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Economic Statistic

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Submitted By polski
Words 1074
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Handelshögskolan i Stockholm
2013-04-23

Projektarbete på kurs NDH802 VT 2013 – Delrapport 1
1. Introduktion
Projektarbetet syftar till att med statistik metodik, ge förmåga att sammanställa, beräkna sammanfattade mått och presentera olika slag av datamaterial. Syftet är också att ge förmåga att göra enklare sannolikhetsberäkningar samt på basis av statistisk bedömningsmetodik, dra slutsatser om okända egenskaper hos olika typer av populationer. Tonvikten läggs på förståelse och aktiv tillämpning av de statistiska modellerna och användning av statistisk programvara (SPSS).
2. Beskrivning av vårt primära kluster
Beskriv ert val av variabler. Ni väljer själva vilka variabler som ni anser vara relevanta, men ni måste inkludera Q17_1 – Q17_23, Q25, Q27 – Q30 och Q34 samt ”dagar” och ”ålder”.
2.1 Varibel Q17
När man är på semester utomlands finns det möjlighet att ägna sig åt många olika aktiviteter. Nedan anges ett antal sådana aktiviteter. Vi ska nu demostrera i vilken utsträckning dessa aktiviteter intresserar individerna i vårt kluster.

* Notera här att normalfördelningen kan användas för att approximera sannolikhetsfunktionerna för ett brett intervall av stokastiska variabler. * Det vi kan konstatera är att en stor andel av resenärerna i vårt segment föredrar att under semestern njuta av vädret, ha tillgång till en strand och ta del av det lokala köket. Det som inte uppskattas lika mycket under semestern är golf, ridning, segling, alkoholen och att umgås med den lokala befolkningen. * Hur stor är sannolikheten att vi får en person som föredrar att njuta av vädret vid ett obundet slumpmässigt urval (OSU). Det hela handlar om att vi ska dra slutsatster eller fatta beslut om populationsparametrar baserat på statistikor/ resultat från ett stickprov. * Ett OSU är idealet mot vilket andra urvalsmetoder jämförs * Notera här att samplingfördelning för medelvärdet är sannolikhetsfunktionen för medelvärdet som erhålls om alla tänkbara stickprov av storleken n objekt dras och medelvärdet beräknas för varje stickprov

2.2 Variabel Q25

Q25_Kön | | Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | Valid | Kvinna | 121 | 67,6 | 68,0 | 68,0 | | Man | 57 | 31,8 | 32,0 | 100,0 | | Total | 178 | 99,4 | 100,0 | | Missing | System | 1 | ,6 | | | Total | 179 | 100,0 | | |

Histogram with normal distribution

I histogrammet med normalfördelning ovan kan vi se hur vanligt förekommande med män och kvinnor det är i vårt kluster. Histogrammet ger en bild över datamaterialets fördelning. En variabel som enbart kan anta två olika värden kallas även binär, dikotom eller ”0-1 variabel”. Att variabeln är såhär snedfördelad är problematiskt i regressionsanalyser. Helst av allt vill vi att den ska vara normalfördelad kring medelvärdet. Därför tar vi den naturliga logaritmen av variablen. Det innebär att avståndet mellan värden högre upp på skalan så att säga trycks ihop.
Det farmgår att segmentet består av 32% män och 68% kvinnor.

Descriptives | | Statistic | Std. Error | Q25_Kön | Mean | 1,32 | ,035 | | 95% Confidence Interval for Mean | Lower Bound | 1,25 | | | | Upper Bound | 1,39 | | | 5% Trimmed Mean | 1,30 | | | Median | 1,00 | | | Variance | ,219 | | | Std. Deviation | ,468 | | | Minimum | 1 | | | Maximum | 2 | | | Range | 1 | | | Interquartile Range | 1 | | | Skewness | ,777 | ,182 | | Kurtosis | -1,412 | ,362 | * Variansen är ett spridningsmått som baseras på avvikelser från medelvärdet. Notera här att variansen är medelvärdet av avvikelserna i kvadrat. Alla avvikelser upphöjs med två innan medelvärdet för avvikelserna beräknas. Varians beräknat här från ett urval är en skattning av variansen för en population och är därför endast ett estimat av variansen i populationen. i=1NXi-μ2/ N, s2=i=1N(xi-x)2
Varians ,219

* Standardiserad normalfördelad variabel
Vi har på sidan om medelfel konstaterat att medelvärdet av manga olika stickprov är normalfördelade. Varje normalfördelad kurva har en mittpunkt (ett medelvärde). Bredden på kurvan kan beskrivas med måttet standardavvikelse. Vid avståndet ± 1 SD från medelvärdet övergår kurvan från konvex till konkav böjning.

