...Example Candidate Responses (Standards Booklet) Cambridge International AS and A Level Economics 9708 Cambridge Advanced University of Cambridge International Examinations retains the copyright on all its publications. Registered Centres are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use. However, we cannot give permission to Centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within a Centre. © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2012 Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 2 Assessment at a glance ........................................................................................................ 3 Paper 2 ................................................................................................................................. 4 Paper 4 ............................................................................................................................... 77 Introduction Introduction The main aim of this booklet is to exemplify standards for those teaching Cambridge International AS and A Level Economics (9708), and to show how different levels of candidates’ performance relate to the subject’s curriculum and assessment objectives. In this booklet a range of candidate responses has been chosen as far as possible to exemplify good, average and weak answers...
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...IV. Developments in science and technology The one common thread in all studies of globalization is the role of information and communications technologies (ICTs) in facilitating the advanced producer service, production, innovation, and knowledge functions that have come to characterize the urban condition at the heart of this process. ICTs provide the instantaneous and real-time connectivity that underpins many of the main theoretical concepts used for analyzing and comprehending the globalization phenomenon. These range from Harvey’s time-space compression to Castells’s network society and Sassen’s global city and hierarchies of global urban networks. ICTs and Urban Competitiveness in Dubai The ICT sector in Dubai has developed along three axes: ICT policy and capacity, human resource capacity, and local and regional networkind capacity. As noted earlier, urban capacity and interaction in these three areas ultimately determine the effectiveness of public policy for successfully addressing the challenge of providing the necessary network capacity and local and global connectivity for an innovative, learning knowledge economy. ICT Policy and Capacity Under the federal structure of UAE, development of the telecommunications sector in the country is a federal rather than emirate responsibility. As such, all telecommunications and Internet facilities in Dubai, as in other UAE cities, are governed by and offered through the public telecommunications...
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...What is quantitative easing? Usually, central banks try to raise the amount of lending and activity in the economy indirectly, by cutting interest rates. Lower interest rates encourage people to spend, not save. But when interest rates can go no lower, a central bank's only option is to pump money into the economy directly. That is quantitative easing (QE). The way the central bank does this is by buying assets - usually government bonds - using money it has simply created out of thin air. The institutions selling those bonds (either commercial banks or other financial businesses such as insurance companies) will then have "new" money in their accounts, which then boosts the money supply. It was tried first by a central bank in Japan to get it out of a period of deflation following its asset bubble collapse in the 1990s. Prior to 2009, QE had never been tried before in the UK. Is this printing money? These days the Bank of England does not have to literally print money - it is all done electronically. However, economists still argue that QE is the same principle as printing money as it is a deliberate expansion of the central bank's balance sheet and the monetary base. How does it work? Under QE a central bank purchases government bonds from private sector companies or institutions, typically insurance companies, pension funds and High Street banks. This increased demand for the government bonds pushes up their value, thereby making them more...
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...BAB 7 A. PENGGABUNGAN USAHA Penggabungan Usaha adalah penyatuan entitas-entitas usaha. Penggabungan entitas usaha yang terpisah adalah suatu alternatif perluasan secara internal melalui akuisisi atau pengembangan kekayaan perusahaan secara bertahap, dan seringkali memberikan manfaat bagi semua entitas yang bersatu dan pemiliknya. Dunia usaha semakin lama semakin berkembang dan persaingan dalam jenis produk, mutu produk, maupun pemasarannya semakin ramai dan ketat sehingga seringkali timbul persaingan yang tidak sehat dan saling mengalahkan. Untuk mengatasi adanya saling merugikan antara perusahaan yang satu dengan perusahaan yang lain, perlu kiranya diadakan suatu bentuk kerja sama yang saling menguntungkan. Salah satu bentuk kerjasama yang dapat ditempuh adalah dengan melalui penggabungan usaha antara dua atau lebih perusahaan dengan perusahaan yang lain baik yang sejenis maupun yang tidak sejenis. Berdasarkan pernyataan standar akuntansi keuangan (PSAK) No. 22 paragraf 08 tahun 1999 :”Penggabungan usaha (business combination) adalah pernyataan dua atau lebih perusahaan yang terpisah menjadi satu entitas ekonomi karena satu perusahaan menyatu dengan (uniting wiith) perusahaan lain atau memperoleh kendali (control) atas aktiva dan operasi perusahaan lain” Sifat Penggabungan Usaha * Horizontal integration Adalah penggabungan perusahaan-perusahaan dalam lini usaha atau pasar yang sama, misalnya perusahaan consumer product bergabung dengan perusahaan consumer product...
