...Disparities in Educational Attainment Introduction History is inherently dominated by men. Women, however, have played major roles in the world as well. Society had always accepted a lifestyle of the man bringing home the money and the woman cooking, cleaning and raising the children. This is not entirely true because women started their movement for equality when Africa was colonized by Europe. Women were more negatively affected than positively influenced during colonialism in Africa. Discussion Women's status and power receded mainly due to the fact colonialism affected each part of their lives, consisting of, but not limited to, education, economic status and ancestry. Colonial proprietors thought men should have power over the crop growing and manufacturing of crops because the European powers thought men would be better suited in this area to be successful than women (unescostat.unesco.org ). Males, in comparison, were taught regularly the newest ideas that were used to aid their production and agricultural proficiency. The men were given the ability to use plows and types of transportation such as bikes and automobiles (White 2003), while the women were forced to work by hand and carry everything to and fro. Women prepared themselves for acts to show what was wanted including rural opposition, cultural self-rule, work movements, and spiritual and political demonstrations (Rosenstone 2006). In fairly non-violent actions in Ghana and Nigeria, women wrote letters...
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...differences in education and attainment. 50marks. Functionalism is a structuralist, top down (macro) theory, and the founding father of this was Emile Durkheim. Functionalists believe in things such as the organic analogy and meritocracy. An example of meritocracy would be where you move up to higher positions in the world. An example of an organic analogy is where society is compared to the human body, this would be where if you’re in a higher position then you are considered a heart and if you are in a lower class in society you are considered a toe nail. They believe in consensus within society and try to embrace that by sanctioning anyone who is in anomie and deviates away from what their norm is in one of two ways; formally or informally. Functionalists also believe that society positively influences the individual. Functionalists also support cultural deprivation theory where they believe that working class children fail in education because of their family background and that working class families do not prepare their children appropriately for school. Looking at attainment patterns from the Youth Cohort Study in 2002 it’s found that, at SATs level 7, 11 and 14 we can see the same routine, the higher the social class background, the better they should perform. It also showed that 77% of children who come from parents who are of higher professions get five or more GCSE’s grade A*-C. the Sutton Trust in 2008 found that class differences in attainment occurred in the early...
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...Improving the Educational Attainment of America’s Youth American students are not learning the skills and knowledge they need to succeed in today’s and tomorrow’s world, where technology and economies are increasingly interacting globally. U.S. students are continuing to trail behind their peers of industrialized nations, who have been dominating the academic achievement ranks, according to results from a key international assessment. In comparison, Finland, South Korea, and Singapore students are consistently the top performing students in the world according to their PISA scores. What is it that these three countries are doing that the U.S. isn’t, when it comes to educating their students? Compared to the U.S., Singapore, Finland, and South Korea only recruit teachers from the top 10% to 33% of their top high school and college students. And in the case of Singapore and South Korea, students attend school on average 60 more days a year than U.S. students. By implementing teacher reform and longer school year attendance, the U.S. can improve the educational attainment of its youth. Scores from the 2009 PISA (Program for International Student Assessment) show 15-year-old students in the U.S. performing about average in reading and science, and below average, in math (PISA 2009). The PISA exam is one of a handful of tests that compare educational levels across nations...
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...PAPER SERIES THE DYNAMICS OF EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT FOR BLACKS, HISPANICS, AND WHITES Stephen V. Cameron James J. Heckman Working Paper 7249 http://www.nber.org/papers/w7249 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 July 1999 We thank Stephanie Aaronson, Joseph Altonji, Shubaum Chauduri, Terri Devine, Tom Kane, and Christopher Taber for valuable comments. We thank Marvin Kosters for valuable comments and for making this paper possible. The first draft of this paper was presented at an NBER conference on higher education at Cambridge, MA in April 1992. It was also presented at a Public Economics workshop at the University of Chicago (May 1992), sponsored by J. Hotz, at the Institute of Research on Poverty (Wisconsin), June 1997, and at Cornell University, April 1997. This work was supported by the American Bar Foundation and by NSF-SBR-93-21-048, NSF 97-09-893, and by NICHD:R01-HD32058-01A1; NICHD:R01-34598-03; NIH:R01-HD34958-01; NIH:R01-HD32058-03, and by grants from the Mellon Foundation and the Spencer Foundations. The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect those of the National Bureau of Economic Research. © 1999 by Stephen V. Cameron and James J. Heckman. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. The Dynamics of Educational Attainment for Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites ...
