...A2 Economics 1. Explain why a monopoly has a downward facing marginal revenue curve and a firm in a perfect market has a horizontal marginal revenue curve. Monopolies are firms with a majority share in the market. Monopoly firms set the price because there is less competition and high barriers to entry/exit because of the high start up costs into the industry. So the demand curve is downward sloping because they set the price so to attract more demand they can lower the price. In a perfect market the demand is perfectly inelastic because consumers have perfect information meaning that if a firm increases the price, demand will go down due to lots of competitors and low barriers to entry, so firms in a perfect market are price takers. 2. Explain why prices in oligopolies remain fixed in the long term. An oligopoly is where a few large firms have a majority of the market share. Prices in oligopolies remain fixed in the long term because if a firm lowers in the price, all companies will follow because demand is price elastic. Thus meaning that revenue will go down for each company. So due to price collusion the businesses each agree on a fixed price and instead compete with non financial methods instead, to prevent losses of the revenue. 3. Explain why a monopoly can achieve supernormal profits and a firm in a perfect market can only achieve normal profits. Monopolies are firms with a majority share in the market, usually 25% or more. They can achieve...
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...Q1. Market failure occurs when resources are not allocated in the most efficient way to achieve highest possible social welfare. In a free market society certain goods and services would not be provided by the private sector as they would not be profitable enough for the companies producing them. As a result, society as a whole would suffer. The government steps in to provide the goods and services required by society that private firms will not provide. These public goods include street lighting, emergency services and public spaces eg parks. These services are paid for by the government which collects the funds through taxation. Merit goods are also funded or subsidised by the government. These are goods or services which people would generally not choose to pay for or think to save for which the government thinks are important ie education, libraries, NHS medical treatment. In the UK every child has the right to an education but many households would not be in a position to pay for it. Likewise, before all prescriptions were free in Scotland, there were still some who qualified for free prescription which were funded by the government ie low income households including those in receipt of certain benefits, elderly people of pension age, and children under the age of 16 or 16 and 17 year olds who were still in education. The presence of externalities can contribute to market failure where the actions of a firm leads to a greater social cost ie the presence of lead in car...
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...Environmental Market Failure Negative Externalities Costs imposed on a 3rd party not involved with the consumption or production of the good (the external cost) Divergence between private and social cost MSC=MPC+MEC The MEC = the negative externality The free market price is less than the optimum price leading to over consumption Welfare loss Q: The market generated quantity (where privates crosses private) Q1: The optimum quantity (where social crosses social) Over consumption of Q-Q1 Unequal Distribution Effects Citizens in poor countries are more likely to be affected by the consequences of global warming that those in rich countries E.g. drought/flooding They are also a lot less likely to have consumed the goods and services which caused the global warming And a loss less able to protect them selves e.g. through insurance policies There are inequities between those who contribute to global warming and those who suffer from it Citizens of developed (polluting) countries pay less for their goods and services than the social costs of their production MSC=MPC+MEC Government Intervention to correct Environmental Market Failure 2 main types: Market based measures Designed to modify the price mechanism using strategies such as taxes and subsidies Government regulation Sometimes referred to as “Command and Control”, designed to create incentives for firms to reduce harmful...
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...Article 1. ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL MARKET OUTLOOK (June 2012) No replay of 2011 in the cards for Canadian and US economies Part 1. Summary of the Article First article that I chose is the outlook for advanced economic and financial market particularly US, European union, Canadian and Chinese market that are strongly influence to the world market. Source of the Information and analysis are IMF World Economic outlook and RBC Economic research for year 2012 and forecast for year 2013. This paper includes several economic issues such us economic recession and growth, risk, Labour market and Inflation additionally monetary policies for central banks. Researcher and forecasters compared those issues for different countries and they aim to differentiate and discuss for each of the countries and market situation. Overall, the world economy faces significant challenges in the recent years and is expected to grow by 3.5% this year. Authors stated some significant issues and problems and explained them in detail. For example, paper includes several subtitles about European risk and recession situation, Finding the right policy for Europe, China is in slow growth stage, Canada and US economic situation and factors that impacted in positive and negative ways on the economy, Labour market volatility, Housing market, Households income and debt status, Consumer spending shift, Businesses that are supporting market, Canada’s dollar appreciation, Fed and other central bank policy,...
