, therefore, was initially reliant on a set of advisers. This group...
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...A Brief History of the International Monetary System Kenneth N. Matziorinis 1. Introduction The international monetary system is the structure of financial payments, settlements, practices, institutions and relations that govern international trade and investment around the world. To understand the international monetary system, we can start by looking at how a domestic monetary system is structured. The Canadian financial system, for instance, is composed of a) a currency; b) a central bank which issues that currency; c) financial deposit-taking and lending institutions such as commercial banks and d) the Canadian Payments Association. The currency used in Canada is the Canadian dollar. It is the means of payment, store of value and unit of account for all transactions conducted within Canada. It is the currency in which all assets and liabilities are measured. As such, exchange rates are not an issue in our domestic transactions. The country’s central bank, is the Bank of Canada. Its role is to issue the currency of the land, the Canadian dollar, to manage the supply of money to ensure that there is neither too much of it that could cause inflation, nor too little that could cause recession and to oversee the financial system, acting as a lender of last resort when the need arises. Commercial banks and other non-bank financial institutions are the main players in the financial system. They engage in the process of financial intermediation, which is the taking of deposits...
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... But, despite this great variety, it is important to begin by emphasizing one great division: that into religious and secular legal systems. Each side of this split holds quite different views as to law, in its source, scope, sanctions, and function. The source of religious law is the deity, legislating through the prophets. Secular law is made by human beings, and one of its most famous examples begins with the words 'We, the people'. It follows from this difference in their source that religious laws are perceived to be eternal and immutable, while secular rules can be changed by their makers. Religious law tells people what to believe as well as how to behave, whereas secular law deals with our external actions as they affect others. In a religious legal system disputes are usually adjudicated by an officer of that religion, so the same person is both judge and priest. In a secular system, by contrast, the office of judge is separate, and is often reinforced by guarantees of judicial independence. A further difference lies in the enforcement of the laws: in a secular...
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...1 Egypt’s Accounting Standards (EAS) against IFRS: The Reason behind Compliance and The Main Differences. Ahmed Mostafa Eliwa German University in Cairo Supervised By: Prof: Dr. Ehab K. A. Mohamed 2 Chapter 1: IFRS Historical Background 1.1 Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to gather information about the history of the international financial and reporting standards (IFRS), the committee that issued them, and what the reasons behind issuing such standards are to be agreed and implemented across the world. In the following sections we will know more about the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) “The IFRS Issuer” foundation and launching. Then we will talk about the IFRS and the IASC development during the period of 1973 - 2000. How the IASC started to issue their international accounting standards and to what extent they were agreed and implemented across the world. And also what are the difficulties that faced them to issue accepted international accounting standards during this period. Finally, in the last section, the factors that forced the IASC to be restructured to IASB “International Accounting Standards Board”. Moreover, and after correspondence and deliberations, the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) endorsement on the IFRS. 1.2 IASC Foundation and Launching: Following World War II, each country had its own Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP, the U.S. designation), or proper accounting practice. Even among the GAAPs...
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...Representing the Netherlands Robert J. House University of Pennsylvania Principal Investigator Paul J. Hanges University of Maryland Principal Investigator S. Antonio Ruiz-Quintanilla Cornell University GLOBE Coordinating Team Direct all correspondence to: Deanne N. Den Hartog, Free University, Work and Organizational Psychology, v.d. Boechorst straat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands; email: dn.den.hartog@psy. vu.nl. Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 219–256. Copyright © 1999 by Elsevier Science Inc. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. ISSN: 1048-9843 220 LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY Vol. 10 No. 2 1999 Peter W. Dorfman New Mexico State University GLOBE Coordinating Team and representing Mexico and Ikhlas A. Abdalla, Arab Fund for Economic & Social...
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...The (un)Official United States History Cram Packet This is not intended as a substitute for regular study ……. But it is a powerful tool for review. 1494: Treaty of Tordesillas – divides world between Portugal and Spain 1497: John Cabot lands in North America. 1513: Ponce de Leon claims Florida for Spain. 1524: Verrazano explores North American Coast. 1539-1542: Hernando de Soto explores the Mississippi River Valley. 1540-1542: Coronado explores what will be the Southwestern United States. 1565: Spanish found the city of St. Augustine in Florida. 1579: Sir Francis Drake explores the coast of California. 1584 – 1587: Roanoke – the lost colony 1607: British establish Jamestown Colony – bad land, malaria, rich men, no gold - Headright System – land for population – people spread out 1608: French establish colony at Quebec. 1609: United Provinces establish claims in North America. 1614: Tobacco cultivation introduced in Virginia. – by Rolfe 1619: First African slaves brought to British America. 15. Virginia begins representative assembly – House of Burgesses 1620: Plymouth Colony is founded. - Mayflower Compact signed – agreed rule by majority • 1624 – New York founded by Dutch 1629: Mass. Bay founded – “City Upon a Hill” - Gov. Winthrop - Bi-cameral legislature, schools 1630: The Puritan Migration 1632: Maryland – for profit – proprietorship 1634 – Roger Williams banished from Mass. Bay Colony 1635:...