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...To what extent does ethnicity affect educational attainment? This essay will be discussing the correlation between ethnicity and educational attainment. Whether your race affects your life chances or if other factors are involved as well. It will be looking at different ethnic minorities and how well they are doing in school. Although most schools are seen as multicultural, you can see clear differences between ethnic minorities. Statistics show that clearly some ethnicities are doing poorer than others. At the moment Black Caribbean boys are achieving the least amount of GCSE A*-C grades whereas more than 50% of Chinese girls are achieving the most GCSE’s. There are many factors as to why some ethnicities do better than others. Ethnicity can have a major affect on your achievement but other things like- social class, gender and location can also play a part in how well you do. Success or failure can be influenced by what happens within the school and classroom. If teachers have low expectations of an ethnic minority it may affect the actual progress of a pupil. This is known as the self fulfilling prophecy. If a teacher labels most Bangladeshi boys as ‘not very bright and able’. The teacher has labeled the group and made a prediction about them. Because the teacher has low expectation, he/she will except below average homework. Also teachers will not encourage the pupils as they are already labeled as ‘failures’. As the teacher has not helped the Bangladeshi boys they would...
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...INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE FOR SHOPPING CENTRE SURVEY Strongly Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Agree 1. The shopping centre plays music that I like ( ( ( ( ( 2. Centre music is played at an appropriate volume ( ( ( ( ( 3. The centre lighting is appropriate ( ( ( ( ( 4. The centre temperature is comfortable ( ( ( ( ( 5. Centre’s architecture gives it an attractive character ( ( ( ( ( 6. This centre is decorated in an attractive fashion ( ( ( ( ( 7. Interior wall & floor colour schemes are attractive ( ( ( ( ( 8. The overall design of this centre is interesting ( ( ( ( ( 9. The layout makes it easy to get to the stores you want( ( ( ( ( 10. The layout makes it easy to get to the food areas ( ( ( ( ( 11. The layout makes it easy to get to the restrooms ( ( ( ( ( 12. Overall, the layout makes it easy to get around ( ( ( ( ( 13. The variety of food offered at the centre is excellent ( ( ( ( ( 14. This centre has an excellent variety of stores ( ( ( ( ( 15. This centre has excellent entertainment alternatives ( ( ( ( ( 16. I like to stay at this centre as long as possible ( ( ( ( ( 17. I enjoy spending time at this centre ( ( ( ( ( In general, going shopping is: 18 unimportant ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ important 19 unexciting ___ ___ ___...
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...Society for the Study of Social Problems Social Stratification and Health: Education's Benefit beyond Economic Status and Social Origins Author(s): John R. Reynolds and Catherine E. Ross Source: Social Problems, Vol. 45, No. 2 (May, 1998), pp. 221-247 Published by: University of California Press on behalf of the Society for the Study of Social Problems Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3097245 Accessed: 27/02/2009 14:10 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucal. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For...
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...Denomination: ____________________ Address: ______________________________ Order in the family: Eldest Middle Youngest Number of Siblings: _____ Highest Educational Attainment: ___________________________________________________________ School: _______________________________________________________________________________ Family Background Mother’s Name: __________________________ Age: _____ Civil Status: Single Married Widow Separated Religious Denomination: _________________________ Highest Educational Attainment: ___________________ Occupation: _______________________ (Write the name of the school and state if the institution is private or public in nature) Elementary:___________________________ Private Public High School:______________________ ___ Private Public College: _____________________________ Private Public Father’s Name: __________________________________ Age: _____ Civil Status: Single Married Widower Separated Religious Denomination: __________________________ Highest Educational Attainment: ____________________ Occupation: ___________________________ (Write the name of the school and state if the institution is private or public in nature) Elementary:___________________________ Private...
