...for the Economic Growth of Pakistan. 1947, the year when one rupee was equal to one US dollar. But now it is 100 rupees against a US dollar. What US government did to maintain their dollars value which ours could not do, is a question every Pakistani wants to ask. Similarly, if we consider countries like Malaysia which got its free existence after Pakistan’s, they have grown economically more than us. In 2012, Pakistan’s GDP was 231 billion US dollars whereas Malaysian GDP was over 303 billion US dollars. Though Pakistan has God gifted resources like natural reservoirs of minerals, gas, coal, and human capital. Pakistanis are not less talented than people of any other country. Poverty is increasing as days pass, debts are increasing just because we cannot repay the debts and the interests on these debts. Inflation is increasing. Our GDP is also increasing but not as much as these mentioned factors. Hence the common men are suffering. Before I start with the recommendations, I just want to give you a glimpse of Pakistan’s economy since now. In the early four decades, Pakistan grew by a good rate of 6 percent, though the population grew rapidly per capita income got doubled and poverty level declined from 46% to 18%. Till 1980s, this growth was maintained throughout wars, and the changing government regimes. In 1990s; the economic growth rate declined to 4%, poverty rose to 33%, inflation and the debts increased too. Then in 1999, military formed its government Pakistan once again...
Words: 576 - Pages: 3
...DOES MONETARY POLICY INFLUENCE ECONOMIC GROWTH IN PAKISTAN? Haji Saif Ullah (Author) Email: hajisaif@live.com Muhammad Ashraf (coordinator) Department of Management Sciences University Of Gujrat, Gujrat ABSTRACT This study examines the impact of monetary policy on economic growth in Pakistan. The study uses time-series data covering the range of 1991 to 2011.The effects of stochastic shocks of each of the endogenous variables are explored using Error Correction Model (ECM). The study shows that Long run relationship exists among the variables. Also, the core finding of this study shows that inflation rate, exchange rate and external reserve are significant monetary policy instruments that drive growth in Pakistan. It is therefore recommended that the establishment of primary and secondary government bond markets that can also increase the efficiency of monetary policy and reduce the government’s need to rely on the central bank for direct financing. Keywords: Policy instruments, Economic Growth, GDP, Money supply, monetary policy INTRODUCTION The aim of this study is to examine the impact of monetary policy on economic growth. Economic growth is an important macroeconomic objective for any country. Monetary policy has direct relation with economic growth. Folawewo and Osinubi (2006) stated monetary policy as the arrangements which are planned to control supply of money in a country. In many countries the basic aims of the monetary policy are to stabilize prices...
Words: 3750 - Pages: 15
...Abstract The study investigates the effects of Monetary policy on some significant economic variables like exchange rate, gross domestic product and inflation using data from 1960-2010 to analyze the results. We have taken the data in percentage form. A great number of empirical studies on the relationships of monetary policy and inflation are available and most of these have analyzed the effectiveness of monetary policy in controlling inflation in Pakistan. In this paper we have presented the effectiveness of monetary policy it’s framework and data estimation through which we reached to the conclusion that monetary shocks do affect real variables like GDP, inflation and exchange rate. Pakistan has been estimated by a number of researchers and it has been recognized that monetary phenomenon are responsible for the high levels of inflation. Keywords: Monetary Policy, Inflation, Exchange rate, Economic Growth, Gross domestic product and Pakistan. Introduction This paper attempts to examine the long-run effects of Monetary Policy on several economic variables such as inflation, economic growth that is gross domestic product and exchange rate in Pakistan. For this purpose, analysis have been employed for the period 1960-2010. As monetary policy actions affect policy variables with a significant gap and with high degree of unpredictability and insecurity, it is key to predict the probable impact and degree of monetary policy actions on the real variables. Usually, policy makers...
Words: 2772 - Pages: 12
...industries Pakistan got only 34 industries the rest were located in India. Pakistan got only small scale industries .In 1947 suggested that for growth and development of country there were need to establish new industries for that purpose Govt. establish industrial finance corporation& industrial credit corporation in1948 at that time investor invest in these industries which show the highest profit. The contribution in GDP 6.9% ⦁ 1950s ⦁ In1960s there were shifted consumer goods industries to heavy machines such as steel, petro chemical steel. The industrial performance in...
