...Institutional cost and its implications for educational development (M.phil Education (2014-16)) INTRODUCTION Before discussing the concept of cost of education, it is necessary to distinguish between the terms, ‘expenditure’ on education and ‘costs’ of education which are often synonymously used. That part of expenditure which has some relationship with the production process and the output only can be referred to as costs. A major part of costs are a part of expenditure but not vice versa. While costs can include imputed items like opportunity costs, generally expenditure does not include such things. Further expenditure can be expressed only in monetary terms, while costs can be expressed in monetary as well as in real or physical terms. Statistics on costs of education are of utmost importance for educational planning. Estimates of costs are essential for estimating resources required for educational sector and for various sub – sectors of education. They also help us in understanding whether resources allocated to education reflect optimal level or not and within education whether resources are optimally allocated between different layers of education. The statistics on costs of education also are themselves indicative of efficiency of educational system, besides facilitating one to find out the cost effectiveness or cost- benefit ratio of the educational system as a whole and of the different levels of the system. For modern welfare governments whose one of...
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...It extends beyond five campuses and includes three educational centers. Its flexible course scheduling allows adult learners to attend multiple campuses or center at the same time. Each campus possesses the capability of preparing adult learners for an associate degree. However, core courses for many of its degree or certification programs are restricted to specific campuses. The writer identified the practice area of adult basic education and literacy programs within her department. She gathered relevant data that reflects the college’s contextual setting by providing a (1) description of the educational services; (2) its history, mission, vision, and values; (3) demographic and data; (4) the annual budget or funding; (5) methods or models of program planning and delivery; (6) recruitment and marketing strategies and processes; (7) effectiveness evaluation techniques; (8) and recommendations for improvement in educational services. 2 Introduction This writer identified several practice areas of adult basic education and literacy programs within the community and neighboring geographical areas. The campus and community site programs are affiliated with a local state college and strategically located throughout the metropolitan area. The design of this type of educational system embraces lifelong learners, in the rapidly...
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...performance indicators in the public institutions. Moreover, the need to optimize the educational activity, the implementation of an efficient management, insuring the quality and the compatibility of the e ducational systems has led to numerous investigations in this area by adopting, as a theor etical reference framework some organizational models to explain the functionality of the educatio nal system and to define a performance appraisal system. Each model generated by default a certain p hilosophy regarding the evaluation methods of the institutional performance, design and use of th e performance indicators on education institutions . Key words: economic crisis, performance, indicators , education JEL codes: I21, H52 Introduction Changes in higher education in Romania, just as thr oughout Europe and elsewhere, were as many and radical as they were continuous. Since the early 1990s, the first private universities were established in Romania and the number of public uni versities, of the faculties or of the new curriculum, respectively specializations has increa sed rapidly. Although there have been significant improvements ( revision of curricula, introduction of alternative textbooks, improving student performanc e assessment system, diversification of educational financing system, decentralization of t he management and administration, ...
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...Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education (WICHE), “Accreditation is a process used by higher education to evaluate colleges, universities, and educational programs for quality and to assess their efforts toward continuous quality improvement.” The accreditation is performed by private, not-for-profit organizations whose sole purpose is to conduct external quality reviews. There are regional accrediting organizations in the United States that manage six different regions of the country. “These organizations review degree-granting nonprofit and for-profit institutions within their regions, both two-year and four-year schools” (www.wiche.edu), and accredit colleges and universities that operate in both traditional and non-traditional settings. The Top 10 online college’s website states that these organizations are charged with an important responsibility, which is “Accreditation through the Higher Learning Commission helps standardize the education a student receives at any college that has successfully undergone the accreditation process”. Without this process, many schools and colleges would not offer equal opportunity and would typically be run for the purposes of making money rather than educating students. The purpose of regional accreditation is to ensure that an institution’s academic program meets acceptable levels of quality (CHEA). Schools must be accredited by a federally recognized accrediting agency in order for them to participate in offering federal financial...
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...UNITEN, Kajang Malaysia Norsalwati Binti Mohd Razalli Quality Management Centre,UNITEN, Kajang Malaysia ABSTRACT Institutional audit is an integral part of the quality assurance process in the Malaysian higher education to determine whether the institution is achieving its mission and goals, to identify strengths and areas of concern, and to enhance quality. One form of institutional audit is the periodic academic performance audit to determine the continuation or maintenance of programme accreditation status. In 2011, UNITEN conducted an institutional audit (Academic Performance Audit) exercise to prepare for SETARA 2012 or the Rating System for Higher Education Institutions in Malaysia. UNITEN was conferred SETARA Tier 5 - Excellent in 2012 compared to Tier 4 in 2009. Based on action science approach, this paper discusses the lessons learned during the Academic Performance Audit (APA) conducted in 2011 and how they empowered the teachinglearning environment at UNITEN. It will also highlight the three innovations introduced in the APA process. Keywords:Academic Performance Audit (APA), Rating system (SETARA), Action science, teaching-learning, Innovation. 1. INTRODUCTION Institutional audit is an integral part of the quality assurance process in the Malaysian higher education. As mandated by the Malaysian Qualifications Agency, institutional audit is an external evaluation of an institution to determine...
