...Constructivism as an Educational theory in Mathematics Name: Institution: Instructor: Date: Introduction Learning is an inevitable process for human beings and even animals. A young one is born with little or no knowledge of the surrounding, both within and without. In this case, things start acquiring a given shape through the learning process. Learning becomes the preoccupation of human beings as their growth and development takes course. In the former times, learning was accomplished in an informal setting. As development and modernization took shape, dedication was formalized and confined to the classroom. Classroom teaching methods has been revolutionized with development of various theories and philosophies for the same. Among them is constructivism theory. This theory has been applied in many subjects including mathematics. This paper explores constructivism as an educational theory in mathematics. Constructivism as an Educational theory Constructivism theory is coined around a philosophy of self experience of the learner. This theory is coined on the basis of how a student connects information or instructions give in class. Jean Piaget, who came up with this theory suggest that learning is accomplished through a connection of the experience of the learner with new information. In most cases, the new information or ideas leant in the classroom or anywhere is not really taken in as intended. Instead, a student processes information given based...
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...Educational Theories A social problem is when most individuals in a society agree a situation is present that jeopardizes the quality of their lives, their families, and their most prized possessions. The same society is also in agreement that something should be done to solve the social problem. The functionalist, conflict, and interactionist perspectives are the key sociological methods to studying these social problems (Pearson, 1995). The way the main social institutions actually operate is the way the functionalist perspective looks at these schools and society expects the school to generate well educated and skilled adults (Hernandez, 2007). The belief of functionalists is that the responsibility of the schools is to not only maintain social order but also maintain a universal set of principles and ideals that encourage social unity (Webb, Metha, & Jordan, 2010, p.193). Functionalists realize the need for education in society to function logically, disciplined, effectively and proficiently (Webb et al, 2010, p.193). “According to the functionalist perspective, the purpose of the school is to teach the economic, political, and cultural practices and norms of the dominant society” (Webb et al, 2010, p.193). Functionalist wish to find out the ways schools compare with other social institutions trying to understand how efficiently the school can actually teach its students. The plan is to find out the school is representing the neighboring residents in the schools...
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...Learning theories has been a subject of great interest in psychology ,this makes it fundamental to teaching and learning.The essay will assess contributions of educational psychology with reference to learning theories in teaching and learning .Key terms will be discussed in the next paragraph .The conclusion shall synthesize learning theories and the contribution of educational psychology and their educational implications . https://en.m.wikipedia.org / learning theories are conceptual frameworks describing how information is absorbed, processed and retained during learning .That is learning theories helps to predict and explain relationship between learning conditions and the learning outcomes. Zindi,Peresuh and Mpofu,(1997) says “educational psychology is knowledge gained from psychology and applied to activities of the classroom.” Santrock (2011) deals with human behavior and its application in education .According to the above two definitions educational psychology refers to the provision to the teachers with theories which help them to be flexible and adaptable to different situations which can happen in the teaching and learning at primary and secondary level. Educational psychology contributes a lot in the teaching and learning. It helps the teacher in selecting materials suitable for learners and suitable teaching methodologies. When the teacher is well versed with theories, he or she find how to explain, describe and control behavior. In the classroom, when the teacher...
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...THE RELATION OF THEORY TO PRACTICE IN EDUCATION»1»* John Dewey From the Middle Works It is difficult, if not impossible, to define the proper relationship of theory and practice without a preliminary discussion, respectively, (1) of the nature and aim of theory; (2) of practice. A. I shall assume without argument that adequate professional instruction of teachers is not exclusively theoretical, but involves a certain amount of practical work. The primary question as to the latter is the aim with which it shall be conducted. Two controlling purposes may be entertained so different from each other as radically to alter the amount, conditions, and method of practice work. On one hand, we may carry on the practical work with the object of giving teachers in training working command of the necessary tools of their profession; control of the technique of class instruction and management; skill and proficiency in the work of teaching. With this aim in view, practice work is, as far as it goes, of the nature of apprenticeship. On the other hand, we may propose to use practice work as an instrument in making real and vital theoretical instruction; the knowledge of subject-matter and of principles of education. This is the laboratory point of view. The contrast between the two points of view is obvious; and the two aims together give the limiting terms within which all practice work falls. From one point of view, the aim is to form and equip the actual teacher; the aim is immediately...