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...The Study The financial system is created to move funds from surplus economic units to deficit economic units in order to produce goods and services and to make investment in new equipment and facilities so as to facilitate the growth of the economy and improve the standard of living of its citizens. It is generally recognized that financial system plays a catalytic role in the process of economic development. The financial system of any nation is a function of the size of its economy. A growing economy places more responsibilities on the financial sector to mobilize the needed capital to facilitate production, generate employment and income. An economy that does not experience growth on sustained basis is likely to have a very passive financial sector as there are no incentives for investment. Through the process of growth, financial system offers a wide range of portfolio options for savers and issuable instruments for investors, a function often referred to as financial intermediation (Oke, 2000). The Nigerian financial system comprises of various institutions, markets and operations that are in the business of providing financial services. These institutions can be broadly categorized into money and capital markets. While money market is a market in which short term financial instruments are traded, the capital market on the other hand deals with long term transactions. The major players in the money market are the banks and discount houses. The intermediation role of banks...
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...In week four, the innovative firm, Quasar, is introduced in the market structures simulation. Quasar is leading the way in the computer industry with the design and manufacturing of an all optical notebook computer. Through the market structures simulation, examples on how decision-making differ among the market structures of monopoly, oligopoly, monopolistic competition, and perfect competition. This simulation and the real-life scenarios detailed within, provide insight and understanding to the intricate decisions that are made in each type of market structure and the impact of those decisions. In the Quasar simulation, the C.E.O. utilized pricing as tool for optimizing profits, and with the input from the board of advisors decided to allocate funds to advertising, technology, and other ventures. (University of Phoenix, 2008) Through the course of this paper, a solution will be created using strategic variables, in order to sustain the economic profits that the firm can earn. This paper will also look to identify pricing and non-pricing strategies that will further facilitate the goal of maintaining economic profits. Finally, this paper will ascertain what kind of innovations will best prolong Quasar’s distinctiveness. In 2003, Quasar launched the world’s first all optical notebook computer branded Neutron. Because of Neutron’s processor, memory use and high-speed optical conductors, Neutron boasts approximately 5 times the speed of existing microchip-based computers. Neutron...
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...Stock Market Development & Economic Growth in Bangladesh –Rabita Sabah Abstract This paper examines the state of relationship between the stock market development & economic growth in Bangladesh. As a third world country, the economic development of Bangladesh is still dependent on the ups & downs of some macroeconomic as well as capital market factors , like, GDP, real GDP, GDP growth, market capitalization, volatility of stocks, Financial Statement information and other financial factors. This paper has been prepared & presented to have a clear view about contribution of capital market to the economic growth of Bangladesh. So far I know, no analytical study regarding this issue still has not been conducted in Bangladesh. So that I’ve desired to study on this topic in a deeper detail to focus on the relationship of capital market & economic growth from both economic & accounting point of view. I also have focused on how the reporting of the Financial Statements of different institutions according to various local & international standards can have an impact in accelerating the economic advancement in Bangladesh. In assessing the impact of stock market on our country’s economy, I have used some statistical techniques & finance issues as correlation & regression analysis, measurement of cost of capital, index method etc based on the data obtained from the main stock exchange of the country DSE. The study reveals that there is a very close & positive relationship of stock...
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...Ten Principles of Economics and How Markets Work 365/ECO July 18, 2016 University of Phoenix Ten Principles of Economics and How Markets Work Economics is the study of how society manages its resources, and how they are allocated (Mankiw, 2015). People must understand how the markets, trade, and government can affect items like inflation, investing, and their standard of living. Frequently, the government will interfere with the natural flow of the supply and demand curve creating ripples in the economy that will take years to readjust to normalcy. Resources, interdependence and the supply and demand curve People and governments must decide what to spend money on, and that decision always comes with a tradeoff (Mankiw, 2015). The text notes that one trade off is between efficiency and equality. Efficiency is getting the most it can from the scarce resources and equality is ensuring the resources are distributed among all members of the society. Where one person may choose to pay more for a home, another person may choose a lesser home to have the ability to travel more. When government gets involved the tradeoffs are the goals of efficiency and equality often find conflict. Countries and governments are becoming increasingly interdependent, and it has tradeoffs (Mankiw, 2015). Interdependence allows for all areas of the world to maintain a standard of living, produce goods, and trade with other communities around the world. When all...