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...an accurate understanding of the factors that influences the dropout of rural students at college level. Christenson & Thurlow (2004) and Dweck (1986) reveal that student dropout is an outcome derived from multiple factors that encompass student, institutional and socioeconomic aspects. Dweck (1986) also found that students perceive dropout as...
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...The internal factors of educational underachievement refers to factors within the school that affect how pupils academically succeed, for example; interactions between pupils and teachers and inequalities between schools. Sociologists can suggest the reasons why these internal factors occur through a child's class, ethnicity and gender; such as the labelling theory, the self-fulfilling prophecy, pupils subcultures and institutional racism. Despite judging or stereotyping a person based on their class, ethnicity or gender being widely condemned in our modern society, it is clear from research that it still occurs in schools, however it is not necessarily intentional. The labelling theory suggests that teachers label pupils depending on how well they fit their idea of an 'ideal pupil'. These labels do not often reflect the pupil's actual ability or attitude, but they are based on stereotypical assumptions from a pupil's class background, ethnicity or potentially their gender. Ray Rist's study in 1970 of an American kindergarten showed that a child's home background and appearance determined what groups they were separated into on each table, not the child's ability. 'Ideal pupils' were commonly found to be middle-class children of whom had a clean and neat appearance. These children were seated closest to the teacher being given the most encouragement. The remaining groups labelled 'clowns' and were seated furthest from the teacher. Children in these 'clown' groups were likely...
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...EDUCATION QUALITY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH Education Quality and Economic Growth Education Quality and Economic Growth Eric A. Hanushek Ludger Wößmann THE WORLD BANK Washington, DC © 2007 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: feedback@worldbank.org All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 5 10 09 08 07 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy...
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...Literature Review #1 Citation: Betts, Julian R., (2011), “The Economics of Tracking in Education”, in Hanushek, Eric A., Stephen Machin and Ludger Woessmann (Eds.), Handbook of the Economics Of Education, Volume 3, Amsterdam: North Holland, pp. 341-381. (found on article excerpt) Betts, Julian, Eric A. Hanushek, Stephen Machin, and Ludger Woessman. Handbook of the Economics of Education. Vol. 3. Amsterdam: North Holland, 2011. Print. (MLA citation) In Ballantine and Spade’s piece, Understanding Education through Sociological Theory, macro-level theories are discussed in detail. One theory that stands out is referred to as the labeling theory, which highlights the sense of self that youth ranging from the age of 6 to 18 develop in school. In particular, it addresses the notion of how labeling children may likely lead to self-fulfilling prophesies. For instance, if a child is labeled as less capable or more incompetent than his fellow peers, his sense of self may plummet as a result and lead to him never performing to his maximum potential at any point in his academic career. The labeling theory resonates with the idea of tracking of students in the education system. Tracking in American education typically involves grouping and labeling sets of students as low-performing, average, or high-performing. Based on several previous studies in addition to the research carried out by the authors of the paper, The Economics of Tracking in Education, it is apparent that tracking “increases...
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...Racial Inequality after Racism: How Institutions Hold Back African Americans. Foreign Affairs, 94(2), 9-20. The article chosen for critique is titled Racial Inequality after Racism: How Institutions Hold Back African Americans published March 2015, this article suggests "institutional racism" is a primary contributor to racial inequality in America today. Coined by Stokely Carmichael, a leader in the Black Power movement of the 1960's, the term institutional racism is used to define discrimination that "originates in the operation of established and respected forces in the society, and thus receives far less public condemnation than individual racism". The article sites recent social unrest in the African American community regarding the use of deadly force by police officers as a stark reminder that racial inequality is an ongoing social problem. As policymakers are divided on the issue of racial inequality, both sides continue to focus primarily on the individual rather the institutional implications. The conservative majority believe the US has become a colorblind society, therefore attributing the existence of racial disparities to the personal failures of minority...
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...Learning in Higher Education can be found at: Email Alerts: http://alh.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://alh.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://alh.sagepub.com/content/11/3/167.refs.html >> Version of Record - Oct 26, 2010 What is This? Downloaded from alh.sagepub.com by guest on December 16, 2012 Article Improving student engagement: Ten proposals for action Nick Zepke and Linda Leach Abstract Active Learning in Higher Education 11(3) 167–177 © The Author(s) 2010 Reprints and permission: sagepub. co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1469787410379680 alh.sagepub.com School of Educational Studies, Massey University, New Zealand Since the 1980s an extensive research literature has investigated how to improve student success in higher education focusing on student outcomes such as retention, completion and employability. A parallel research programme has focused on how students engage with their studies and what they, institutions and educators can do to enhance their engagement, and hence success. This article reports on two syntheses of research literature on student engagement and how this can be enhanced. It first synthesizes 93 research studies from ten countries to develop a conceptual organizer for student engagement that consists of four perspectives identified in the research: student...