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...student’s academic performance pose another question. Do the students possess motivational factors such as individual values, reality and emotional factors and the influence in the educational process? With the foregoing issues and concerns, the researchers would like to determine whether students’ academic performance has an effect in the choice of Hotel and Restaurant Management career. Furthermore, the researchers aim to provide information about motivating students in choosing their course in college and the possible factors that affect their chosen course. Furthermore, the researchers will also provide the most important information that builds up students to set and organize their main goals in college so that they will be aligned and get their appropriate job to be more successful in their chosen carriers in life. This research is expected to be completed on AY 2012 – 2013. Theoretical Framework It is useful to differentiate between ‘career theories’, which explain vocational paths, and ‘guidance theories’ which explain how to interact effectively with clients (Watts et al.1996:1), Recognizing that vocational choice is influenced by four facts: the reality factor, the influence of the educational process, the emotional factor and individual values this theory proposes that it is a development path that leads to career choice. Starting in preteen and ending in young adulthood, individuals pass through three stages:...
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...Explain the applications and criticisms of Fredrick Taylor, Henri Fayol, Max Weber to educational administration and management. Fredrick Taylor Definition of Taylorism It’s the management process that scientific skills were to be applied to improve the productivity of workers. The characteristics of Taylorism 1. He used scientifically trained workers to improve the productivity. 2. Division of labour managers and workers so that managers can apply scientific method to planning the work and workers to perform the task. 3. Co-operation between the management and the workers, the management should that ensure the workers uses scientifically developed methods 4. He replaced the rule of the thumb, with scientific management 5. There was transfer of knowledge between the workers and from workers into tools 6. Enumerations were according to work produces. 7. Dictatorship was necessary because humans are lazy in nature and the scientific management required strict supervision 8. Scientific theory ensured efficiency and minimized waste. Applications of the scientific theory in Education Management 1. Members of staff, teaching and non- teaching, should know the aims and objectives of the school. With well-defined aims and objectives, better performance is expected and accountability is facilitated. 2. In school, all teachers must know the direction in which to move and work together for a joint objective specified...
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...Within the teaching method framework, the approach is constituted by those theoretical principles on which the curricular design is based (Richards and Rodgers, 1986). Thus, an approach is usually understood as the body of linguistic, psychological and pedagogical theories which inspire the teaching practice. Stern (1983: 43-50) refers to foundations/theoretical assumptions and to a level -interlevel- between theory and practice where the educational linguistics theory and research take place. Curricular design: A new term which substitutes both programme and syllabus as old limited references to contents and bibliography. Within Richards and Rodgers’ outline (1986), the design includes objectives, linguistic content, activities, learner roles, teacher roles, and the role of instructional materials. According to Stern (1983: 43-50), the practice level of a “general model for second language teaching” includes methodology -objectives, content, procedures, materials and evaluation of outcome- and organization; thus, the term methodology includes design and procedures. Curriculum: As defined by Nunan (1988), it comprises the principles and procedures for the planning, implementation, evaluation and management of an educational programme. Method: This general term includes the approach, design and procedures in Richards and Rodgers’ model. Methodics and Method analysis: Terms used by Halliday, McIntosh and Strevens (1964) and Mackey (1965), respectively, in order to consider the...