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...Describe how society defines the social issue. So, what is Social Mobility? First, let’s go to its technical or dictionary definition. Social mobility is the movement of people from one social class or economic level to another (“Social Mobility”, Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2nd Edition). This term is widely used both in Sociology and Economics. It usually refers to vertical movement or moving up or down in rank. For example, if a soldier becomes a sergeant from a corporal, that would be vertical movement. However, it may also refer to horizontal movement or moving from one rank to another of the same social level. Example of this would be a principal who resigns from one school to become the principal of another school. With this definition in mind, we can see that Social Mobility is “movement”. The technical definition doesn’t restrict about the direction – whether you move up or down or just within what’s mentioned before as horizontal movement. Social Mobility is a term used in the objective comparison of economic or social states. Looking at the events around us, we can see that people care more about upward movement. When people talk about Social Mobility, they are likely referring to progress or development. Everyone wants to move up. Like what we commonly see in families. Almost everyone gives importance to good education. Parents keep reminding their children to be good in their studies so they can have good jobs. People want the opportunity to move up. People...
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...Case 2-2 - The Crest Whitestrip Challenge Question 1 – Summary of Table A After reviewing the table provided by Simmons Market Research Bureau, spring 2006 the most popular product is all whiteners with a 15.2% of adults that participated on the research. The second and third most popular products were the Whitening strips with 8.3%, followed by Whitening gels with a 5.5% of the adults that participated on the study. The bigger users of any whitening products are females at over 65% while males represent only a 35% of the sales of whitening products. The age group that represent the highest number of sales are the 18-24 year olds with about 23% of the sales, followed by two age groups 35-44 and 45-54 both representing 18% of sales. Users of Whitening products by age groups In addition the demographic that is among the biggest users are singles with 33% followed by divorced/separated with a 30%. College graduates and consumers with some college education are also among the biggest users of the whitening products both with 27% of the users. The biggest users of whitening products are the household with the highest income with income over $150,000 representing a 13% of its users. Households with income in the range of $100,000 to $149,999 represent the second highest users at 12% followed by the household income range of $40,000 to $49,999 and $75,000 to $99,000 both representing an 11% of the users. Users of whitening products by household income Among the...
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...American Dream No Longer Reality? The United States is in really poor shape with the recession. In Bob Herbert’s article “Hiding from Reality,” he points out that unless the United States makes some drastic changes, the American Dream will fade away due to the increasing difficulties people will have in trying to reach it. The main problems include struggling to find a job after college, struggling to buy a home and car and paying for them, and overall issues with recession in the United States. Getting a degree and a college education is a great thing, but what use is it if people cannot find jobs? According to Herbert, there is not much of the American dream left (564). The economy is in terrible shape; the education in public schools is not as good as it should be, there are budget deficits and overseas warfare. This all show the horrible and sad shape that our country is in. The problem is, according to Herbert, that we as Americans are in denial about the extent of the rot in our system (564). We are in such bad shape that it can take a decade or more for employment to rise back to a level where one can say that the economy is good. This is due to the slow progress we are making in trying to improve the economy. Workers born in foreign countries gained 656,000 jobs while workers born in the US lost 1.2 million jobs in 2009 (Herbert 564). However, the immigrant workers experienced much less pay than Americans would have received. This shows that many places will hire immigrants...
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...“THE EFFECT OF STUDY HABITS ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCEOF FRESHMENEDUCATION STUDENTS IN XAVIER UNIVERSITY,CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY, SCHOOL YEAR 2008-2009”A research proposalPresented to:Dr. Amphie V. DinagsaoIn Partial FulfilmentOf the Requirements for the Subject Educ 51 & 52Educational ResearchByBagongon, Christian K&Edpalina, Connie RyanApril 25, 2009 Table of Contents Chapter Page 1 The Problem Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Conceptual Framework. . . . . . . . . 3 Schematic Diagram. . . . . . . .. . . 3 Statement of the Problem . . . . . . .. . 5 Null Hypothesis . . . . . . .. . . . . 6Significance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . 6Scope and Limitations . . . . . . .. . . . 8Definition of Terms . . . . . . .. . . . . 8 2 Review of RelatedLiterature and Studies. .. . . . 10 3 ResearchMethodology. . . . .. . . . . . 17Research Design . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Samplings and Respondents . . . . . . .. . . 17Research Setting . . . . . . .. . . . . . 18Data Gathering . . . . . . .. . . . . . 18Instruments Use . . . . . . .. . . . . . 19 Bibliography. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . 20 Appendices. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . 23 Curriculum Vitae. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . 27 Chapter 1THE PROBLEMA. Introduction The extent of student’s learning in academics may bedetermined by the grades a student earns for a period of learning has beendone. It is believed that a grade is a primary indicator of such...