Words: 1478 - Pages: 6
...Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences Vol.2 2009 Application of Endogenous Growth Model to the Economy of Pakistan: A Cointegration Approach Haider Mahmood (Corresponding Author) Research Scholar, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Pakistan. E-mail: mic6699@gmail.com Amatul R. Chaudhary Director School of Economics, National College of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore, Pakistan Abstract During the last few decades, governments of developing countries have increasingly viewed foreign direct investment (FDIs) as a catalyst for economic growth. This study investigates the impact of FDI on economic growth of Pakistan by using Endogenous Growth Model. Out of a number of variables affecting economic growth, few have been taken into our model e.g. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Domestic Savings, Employed Labour Force, Capital Formation, Human Capital Index and Balance of Trade. The study examines the causality among economic Growth and all variables mentioned above over the period 1972-2005 using Johansen‟s maximum likelihood co-integration test and multivariate Granger causality test developed by Yamamoto and Toda (1995). The results of Granger causality indicated that in the short run, economic growth is caused by FDIs, domestic savings, human capital index, employed labour force and balance of trade. Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth, Causality, Human Capital Index. 1. Introduction During the recent...
Words: 5362 - Pages: 22
...PAKISTAN’S ECONOMIC FUTURE DR. ISHRAT HUSAIN Economists have a very poor track record of forecasting the future as the dynamic interactions between complex variables, an imperfect understanding of the non-economic factors and the occurrence of unanticipated exogenous shocks turn their judgements into hit and miss episodes. Despite these weaknesses economic forecasting flourishes as a discipline and the economists show indomitable courage to sketch out their scenarios of an uncertain and unknown future. This article therefore examines the past developments, current trends of Pakistani economy and the future global and regional outlook and builds the most likely scenario for the medium term economic prospects of the country (next 10 years or so) and then reviews the downside risks and upside gains around this scenario. 2. Pakistan is still a low income country and it would require at least next 14 years of 7 percent average annual GDP growth to double its per-capita income to around $ 2000 (official exchange rate conversion). This growth rate should also be able to reduce the incidence of poverty by half and meet the Millennium Development Goal. 3. It is easy to make this normative statement but more difficult question is how can this growth rate be achieved on a sustained basis? The prophets of doom and gloom in Pakistan (and there are plenty of them) who are constantly polluting the minds of our younger generation and turning them into cynics at very early age sapping...
Words: 2214 - Pages: 9
...Problem Statement Rising rate of inflation in Pakistan in last decade, factors that impact this rise in inflation. The factors are monetary i.e. money supply, exchange rate and real GDP and other factors are banking and non-banking borrowings. Research attempts to give solutions for problem that how, why, and when these factors affect the rate of inflation. Research is aimed to identify reasons due to which inflation is rising in Pakistan and give solution for this problem. Review of Literature Inflation & Importance The general movement of a country's overall price level is of primary concern to all and more so if the movement is upward. The problem of inflation has virtually become a major concern for all economies - over the last few decades, Inflation has been accelerating at an alarming rate in most of developing countries. (Mohammed Sabihuddin Butt and Haroon Jamal: A MONETARIST APPROACH TO INFLATION FOR PAKISTAN: Pakistan Economic and Social Review Vol.X XVI No.2 (Winter1988) pp 69-87) Inflation adversely affects the overall growth, the financial sector development and the vulnerable poor segment of the population. There is clear consensus that even moderate levels of inflation damage real growth. Inflation decreases the real income and also induces uncertainty. Considering such adverse impacts of inflation on the economy, there is a consensus among the worlds' leading central banks that the price stability is the prime objective of monetary policy and...