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...the state of relationship between the stock market development & economic growth in Bangladesh. As a third world country, the economic development of Bangladesh is still dependent on the ups & downs of some macroeconomic as well as capital market factors , like, GDP, real GDP, GDP growth, market capitalization, volatility of stocks, Financial Statement information and other financial factors. This paper has been prepared & presented to have a clear view about contribution of capital market to the economic growth of Bangladesh. So far I know, no analytical study regarding this issue still has not been conducted in Bangladesh. So that I’ve desired to study on this topic in a deeper detail to focus on the relationship of capital market & economic growth from both economic & accounting point of view. I also have focused on how the reporting of the Financial Statements of different institutions according to various local & international standards can have an impact in accelerating the economic advancement in Bangladesh. In assessing the impact of stock market on our country’s economy, I have used some statistical techniques & finance issues as correlation & regression analysis, measurement of cost of capital, index method etc based on the data obtained from the main stock exchange of the country DSE. The study reveals that there is a very close & positive relationship of stock market development of Bangladesh with this country’s economic growth. And also another result of this study...
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...A Term Paper On “The Role of Capital Market on The Economic Development of Bangladesh” GOVT. SUHRAWARDY COLLEGE, PIROJPUR Department of Accounting Term Paper On “The Role of Capital Market on The Economic Development of Bangladesh” Submitted To: Md. Faruk Hosain Assistant Professor Department of Accounting Govt. Suhrawardy College, Pirojpur Submitted By: Alamgir Hossain Roll No- 9792874 Reg. No-1727384 Session-2010-2011 BBA (Hons) 4th Year Department of Accounting Govt. Suhrawardy College, Pirojpur Date of Submission: February 12, 2014 Letter of Transmittal Date : Md. Faruk Hosain Assistant Professor Govt. Suhrawardy College, Pirojpur Subject: Submission of Term Paper on “The role of capital market on the economic development of Bangladesh”. Sir, As a part of BBA program a term paper is enclosed herewith. The report was prepared on “The role of capital market on the economic development of Bangladesh.” In the course of preparation the report, I tried with the best of my capacity to accommodate as much information and relevant issues as possible and tried to follow the instructions as you have suggested. In the time of preparation the report, relevant documents, data, information were studied and practical knowledge had been gathered. I tried my best to make this report as much informative as possible. I sincerely believe that it will satisfy your requirements. I however sincerely believe that this report will serve the purpose of my term paper...
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...BA (Hons) in Business Studies Module & Code: Economics of the Market, Income and Employment 1a) Price (P) S P1 P2 B A D2 Q2 Q1 D1 Quantity (Q) In this diagram, demand curve shift to the left from D1 to D2 due to the fall in the consumer income of a recession. The equilibrium price and quantity changed from point A to point B, the price and quantity were dropped. 1b) - ing to the price of related goods and taste factors. For example, release a new taste of potato chip may demand of beer or soft drink. Page 1 Programme: BA (Hons) in Business Studies Module & Code: Economics of the Market, Income and Employment ) Price elasticity of demand by business travellers (midpoint method) 1900-2000 1950 2500-2000 2250 x100% x100% PED = = 5 22 = 0.23 ) Price elasticity of demand by vacationers (midpoint method) 600-800 700 2500-2000 2250 x100% x100% PED = = 29 22 = 1.32 2b) demand measures the price sensitivity of buyers’ demand. the reason why might vacationers and airline tickets. In genereal, vacationers have greater elasticity to the airline tickets price because they can choose when to travel or rather travel or not. Business travellers have less elasticity to the aireline tickets price because they have no choice when there are important meeting or other business purposes that need to travel by plane. Page 2 Programme: BA (Hons) in Business Studies Module & Code: Economics of the Market, Income and Employment 3a) Price (P) ...
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...governments involved in a market economy, the government influences four main areas in the economy which are; enforcing antitrust laws, preserving property rights, providing a stable fiscal and monetary environment and preserving political stability. Also the report will cover why there can never be a truly ‘free market’ economy, where there is absolutely no government intervention. Market Economy In a market economy, the majority of a nation’s land, factories, and other economic resources are privately owned, either by individuals or businesses (Wild, Wild & Han 2010:151). It is also an economy in which prices of goods and services are freely set based on the laws of supply and demand which are unfettered by interference from a government or other outside bodies. A market economy at its basic is an economy run entirely by the market itself (McGuigan 2003:1). In contrast to a market economy is one which follows the Keynesian principals which is an economic theory which advocates government intervention, or demand side management of economy by increasing money supply or by actually buying things on the market itself, they believe that this will achieve full employment and stable prices (Web finance 2010:1). Market economy has come to be accepted as a norm across the world with many developing countries like India and China moving towards a full market oriented economy (economy watch 2010:1). The social democratic government of Australia adopted the principals of market economy after the...