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...Critical Analysis Paper The functionalist theory has affected psychology for many years to come. Many psychologists have backed this theory many centuries ago. The purpose of this paper is to describe the functionalist theory, compare the work of three theorists, and analyze one contribution of each of theorist’s findings. Functionalism began in the late 19th century. Functionalism was strongly influenced by Darwin’s doctrine of evolution (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). The many ideas and thoughts of functionalism originated in the United States. Functionalism is the utility of consciousness and behavior in adjusting to the environment (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). Theorists mainly focused on how behavior is affected by the environment. One of the main theorists during the functionalist movement was John Dewey. He was a historicist and a genetic psychologist. He had a different perspective on theories because he was a historicist and a genetic psychologist. Dewey believed that humans develop through distinct, observable stages of consciousness that correspond with the intellectual development of the race. Therefore, Dewey's inductionist and social constructivist stages are subsumed within his overall developmental scheme, the inductionist stage necessarily precedes the social constructivist stage, and the social constructivist stage necessarily incorporates the inductionist stage (Fallace, 2010, pg. 129) This alone set Dewey aside from other theorists. He made great advances...
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...two things is usually involved. Although the two things are not necessarily alike as a whole, they always have some specific similarities. Technically, those abstract ideas and concepts are called “vehicle”, the things closed to our life is called “topic” and their similarities “grounds”. It is widely acknowledged that science is an area full of abstract processes, concepts and ideas, thus the use of metaphor makes it much easier for scientists and science learners to understand scientific theories and be understood, which makes it very important and interesting for a science student to have a deep look at the use of metaphor in science, because it will help science students have a better idea of the metaphor used in science and furthermore, help them improve their learning. In this essay, the similarities and differences of the use of metaphors in professional, popular and pedagogic sciences will be carefully checked. Their similarities of the use in the three sciences in constructing theories and improving understanding will be introduced at the beginning. Following this, it will analyze the different use of metaphor from the perspective of target, purpose and the difficulties people are probable to encounter when they use these metaphors. Finally it will have a short study of the metaphors used in learning. As...
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...Describe and evaluate two or more theories of the formation of romantic relationships (24 marks) There are many different ways that romantic relationships can be formed. Two examples of this are the reward/ need theory suggested by Byrne and Claw as well as the filter theory suggested by Kerchkoff and Davies. In this essay, I will be expanding on these two theories and evaluating them. The first of the two theories is the filter theory suggested by Kerchkoff and Davies. They suggested that there are different factors that affect the choice of who we choose to form a relationship with; these being: proximity, similarity and psychological factors. By proximity, Kerchkoff and Davies said that compared to the amount of people in the world, we only meet a small amount of people and the chance of forming a relationship is greater if the distance between a couple is minimal. By similarity, the two say that the chances of forming a relationship is greater if the significant other has a similar social or cultural background and educational level. Psychological factors that may affect the formation of relationships are said to include whether both people share similar beliefs and values, and personality traits. The more similar people are, Kerchkoff and Davies said that they are more likely to form a relationshiop. Kerchkoff and Davies conducted a study themselves in 1962 to see what students felt were the most important factor in maintaining a relationship. To do so, they studied students...
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...Model |Type of health care change situation where | | | |model best applies | | Expectancy Theory |For any given situation, the force that |Clinical Ladder Program | | |drives a person to perform is dependent |Valence - wanting to participate in a | | |upon three factors: valence, |clinical ladder program | | |instrumentality, and expectancy |Instrumentality – participation in the | | | |program will lead to recognition of the | | | |bedside nurse | | | |Expectancy – a bonus upon success | | | |completion of the program | |Equity Theory |A model is based on a person evaluating |Preceptor Program | | |outcomes and inputs by comparing them with |Input...