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...Introduction Topic – Elasticity of Demand Demand for Cars based on the Fuel Type and the Interest Rates offered by Financial Institutions. Under Professor Pratap Mohanty By Group 4 EPGDIM (2012-14) Nupur Kinger (41) Rachit Luthra (46) Ravi Mohan Dabral (50) Rohit Jaswal (54) Udai (62) Table of Contents Page No. 1. | Executive Summary | 3 | 2. | Objectives | 4 | 3. | Methodology | 5 | 4. | Analysis of Objectives | 8 | 5. | Conclusions and Assumptions | 19 | 6. | References | 20 | Executive Summary OVERVIEW The new car market abounds with choice. A myriad of models, fuel type and financing options available face the new car purchaser; each different vehicle type carefully designed so as to display a combination that differentiates it from the competition. From a consumer’s point of view, of course, the ‘attributes’ of a vehicle include...
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...SOME PEOPLE LOOK FOR A BEAUTIFUL PLACE. OTHERS MAKE A PLACE BEAUTIFUL INSTANTLY….. PORTACABIN was established in the year 1985. After extensive survey of the use of the fabrication technique and future demands a project report was prepared by MR. V.Kumar who was then the joint director with Bureau of Indian Standards. The module was selected based on the climatic, economic need of the country. Mr. Kumar with a rich knowledge of Indian standards tried his best to keep control of the quality from raw material to production. After our first few NTPC, NHPC, Nathpa jakari projects, soon it was recognized as a must site office by GDA, DDA, Lucknow Development Authority etc. PORTACABIN started fulfilling the needs of security requirements of VIP'S, VVIP's, Embassies. Presently we are into latest technique of sandwiched panel technology catering to various segments of the society. Our goal is to be a leader in our area of operation while maintaining the highest level of business ethics and technological innovations. Pre-Engineered vs. Conventional Construction PORTACABIN feature several advantages over traditional "stick-built" and block construction. The offices are engineered for easy installation and relocation the structural while providing integrity and strength of conventional construction. A summary of the advantages of Pre- Engineered construction are listed below. Flexibility The wall panels and framework are pre-finished creating a system which is 100% reusable. This...
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...Persamaan Gelombang Berjalan- Pada sebuah tali yang panjang diregangkan di dalam arah x di mana sebuah gelombang transversal sedang berjalan. Pada saat t = 0, bentuk tali dinyatakan: y = f (x) ……………………………………………………… (1.11) dengan y adalah pergeseran transversal tali pada kedudukan x. Bentuk gelombang tali yang mungkin pada t = 0 ditunjukkan pada Gambar. Pada waktu t gelombang tersebut berjalan sejauh vt ke kanan, dengan v menunjukkan besarnya kecepatan gelombang, yang dianggap konstan. Maka persamaan kurva pada waktu t adalah: y = f (x – vt) ……………………………………………. (1.12) Persamaan (1.12) adalah persamaan umum yang menyatakan sebuah gelombang yang berjalan ke kanan, di mana x akan semakin besar dengan bertambahnya waktu, dan secara grafis ditunjukkan pada Gambar 1.11(b). Apabila kita ingin menyatakan sebuah gelombang yang berjalan ke kiri, maka: y = f (x + vt) ……………………………………………….. (1.13) Untuk sebuah fase khas dari sebuah gelombang yang berjalan ke kanan berlaku: x – vt = konstan Maka dari diferensiasi terhadap waktu akan diperoleh: dx/dt = v Dengan v adalah kecepatan fase gelombang. Untuk gelombang yang berjalan ke kiri kita memperoleh kecepatan fase gelombang adalah -v. Persamaan gelombang tali pada waktu t = 0 dinyatakan: y = A sin (2π/λ)x ……………………………………………… (1.15) Gambar 1.6 Gelombang yang merambat pada seutas tali beruva kurva sinus Bentuk gelombang tersebut adalah sebuah kurva sinus, ditunjukkan pada Gambar 1.12. Pergeseran maksimum, A, adalah amplitudo kurva sinus...
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...Is the Death Penalty Effective? Name Institution Is the Death Penalty Effective? The death penalty debate has been ongoing with supporters saying that it contributes towards the deterrent of crime. In the 1970s, this form of punishment was suspended for being unconstitutional (Bedau, 1997). Abolitionists of the death penalty believe that the issue of using capital punishment to deter crime is dependent on the mind of a murderer because it is psychological. Research shows that 88% of the leading criminologists agree that the death penalty does not deter crime (Radelet & Lacock, 2009). Death penalty is a debatable topic, but research shows that it has not deterred crime levels. According to Radelet & Lacock (2009), the use of the death penalty to punish criminals had no effect on the crime levels across the states. Ninety-one percent of the respondents during the study indicated that there are misconceptions on the reason for supporting the death penalty. Politicians support this form of punishment to appear tough on crime while an overwhelming seventy-five percent of the respondent believe it is a diversion from the real solution to social issues. The respondents were positive that adding the number of executions carried out annually or speeding the process would have little or no effect on crime levels in society. The rate of homicides in abolition states is lower than in death penalty states. Research shows that...