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...Economic Efficiency Economic efficiency is when objectives of the individual, firm or government are attained by the combination of the various factors of production at a minimum cost. Efficiency can be measured in different forms; productive, allocative and X-efficiency. Productive Efficiency In evaluating the productive efficiency of a market, we are looking at the minimum cost derived as a result of producing or supplying a good. In the short term, efficiency is achieved when a unit of output is attained at the very base of the average cost curve as shown in Fig 1a below. FIG 1a Cost FIG 1b Cost Economic Efficiency in the long run MC AC LRAC C1 SRATC1 Economic Efficiency SRATC2 C In the short-term Ce 0 Q Output 0 Q1 Qe Output From Fig 1b above, the market productive efficiency level can be best measured in the long run. In the long run, the various short term output levels on the scale of production compared, reveals the most minimum cost as a result of producing a unit more of output. As shown in Fig 1b, the most efficient level of production is at CeQe on the...
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...Τόμος ΙV, Τεύχος 8, ∆εκέμβριος 2009 ∆ιεύθυνση Οικονομικών Μελετών & Προβλέψεων Η κρίση του 2007-2009: τα αίτια, η αντιμετώπιση και οι προοπτικές Πρόλογος Τρύφων Κολλίντζας Καθηγητής Οικονομικού Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών & Πρόεδρος & ∆ιευθύνων Σύμβουλος Attica Bank Μιχάλης Ψαλιδόπουλος Καθηγητής Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών Νικόλαος Καραμούζης Καθηγητής Πανεπιστημίου Πειραιώς & Αναπληρωτής ∆ιευθύνων Σύμβουλος Eurobank EFG Γκίκας Χαρδούβελης Καθηγητής Πανεπιστημίου Πειραιώς, Chief Economist & Director of Research ghardouvelis@eurobank.gr Research@eurobank.gr Η διεθνής αλλά και η ελληνική οικονομία βρίσκονται σήμερα αντιμέτωπες με τη μεγαλύτερη ύφεση μετά το τέλος του Β’ Παγκοσμίου Πολέμου. Η χρηματοοικονομική κρίση, που ξεκίνησε στην αγορά στεγαστικών δανείων χαμηλής εξασφάλισης (subprime mortgages) των ΗΠΑ το καλοκαίρι του 2007 μετατράπηκε ραγδαία σε κρίση του παγκόσμιου χρηματοπιστωτικού συστήματος και μεταφέρθηκε στην πραγματική οικονομία με ταχύ ρυθμό. Μια σειρά από γεγονότα, που μέχρι πριν από τρία χρόνια φάνταζαν απίθανο να συμβούν, οδήγησαν τους παγκόσμιους ρυθμούς ανάπτυξης σε απότομη πτώση και εκτόξευσαν την ανεργία και την ανασφάλεια στο σύνολο σχεδόν των χωρών. Καθώς η κρίση εκτυλίσσονταν, η ένταση και η έκτασή της αύξαναν συνεχώς, αναγκάζοντας κυβερνήσεις, κεντρικές τράπεζες, αναλυτές, επενδυτές, επιχειρηματίες και καταναλωτές να αναθεωρούν συνεχώς τις αντιλήψεις τους και τις προσδοκίες τους. Στην προσπάθεια άμεσης αντιμετώπισης...
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...capital market is one of the smallest in Asia but the third largest in the south Asia region. It has two full-fledged automated stock exchanges namely Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) and Chittagong Stock Exchange (CSE) and an over-the counter exchange operated by CSE. It also consists of a dedicated regulator, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC),since, it implements rules and regulations, monitors their implications to operate and develop the capital market. It consists of Central Depository Bangladesh Limited (CDBL), the only Central Depository in Bangladesh that provides facilities for the settlement of transactions of dematerialized securities in CSE and DSE. 2.1 Functions of capital market: The functioning of an efficient capital market may ensure smooth floatation of funds from the savers to the investors. When banking system cannot meet up the total need for funds to the market economy, capital market stands up to supplement. To put it in a single sentence, we can therefore say that the increased need for funds in the business sector has created an immense need for an effective and efficient capital market. It facilitates an efficient transfer of resources from savers to investors and becomes conduits for channeling investment funds from investors to borrowers. T 2.2 Product of capital market: • Shares, • Debentures, • Mutual funds, • Bonds, • Derivatives, • Future and options. 2.3 Player of capital market: •...
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