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...that were made possible by the media. Interestingly, while panic was observed during the broadcast, some people were still able to remain calm and collected. Two years later, this led physiologists Hadley Cantril, Hazel Gaudet, and Herta Herzog to study the phenomenon where some people seemed more susceptible to the effects of the radio broadcast as compared to others. What they found out was that those who were not frightened were not suggestible because they displayed what psychologists called a ???critical faculty??? (pg. 589). The lack of critical faculty was the lack of the ability to create a framework in which to check if the information were true. People who lacked critical faculty included those in the lower income bracket or educational level, as they would have considerably limited sources of information to refer to (pg. 582). Radio was the most accessible media for them and would be a reason why they seemed to exhibit the most panic. The psychologists behind this paper could be likened to early communication researchers who delved into the mind in order to better understand ones behaviors. They performed standard research methodology including interviewing 135 persons as their sample size, and created a working framework of four psychological conditions in which to classify people???s behaviors. This was in a sense an early study of media effects on society. There seems to be a natural call to study the effects of media that was considered new to the time. Be it radio...
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...CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction The study of science is essential. Science is the study of the world around us. Everything around us concerns science. Without it, it is impossible to get into medicine, engineering, architecture and other fields requiring technical expertise. Every sector recognizes an increasing contribution of the discipline to the progress of the modern world as well as its traditional standing as an element of humanistic and scientific education. Its importance as the key subject is common knowledge. Science has been recognized as a patent means of sharpening our competitive edge. Thus, science holds a dominating place in the curriculum. As mandated in the Philippine Constitution, it is the duty of the schools to develop scientific and technology efficiency among the pupils and the students. Thus, it is necessary to evolve a strong science program in all levels. So, the teaching of science should be effectively earned out so as to satisfy the National Development Goals. Science is a multifaceted subject, limitless in extent and depth, vital for science and technology, and rich in the cultural import. It offers a lot of challenges to an individual. In school, however, some students find the subject dull and difficult. More so, science in general, is even considered by many as uninteresting or boring subject if not difficult or not applicable into their daily lives. The performance of the pupils depends largely on quality of the teaching...
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...University Transitioning from a trainee to a seasoned MFT takes years of experience, practice, and continual education. Seasoned MFT have a foundational philosophy, extensive toolkit theories they can pull from, and their ability to create a detailed map of the client and create a treatment plan that allows one to see the big picture efficiently. The key point being that the seasoned MFT can quickly assess their client and the situation with great detail in order to determine the best path to take for treatment. Theory helps to lay the foundation for the approach the MFT will use when working with clients. Having a solid understanding of theory allows MFTs to focus on other factors such as the diversity concerns and the therapeutic relationship in order to increase the outcome of successful treatment. Being competent as a MFT means being able to navigate through the five steps of competent therapy: (1) determine what the situation entails, (2) identifying the obstacles and resources that can effect a client, (3) develop a treatment plan, (4) assessing the client’s progress, and (5) document the process. Common factors research shows us the correlation of importance of therapeutic relationships to the positive response to treatment. My interpretation when looking at Lambert and Wampold’s theories are that outside of the relationship bond formed with a client, therapists can only directly influence 8%-15% of the effectiveness of therapy. In Lambert’s model it should be noted that...
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...Scientific Communication:- Scientific:- Scientific means make use of the technique of science. “Scientific means technology or technical. It means connected to science or concern with science.” Communication:- Communication is usually common talk, chat or gossip. It’s concerning and linking populace or places. It means sender and receiver are exchange their ideas, views, belief and feelings. “While one person talking with another person or people and transfer a message to other person or people is called communication.” Its two way process of getting mutual understanding, where sender send their ideas, views, opinion and the receiver receive message and understand. Scientific Communication:- Definition;- “Scientific communication is section of science where communicate technical, engineering or other technological information.” Scientific communication is conversation about technical area such as computer appliance, medicinal procedures, and ecological convention. Its also conversation about technology by us of WebPages, help files or social media etc... Scientific communicators may put information they confine into paper documents, computer based training, web-pages, digitally stored text, videos, audios and other media. There are different uses of scientific communication. In software illustration help users are successful in their own improving and help to how effortlessly products expand and grow in marketplace as well as decreasing...
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