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...1. Introduction The most important factor in the fate of societies and nations is command of energy. Energy is defined as the ability or capacity to do work. Energy policy in the European Union represents one of the core policies since the beginning of the European Integration. The treaty of Paris to establish a European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM or EAEC) were the first attempts to an energy cooperation within the European Community. As the size of the European Union grows (reached twenty eight member states as of March 2013), it needed more energy sources as energy plays an important role for economic development. Now the European Union is the largest importer of energy (oil and gas) in the world, and the second largest energy consumer. Therefore, member states of the EU need more secure access to energy resources. Beside the North-South and East-West energy corridors, Europe ingests the South-North corridor, connecting it with North Africa and the Middle East. In 2007 Oil and Gas Journal estimated stocks and supplies of oil at 114 billion barrel and natural gas at 13, 9 billion cubic meter. Almost one third of European imported oil comes either from the Middle East or from North-West Africa. Europe pipeline interests in the south are focused exclusively on natural gas. In 2006 Algeria delivered 16, 7% of Europe gas, and it’s considered to be the biggest third land delivers natural gas, including LNG (Liquefied Natural...
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...Introduction: The amazing thing about designer's footwear is that it follows the latest trend which the people want to see in their favorite store. The top designers like Thierry Rabotin shoes or Vibram five finger shoes always go for the buyer's choice of style and design at the same time. You can visit a department store or specialty stores for a variety of styles for every family member. If your time is limited, do a search on the internet where you can find a large selection of shoes to fit your needs. These websites make it very convenient for the consumer to order and it can be shipped as early as twenty-four hours. No matter what taste the buyer's has, from casual to formal footwear and from sports footwear to normal walking type shoes, there is an unlimited range that can be confusing for customers as to which one will suit them best. If the price is right, you can purchase more than one pair of shoes There are people who prefer shoes that are comfortable rather than being fashionable. Today's footwear market offers a large selection of styles that comfortable as well as being stylish which is good news for people who have foot problems. Shoe designers have provided all the latest variety in footwear that can be found online or your favorite local store. The latest trends in footwear are often seen on famous celebrities or athletes. Fashion magazines feature the latest styles as well. If you know the brand name, you can search the internet to find what is currently...
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...University, and the Ohio State University for helpful comments and suggestions. We also thank Selim Topaloglu for research assistance. Williamson acknowledges research support from the Capital Markets Research center at Georgetown University. All errors are the responsibility of the authors. * Does Exchange Rate Exposure Matter? Abstract Previous literature finds mixed empirical support for a relation between exchange rate exposure and its theoretical determinants and that exposure is of negligible economic importance. To re-examine the nature and the economic significance of the exchange rate to firm value relation, we construct an international database of over 17,000 non-financial firms from 18 countries. We find that firms’ foreign activity is broadly and significantly related to exchange rate exposure and that after controlling for this activity, large firms are more sensitive to currency movements than small firms. Using a portfolio approach to investigate the economic importance of these effects, we find that firms...
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...REPORT ON “EUROPE – CULTURE, HISTORY & ECONOMICS” “Based on Seminar delivered by Prof. Dr. De Meuter” Submitted To: Submitted By: PROF. DR. DE MEUTER GROUP 7 NIDHI SHARMA RICHARD SUMAN HIMANSHU SAHNI MAHESH DILIP REDDY European culture & history LESSONS OF HISTORY: * Historical truth & historical books doesn’t always actually say or what it meant in the books. * They books are changed from time to time according to the situations and conditions. Example of Christopher Columbus who discovered America has been discussed in the class, where the actual evil intentions of Columbus were discussed who started his journey in search of India and discovered America. Here the myth is said as a history but the factual reality is left behind. Perennial philosophy: The perennial philosophy says about the whole world’s religious traditions as sharing a single, universal truth on which the foundation of all religious knowledge and doctrine has grown. In the perennial philosophy the several representations of different countries such as kundalini of India where the seven chakras represents seven energies present around the spine, Greece and the Caduceus / Homer and the Odyssey, Egypt and the Uraeus-Cobra & vulture, South America’s the oroburos, Chinese Dragon and the European alchemy which representation has different meaning has been discussed. Europe and Christianity: ...
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