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...Simulation Homework 2 (Due Date: April 29, 2016 @ 10:00 p.m) Sumit Kunnumkal Indian School of Business, Hyderabad, India 500032 Important Note: Submit the homework through the LMS website as a word document. Submit the excel sheet(s) that shows your simulation model along with your homework submission. Include a separate excel sheet for every simulation question and name the excel sheet according to the question number. Please be sure to follow the below instructions when building your simulation model. 1. Clearly indicate the steps in all your simulation models – what random variables form the input and what are their distributions, what is the output that you are measuring and the functional relation between the output and the input random variables. 2. In all your simulations, set the number of trials to 1000 and the seed as 1. Set the sampling type as Monte Carlo and the generator as Mersenne Twister. You are expected to follow the ISB Honor Code for the homework and case submissions. Question 1: The revenues and costs at ABC company vary from month to month and can be modeled as random variables. ABC estimates (based on past data) that its sales, cost of goods sold (COGS), marketing costs, administrative costs and miscellaneous costs for the month of January have the following distributions: January figures Sales COGS Marketing cost Administrative cost Miscellaneous cost Normal(2225,150) Uniform(870, 910) Triangular (90, 93, 96) Triangular...
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...Economics Institution Name The Keynesian economics theory explains that in the short run and especially during a period of recession, the economic output of a nation is greatly influenced by the aggregate demand. It argues that private sector creates inefficiency in the market and need the intervention of the government through fiscal and monetary policy. Classical economics on the other side explain that the government should not be involved in the market. The proponents say that the market creates its own equilibrium. They advocate for a supply side economics where supply creates enough wealth to sustain demand. The economy today needs more demand. The government should provide a stimulus through Keynesian’s fiscal policy. It can do so subsidizing car manufacturing to encourage more car production and sales. As explained by Mayer the stimulus would increase demand for gas and save the jobs lost by the petroleum companies that are making loses. Externalities are all costs paid and benefits enjoyed by a person without that person choosing to incur them (Mayer, 2010). Externalities are grouped into positive and negative externalities. An example of a positive externality is when an investor constructs an apartment building next to another person’s shop. The shop owner receives more customers. An example of a negative externality is when one gets cancer for living with a smoker. Neighbor loudly playing a stereo is exemplifies negative externality as I get to incur noise...
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...DEVELOPMENT PROJECT URBANIZATION Urbanization is an index of transformation from traditional rural economies to modern industrial one. It is progressive concentration of population in urban unit. The traditional sector is viewed as a supplier of labor, whereas the modern sector is supposed to soak up its supply. Supply can’t be immediately soaked up because of the limited supply of capital. The Lewis model states that there is a surplus of labor in the traditional sector and labor is subject to diminishing returns and output is stagnant after a certain point. This sector is characterized by income sharing and disguised unemployment. Economic development proceeds by the transfer of labor from agriculture to industry and the simultaneous transfer of surplus food-grain production, which sustains part of the population engaged in nonagricultural activity. In the surplus labor phase, removal of labor from agriculture doesn’t affect the output or the wages. Industrial production expands without rise in industrial wage. But the increasing fall in supply of labor drives up the agricultural wages, also it reduces the output. To compensate these losses, the industrial wages have to increase. Labor moves from one sector to another on its own wishes. Classic theory of rural-urban migration is based on Harris-Todaro model. Migration in the Harris-Todaro model is viewed as a response to the...
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...Question 3 Factors that contribute to the inequality in Malaysia is 1) Globalization - Trade liberalization may shift economic inequality from a global to a domestic scale. When rich countries trade with poor countries, the low-skilled workers in the rich countries may see reduced wages as a result of the competition, while low-skilled workers in the poor countries may see increased wages 2) Social inequality - Social inequality begins in 2 thing education and culture. Education is what establishes your ability to become self-sufficient. The better the education the more opportunities open up for you to have options in life. These options can provide a lot of things, like money and security, and better choices to choose from. Culture is in there too. Some cultures refuse to learn the modern ways of science and technology, and even languages. Some cultures believe it's a bad thing to move forward from the old ways and develop new traditions and practices. While the rest of the world moves on and forward as you sit still and watch because of cultural or, economic, or education deficiencies, will result in social inequality 3) Labour market - Characterized by the free play of market forces. It has been observed in the developing economies that for unskilled jobs the supply of labours far outstrips the demand for the same. This leads to a low wage for the workers. The situation may be completely opposite in the market for skilled...