Words: 3002 - Pages: 13
...International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 1 No. 12; September 2011 Does There Exist Okun’s Law in Pakistan? Khalil Ahmad1 Assistant Professor Economics Department University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Sumaira Khalil Student of PGDAE Economics Department University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Allah Ditta Saeed Assistant Professor Economics Department University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Abstract This study tests the relevance of Okun’s law to Pakistan economy. For this purpose, two versions of Okun’s law —‘the difference’ version and ‘the gap’ version — were tried using annual time series data on growth rate of gross domestic product and unemployment for the period from 1974 to 2009. As the variables included in both the models were stationary at the level, the ordinary least squares method was employed to extract the coefficient of Okun’s law. Neither of the models witnessed existence of Okun’s law to Pakistan Economy. The study recommends further research on the issue incorporating the possible interaction between inflation and unemployment. Further, government agencies collecting and maintaining socio-economic data should make utmost effort to collect and publish accurate and reliable data in Pakistan. Key words: Okun‘s Law; ‗the Difference Model‘; ‗the Gap Model‘; Pakistan; GDP; Unemployment Introduction Variations in unemployment are inversely related to variations in output in any economy. This relationship...
Words: 3636 - Pages: 15
...RESEARCH PROPOSAL TOPIC: Rising inflation in Pakistan: Causes and Remedies SUBMITTED BY: NAILA ERUM NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD Rising inflation in Pakistan: Causes and Remedies Introduction Pakistan is currently facing unprecedented high Inflation. High inflation is contributing to increase in vulnerability and fall in real income of lower, middle and fixed income segments of the society. It is increasing uncertainty about future scenario of the business environment and instability of the financial system, erosion of business and investors’ confidence, slowing down of real economic activities, investment, economic growth and employment. Inflation is known as a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services. Consequently, there is a decline in the real value of money and purchasing power. Inflation is an indicator of a country’s macro economic stability and provides important insight on the state of the economy and the sound macroeconomic policies that govern it. A stable inflation not only gives a nurturing environment for economic growth, but also uplifts the poor and fixed income citizens who are the most vulnerable in society. A numerous supply side and demand side factors could be responsible for this surge in inflation. Inflation can be a result of shocks to the supply of certain food items and to world...
Words: 2805 - Pages: 12
...12 Introduction to Micro And Macro Economics | Major Issues in Pakistan Economy: A Statistical Overview | | | | | Table of Contents Page Historical Background of Pakistan...............................................................................3 An Overview of Current Situation in Pakistan.............................................................5 Major Issues in Pakistan: .............................................................................................7 Illiteracy.............................................................................................................7 Poverty..............................................................................................................12 Corruption.........................................................................................................15 Overpopulation and Population Health.............................................................18 Unemployment..................................................................................................22 Inflation.............................................................................................................26 Energy crisis......................................................................................................30 Political instability............................................................................................33 Conclusion and Recommendations............
Words: 9500 - Pages: 38
...Impact of Global financial crisis On Pakistan By: Nauman Ayubi Butt Roll # 8511 Table of contents 1) Reason of choosing this topic 2) Introduction 3) The term ‘Financial Crises’ 4) Financial Crisis 2007-2009 5) Causes of the crisis 6) The crisis getting global 7) The Financial crisis and Pakistan: 8) Sectoral impact of the crisis in Pakistan: 9) External sector impact i) Exports ii) Imports 10) Financial Sector impact on i) Foreign exchange ii) Banking sector iii) Circular debt iv) Stock market: 11) Inflation 12) Economic business sector impact i) Impact on textile industry 13) Social Sector Impacts 14) Poverty and unemployment: 15) IMF 16) Technique to tackle the situation Reason for choosing this topic: The reason for choosing this topic is that it has a direct relationship with the poverty, unemployment, literacy, wealth distribution and also with the increased level of terrorism in Pakistan. Introduction: Capitalism is an economic system in which land labor production pricing and distribution are all determined by the market. There is a strong history of capitalism that it can shift from extended period of rapid growth to very short periods of contraction The global financial crisis in 2008-09 which are still on the go, they actually started from the 20th century and they have been increasing since then. In the end of 20th century the U.S housing prices after a multiyear started declining, the mortgage prices had been at...