μ=i=1NXi /N, x=inxi / n Mean Statistic 1.32 Std. Error ,035 |

* Den kumulativa täthetsfunktionen F(x0) är arean under täthetsfunktionen f(x) från det minsta värdet som X kan anta, xmin upp till x0
F(x0)=Xminx0fxdx
2.3 Variable Q 27 2.4 Variabel Q 28 2.5 Variabel Q 29 2.X Slutsatser
Vilka slutsatser kan man dra om ert kluster? Vad kännetecknar klustermedlemmarna?
3. Beräkning av konfidensintervall
Ni ska beräkna konfidensintervall för nedanstående variabler i ert populationssegment.
3.1 Val av konfidensnivå för konfidensintervallen
Motivera och välj konfidensnivå.
3.2 Konfidensintervall för andelen kvinnor i vårt populationssegment
Använd stegen för beräkning av konfidensintervall i dokumentet ”Arbetsgång Konfidensintervall Hypotesprövning.pdf” som finns under Downloads på kurswebben, dvs ställ upp lösningen i linje med motsvarande A-lösning. Infoga även den relevanta delen av en SPSS-utskrift som ”verifierar” er handräknade lösning.
3.3 Konfidensintervall för medelåldern i vårt populationssegment
Se 3.2 ovan
3.4 Konfidensintervall för genomsnittlig restid i dagar i vårt populationssegment
Se 3.2 ovan
3.5 Konfidensintervall för egen vald variabel
Välj en av de variabler som ni valt att beskriva i avsnitt 2 och beräkna ett lämpligt konfidensintervall.
3.6 Beräkning av nödvändig stickprovsstorlek för andelen kvinnor
Hur stort stickprov krävs för att populationsandelen kvinnor ska kunna skattas med ett medelfel om 0,05, dvs p±0,05? Visa beräkningarna enligt dokumentet ”Arbetsgång Konfidensintervall Hypotesprövning.pdf”, dvs ställ upp lösningen i linje med motsvarande A-lösning.
4. Hypotesprövning
Ni ska pröva hypoteser för nedanstående variabler i ert populationssegment. Använd stegen för hypotesprövning i dokumentet ”Arbetsgång Konfidensintervall Hypotesprövning.pdf” som finns under Downloads på kurswebben, dvs ställ upp lösningen i linje med motsvarande A-lösning. Infoga även den relevanta delen av en SPSS-utskrift som ”verifierar” er handräknade lösning.
4.1 Val av konfidensnivå för hypotesprövningarna
Motivera och välj signifikansnivå.
4.2 Andelen kvinnor i vårt populationssegment
Testa om minst hälften av individerna i ert populationssegment är kvinnor. (fråga 25)
4.3 Medelåldern i vårt populationssegment
Testa om medelåldern är 50 år i ert populationssegment. (variabeln ålder)
4.4 Medelåldern för män och kvinnor i vårt populationssegment
Testa om medelåldern för män och kvinnor är lika. (variabeln ålder)
4.5 Andelen män och kvinnor i vårt populationssegment som vill bo i storstad under semestern
Testa om andelen män som vill bo i storstad (under semesterresan) är högre än andelen kvinnor som vill bo i storstad. (fråga 10)
4.6 Skillnader i olika aktiviteters populäritet mellan män och kvinnor i vårt populationssegment
Välj de 5 populäraste aktiviteterna i fråga 17. Testa för skillnader i popularitet mellan män och kvinnor för dessa aktiviteter.
4.7 Hypotesprövning för egen vald variabel
Välj en av de variabler som ni valt att beskriva i avsnitt 2 och formulera och testa en intressant hypotes..

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