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...Steve Jobs Steve Jobs, a name synonymous with success and wealth, gave a commencement address to the graduating class of Stanford University in 2005. During his speech he spoke to the new graduates about the obstacles and hardships he faced throughout his life, and how he pushed through it and kept doing what he loved through three personal stories. Most people would look at someone like Steve Jobs and think, “This man has had the perfect life.” Little do they know that even some of the richest and most famous people in the world face hardships in their life. In Steve Jobs’ address to the students at Stanford, he portrayed emotion, credibility, and logic through sharing his life experiences. Steve started out is speech very differently, he came out stating that he dropped out of Reed College after just six months. Stating this to newly graduated students was very bold. It almost showed that you don’t need a college education to become successful, not something college graduates who just spent four years studying rigorously. But he quickly changed the mood of the speech by rewinding to his birth. Where his mother gave him up for adoption even before his birth. She clearly wanted the best for Steve when she only would let him live with a family with college graduates as parents. His mother thought that by giving him to college graduate parents would make him go to college. Yet later she found out that the people that were adopting him were not college graduates. In fact...
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...Professor Robyn Brown-Manning SW 717 Social Work Practice and Learning Lab Assignment 1 We live in a world or society where there are certain fundamental needs, which are important in facilitating our development. “These needs can be considered in two overall categories: the need for security, and the need to accommodate the drive toward growth,” (Brill, 2005, pg. 27) all of which can be fulfilled by education. As a citizen of the United States, in an egalitarian society where educational advancement is fostered, I was able to become closer towards achieving the American dream. Education was also seen by my immigrant family as an important factor in attaining greater opportunities and ultimately an improved lifestyle. The process of accomplishing the American dream is one which is not always easy and comes with many challenges. One important challenge was getting the resources I needed to further my academic goals, which was hampered by my parents’ inability to understand the educational system in the United States, and my parents’ limited financial assets. As a result, I knew I would have to depend on outside assistance. This proved to be a difficult task for me, because as a male I felt there was a negative stigma associated with asking for help from an outside source as this may display vulnerability. Nevertheless, with dedication and support from those who I trusted, it made the American dream more possible. My parents’ experiences have led them to have high expectations...
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...Yallander Ford Eng 101-113 Prof. Susan Horowitz April 4, 2012 This idea of economic mobility, which is defined, as one’s ability to move up the economic ladder by means of hard work and a good education, is an idea deeply entrenched in the Psyche of the American society. It is taken for granted that once you obtain a college education and have a good work ethic, you will move through the economic rank. However, this premise is being severely challenged and by all accounts, not holding up. This is a point reverberated by both Holly Sklar in her piece “The Growing Gulf Between the Rich and the Rest of Us” and the publication “The Economist through their piece “Inequality and the American dream.” Holly dismisses this idea by pointing out the fact that we have become a downward rather than an upward mobile society. This is quite evident when you examine the growing gap between the rich and the rest of us. She points out that median household income has fallen for the fifth year running, while at the other end of the spectrum the opposite holds true. She argues that to make it in the Forbes 400, one would have to amass $900 million, an increase of $150 million from four years ago. Sklar states they are bringing windfall profits to companies like Bechtel while they suspend regulations that shore up wages for workers. This is based on the no-bid contract given to father and son team Bechtel, although they had budget overruns and performed a shoddy job on a prior government project...
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