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...(BESRA) is a package of policy reforms that as a whole seeks to systematically improve critical regulatory, institutional, structural, financial, cultural, physical and informational conditions affecting basic education provision, access and delivery on the ground. It aims to create a basic education sector that is capable of attaining the country’s Education for All Objectives by the year 2015. In summary, its objectives are: 1. Universal Adult Functional Literacy; 2. Universal School Participation and Elimination of Drop-outs and Repetition in First Three Grades; 3. Universal Completion of the Full Cycle of Basic Education Schooling with Satisfactory Achievement Levels by All At Every Grade or Year; and 4. Total Community Commitment to Attainment of Basic Education Competencies for All. In order for the basic education sector to achieve the above listed desired educational outcomes for all Filipinos, the BESRA focuses on specific policy actions within five key reform thrusts (KRT) as follows: KRT 1: Get all schools to continuously improve. KRT 2: Enable teachers to further enhance their contribution to learning outcomes. KRT 3: Increase social support to attainment of desired learning outcomes. KRT 4: Improve impact on outcomes from complementary early childhood education, alternative learning systems and private sector participation. KRT 5: Change institutional culture of Dep. Ed to better support these key reform thrusts. In short, the five key reform thrusts of BESRA...
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...Polytechnic’s winning a 2007 Mellon Award for Technology Collaboration. Since July 2007, KineoPacific has worked with CatalystIT to guide the further development of Mahara. A first guiding principle with the development of the Mahara ePortfolio system is that it is learner centred – a form of Personal Learning Environment. This is in contrast to the more institution-centric Learning Management System (LMS). Mahara is a stand-alone system that can be integrated into a wider virtual learning framework. We believe the Learning Management System remains a highly useful application for delivering learning. We also believe the overall environment can be enhanced and complemented by a learner-centred personal learning environment such as Mahara. Pan-institutional learner communities can also be encouraged using Mahara. Mahara’s architecture is inspired by the modular, extensible architecture of Moodle. The Mahara team has also been heavily involved in the Moodle community, with recent work mostly focused on Moodle Networks. Similarly, Mahara systems can be networked together as well having single sign-on from Moodle 1.9 upwards. In a sense, we see Mahara as a ‘sister’ application although the two systems are not required to go together. Mahara will continue to evolve as a ‘pluggable’, modular e-Portfolio system designed to leverage Web 2.0 web services and built with...
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...used discounting strategies that resulted in large losses of tuition revenue 2. Institutions with the greatest increases in discount rates raised their spending on institutional grants by $3,375 per undergraduate, but their tuition and fee revenue grew by just $3,069; 3. Discounting strategies do not appear to have significantly improved the academic profiles of admitted undergraduates when measured by changes in median admissions test scores of entering first-year students 4. Tuition discounting appear to have helped institutions increase their number of low-income undergraduates 5. Increased use of tuition discounting appear to have made it possible for more students from all income levels to enter higher education. Colleges and universities have several distinct goals for using tuition discounts: * to increase enrollments of low-income and other under-represented students; * to raise enrollments of students with high academic achievements or other talents; * To increase revenue from tuition and fees. However, the results show that at least one quarter of the four-year private colleges and universities used discounting strategies that resulted in large losses of tuition revenue. The institutions with the greatest increases in discount rates raised their spending on institutional grants by $3,375 per full-time equivalent (FTE) undergraduate, but their tuition and fee revenue grew by just $3,069. Thus, these institutions lost at least $306 per...
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...Students with disabilities in higher education institutions in Andhra Pradesh Introduction Article 45(a) of the Constitution of India has guaranteed education as a fundamental right for every citizen. For this the government of India has been taking steps for equalization of educational opportunities to its entire people since independence (Das, 2000). In this respect, it is apt to think about students in higher education with special educational needs such as visual, hearing, locomotor and intellectually abled/disabled, who are experiencing difficulties in pursuing higher education. According to the Persons with Disability Act 1995, students with disabilities should have access to education all levels including higher education and it also giving 3% reservation in all higher education institutions in India. And the University Grants Commission has already attempted to facilitate better accessibility in higher education for persons with disabilities to achieve better results by giving special grants. But out 348 universities in India only 54 Universities and colleges were identified by UGC to grant funds for making friendly /accessible environment for differently abled students with in the campus. In India most of the universities are not in a position to take the initiative or responsibility to create friendly environment for students with disabilities, due to their uncertainties like lack co-ordination, awareness about the policies and needs of students with disabilities...
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