Words: 5046 - Pages: 21
...diKalim Hyder & Qazi Masood Ahmed 107 Why Private Investment In Pakistan Has Collapsed And How It Can Be Restored Kalim Hyder and Qazi Masood Ahmed* Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyse the decline in private investment and formulate a comprehensive strategy to overcome this problem, which is the main cause of deceleration in the growth momentum of Pakistan’s economy. Due to lack of investor confidence, private investment has reached its lowest point in the recent economic history of the private sector led growth phase (1978 to 2002) in Pakistan. This paper argues that economic as well as non-economic factors are responsible for this declining investment. Economic policies are formulated in such a manner that the short-term objectives of lowering the fiscal and trade deficits were to some extent achieved but overall economic performance and investment were ignored. In order to control external trade deficits, a policy of devaluation increased the cost of production through an increase in prices of imported raw material especially of plant and machinery. Higher real interest rates due to excessive public borrowing that were due to the failure in reducing fiscal deficits has resulted in financial crowding out and has corroded the savings that might be used to finance private investment. The unexplained part of private investment that is not determined by economic factors can be attributed to non-economic factors, which include internal and external shocks. These shocks...
Words: 5689 - Pages: 23
...Introduction Entrepreneurship is becoming of vital importance in the economies like Pakistan. Entrepreneurship is strongly related to small medium enterprise (SME), which is considered to be the main developing force of the developing economies market. Previously many economists believed that it is the large firm which contributes in the developing of economies and attracts foreign exchange in the country. But there point of view changed when countries like Taiwan, Japan, and Korea established their economies on the bases of SMEs. These economies build up from grass root level to the heights of success. According to Schapper (2006), in developing nations more than 90% of the firms fall under the category of SMEs and he also above than 90% of these firms are microenterprises. Pakistan is also one of the countries focusing on the development of SMEs. Almost 13 years ago Govt. of Pakistan established institution named SMEDA; small and medium enterprise authority, responsible for the guidance and the promotion of SMEs. SMEs are very heterogeneous business operating in many different sectors such as trade, agri- business and manufacturing (Hussain et al, 2009). Pakistan is a very potential market for SMEs. Before very less or no importance is given on the business research which could attract many foreign investments. There are certain issues regarding the success and failures of SMEs which need to explore out and address. What is Entrepreneur? The term entrepreneur...
Words: 3352 - Pages: 14
...analysis of Pakistan Submitted by Mohd. Asif ROLL NUMBER – AUD0637 BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION- 3C AMITY UNIVERSITY DUBAI CAMPUS MARCH 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank Mrs.Priyanka Chandanani for her advice and guidance. I appreciate their effort of providing necessary information regarding the paper & also for their support in completing the paper. I would also like to express my gratitude towards my parents for their encouragement and support. Lastly, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all those at Amity University Dubai who have willingly helped me out with their abilities. PEST Analysis of Pakistan Political If we observe the political situation of Pakistan, much of the politics is based on different ethnic groups. It’s fair to say that the current political situation of Pakistan is in dire need of substantial changes if we compare it to the political systems of leading nations in the world. Pakistan has a democratically elected government where the ruling party is Pakistan People’s...
Words: 4820 - Pages: 20
...on the GDP growth of a developing country i.e. Pakistan. This study will help to establish a relationship between stock market earnings and economic (GDP) growth of the country, basically it will answer this question, “How the stock market earnings affect the GDP?” In this research, I shall apply the co integration and error correction model to the stock market performance and GDP and shall try to segregate the role of primary from secondary market and find out linkages between secondary market and growth that may impact on GDP of Pakistan. I shall make an effort to find indicators that lead to growth by having stock market earnings at the back. Table of Contents with List of Tables and/or Illustrations Serial number|Description|Page numbers| 1|Title|i| 2|Abstract|ii| 3|Table of contents|1| 4|Introduction|2| 5|Research Question|3| 6|Research Objective|3| 7|Literature Review|4| 8|Significance|5| 9|Research Methodology|6| 10|Data Collection Sources|6| 11|Data Collection Tools|6| 12|Hypothesis|6| 13|Research Model|7| 14|Theoretical Framework|7| 15|Type of research|8| 16|Sampling technique|8| 17|Data processing, analysis and statistical tools|8| 18|Reference|9| Theoretical framework Illustration…………………………………….7 Introduction: GDP is the key indicator of the economic growth of a developing country. This study will find out the linkage between the stock market earnings and GDP growth of Pakistan. Pakistan has struggled in the field of economic progress since...
Words: 1944 - Pages: 8