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...Consumption pattern comparative study high income vs low income. Background: Consumption Pattern The combination of qualities, quantities, acts and tendencies characterizing a community or human group’s use of resources for survival, comfort and enjoyment is called consumption pattern. Consumption pattern is not objective it is subjective. The consumption pattern changes according to the wants and needs of a person. The type of wants decides the consumption pattern. The general consumption pattern fulfils the basic need and then moves towards to the luxury. Consumption patterns are one of the most important drivers of development patterns in the industrialized world and will serve as case for the study of scenarios and transition management. What will be addressed here is less households’ consumption of a specific commodity or service such as transportation or food, than the structure, function and meaning of the consumption patterns that characterize the different lifestyles that coexist in our affluent, liberal, democratic and capitalist societies. While the concept of “consumption pattern” is omnipresent in sustainable development literature since its appearance in Agenda 21, it is generally left undefined as if it is not necessary to be more explicit about it. Here we will define a consumption pattern as that aspect of a lifestyle that relates to the Food, transport, Housing and utility, Medical, entertainment and savings. This report presents the income of the people...
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...TH E ECONOMI C WEEKL Y September 23, 1961 Inflatio n No t a Monetar y Phenomeno n ? Promod e K Mukherje e The cause o f inflation, according t o Keith B Griffi n (Th e Economi c Weekly . Special Number 1961 ) lies i n the structura l imbalances i n a n economy . Whil e granting this, i t i s contended here that i t does not follo w that monetary policy has n o role t o play in combating inflation. I t i s not enough t o achieve a n overall balance between output and expenditure. Wha t i s importan t is to secure an increase in the output of basic consumption and investment goods. A well-conceived monetary policy is of crucial importance in discouraging outlay and consequent income creation in wrong directions. Further, an increasing proportion of the income generated in the process of development will go to augment bank deposits, thereby increasing the capacity o f the bank s t o create credit, In the absence of a restrictive monetary policy, a serious credit inflation may consequently ensue and distort the ideal relationship envisaged by Griffin between output and expenditure. Thus, a phenomenon not primarily monetary may ultimately become largely monetary in character. ACCORDIN G t o M r Griffin , infla - tio n result s "i f eithe r desire d con - sumptio ...
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...Requested by: Jianan Sun -------------------------------------------Undergraduate Academic Record SCHOOLS ATTENDED Secondary Schools: Xi'an Gaoxin Tangnan High School Higher Education Institutions: Xi'an University of Finance & Econom 08/2009 - 05/2010 Issued to: HOURS 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 QPTS 45.00 84.00 QPTS 3.00 9.00 12.00 9.00 12.00 GPA 3.000 2.800 U N O F F I C I A L Test Scores: -------------------------------------------------------Transfer Credit Applied to 2011 Fall Semester Xi'an University of Finance & Econom 08/2009 - 05/2010 XICN001 FUNDAMENTALS OF COLLEGE C 3.00 NEEDEVAL XICN002 ADVANCED MATHS 1 (ECONOMI 3.00 MA 1--XICN003 INTRODUCTION TO LAW OF EC 3.00 ECO 4--XICN004 MORAL CULTIVATION AND BAS 3.00 GEED2--XICN005 PE (1) 1.00 KHP 1--XICN006 MICRO-ECONOMICS 3.00 ECO 201 XICN007 COLLEGE CHINESE 2.00 GEED1--XICN008 ADVANCED MATHS 2 (ECONOMI 3.00 MA 123 XICN009 MANAGEMENT 3.00 MGT 301 XICN010 MACRO-ECONOMICS 2.00 ECO 202 XICN011 PRINCIPLE OF MARXISM 3.00 GEED2--XICN012 DATABASE APPLICATION 2.00 NEEDEVAL XICN013 PE (2) 1.00 KHP 1--XICN014 OUTLINE OF CHINESE MODERN 2.00 GEED2--Total 34.00 2011 Fall Semester Program: College of Business and Economics Bachelor of Science in Accounting Major: Pre-Accounting CRS NUM COURSE TITLE GRADE STA 210 INTRO TO STATISTICAL A REASONING CIS 110 COMP AND COM I B GLY 110 ENDANGERED PLANET INTR TO C ENVRNMNTL GEOL BIO 102 HUMAN ECOLOGY B ACC 201 FINANCIAL...
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