Harvard Business School
9-292-140
op y
June 12, 1992
Arundel Partners: The Sequel Project
tC
In April 1992 Mr. David A. Davis, a movie industry analyst at Paul Kagan Associates, Inc. in
Los Angeles, was asked to look at and comment on an unusual business idea. The idea was to create an investment group, Arundel Partners, which would purchase the sequel rights associated with films produced by one or more major U.S. movie studios. As owner of the rights, Arundel would wait to see if a movie was successful, and then decide whether or not to produce a second film based on the story or characters of the first.
The proposal was innovative in several respects. First, Arundel would purchase sequel rights before the first films were even made, let alone released. Second, the investor group would not make artistic judgments or attempt to select the rights for particular movies based on predictions of a possible sequel’s success. Instead, Arundel would contract to purchase all the sequel rights for a studio’s entire production during a specified period (one to two years), or alternatively, for a specified number of major films (15 to 30). Third, Arundel’s advance cash payments for the rights, at an agreed-upon price per film, would help finance production of the initial films.
No
The idea was intended to capitalize on a few specific characteristics of the movie industry.
Producing and distributing motion pictures was a risky business and predicting the success of any one film was extremely difficult, if not altogether impossible. Moreover, studios’ production decisions were driven by both creative and business considerations, which often conflicted. The combination of uncertainty and conflict sometimes strained the financial resources of even the largest studios. Arundel could expect to avoid the conflict between art and commerce and, at the same time, escape (for a price) much of the risk associated with the unpredictability of moviegoers’ tastes. The idea was expected to appeal to studios because Arundel would offer cash when it was needed most, during an initial film’s production. Since Arundel would seek to purchase the rights to many films, the total payments by Arundel could be substantial and would help reduce the studio’s borrowing.
Do
Whether Arundel could expect to make money depended heavily on how much it had to pay to purchase a portfolio of sequel rights. In 1992 the major studios did not usually sell sequel rights, nor did they explicitly assign them a value when deciding to put a project into production. However, casual inquiries suggested that studios would find the idea tempting at a price of $2 million or more per movie. At prices below $1 million per movie they probably would not even discuss it. Paul
Kagan Associates, Inc. had expertise in analyzing the film business, and it had assembled certain proprietary data on industry cash flows. Hence, Mr. Davis was asked how much the sequel rights were worth.
William A. Teichner, Charles M. Williams Fellow, prepared this case under the supervision of Professor Timothy A.
Luehrman as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation.
Copyright © 1992 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http://www.hbsp.harvard.edu. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the permission of Harvard Business School.
1
Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp.harvard.edu or 617-783-7860.
292-140
Arundel Partners: The Sequel Project
op y
The Movie Business
To reach the public, a movie went through three stages: production, distribution, and exhibition. Production involved creating the film negative. Distribution consisted of advertising the film, making prints, shipping prints to theaters, reproducing the film onto videocassettes, and licensing it to pay and non-pay television and other outlets. Finally, exhibition traditionally consisted of projecting films in theaters, but increasingly included other viewing media, such as home video.
In 1992, the major movie companies (and ultimate parent companies, if different) involved in
U.S. production and distribution were MCA Universal (Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.);
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc. (Credit Lyonnais Bank Nederland N.V.); Orion Pictures Corp.;
Paramount Pictures Corp. (Paramount Communications, Inc.); Sony Pictures Entertainment, Inc.
(Sony Corp.);1 The Walt Disney Company;2 Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp. (The News
Corporation, Ltd.); and Warner Brothers, Inc. (Time Warner, Inc.).
tC
These companies, or studios, were all engaged in both production and distribution, and in some cases exhibition as well. Several of the parent companies or their subsidiaries owned movie theater chains, pay TV channels, and/or TV stations.
No
In 1991 the major studios and smaller distributors released 150 and 274 films, respectively, in the United States. While the major studios distributed just 35% of all films released in the United
States, they accounted for 93% of all revenues received from U.S. movie theaters. These revenues were known as film rentals because the distributor essentially rented prints of the film to theaters for a specified period of time. The top U.S. rental film of 1991, Tri-Star’s Terminator 2, represented approximately 5% of total U.S. industry rentals. The top five films accounted for 16% of total rentals and the top ten films accounted for 26%. The industry’s market share leader (in rentals) changed from year to year according to which studio’s releases were most successful. Exhibit 1 presents selected data from 1980-1991 for U.S. film distributors.
Production
Most movies were based on existing literary properties, and producers who planned to adapt a property into a movie normally had to acquire its film rights.3 Sometimes literary agents introduced properties to producers. Other times, large talent agencies presented producers with packages consisting of a script, director, and principal actors. Sometimes producers discovered or created properties on their own. Producers frequently purchased options on the film rights to literary properties. However, most such options were never exercised—the likelihood that a movie would be made from an optioned property was very small.
Do
Production costs were incurred in each of three primary stages: pre-production, principal photography, and post-production. Costs for pre-production included expenditures for script development, set design, casting of actors, film crew selection, costume design, location scouting, and budget planning. The costs associated with principal photography included fixed salaries of actors,
1Sony Pictures owned Columbia Pictures and Tri-Star Pictures.
Both were involved in production and distribution. 2The Walt Disney Company owned three film studios: Walt Disney, Touchstone, and Hollywood Pictures, and distributed their films through Buena Vista Pictures Distribution, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary.
3The term producer was used in a variety of ways in the motion picture industry. Here, it refers to the individuals or companies that owned the rights to produce a film.
2
Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp.harvard.edu or 617-783-7860.
Arundel Partners: The Sequel Project
292-140
op y
directors, writers, and other personnel.4 They also included rent, wages, and other expenses for soundstages, set construction, lighting, transportation (for location shooting), costume making, special effects, and miscellaneous items. Finally, post-production costs consisted of expenses for film editing, the laying down of sound effects and music, and the addition of titles and credits. On average, the entire production cycle required one year from the time a project was put into production until the finished film was released to theaters.5
The total cost of production, including fixed expenses for story acquisition, was called the negative cost, i.e. the cost to create the film’s completed negative, from which positive prints could be made.6 The negative cost excluded advertising and other distribution expenses. While the negative cost included fixed salaries to actors and others, it did not include future compensation that was linked to either the film’s revenues or its earnings. Exhibit 2 presents a breakdown of items normally included in a film’s negative cost.
tC
In 1991 the average negative cost, excluding interest, for a major new movie was approximately $20 million. This cost had to be financed somehow. Some producers (e.g., wealthy individuals, producer partnerships, and movie studios) financed their own projects. Sometimes the rights to certain revenues, such as from the home video or non-U.S. theater markets, were pre-sold to raise cash for production. In other cases, independent producers obtained financing from major studios. When a studio financed an independent production, it frequently supplied personnel, facilities, supervision, and equipment.
It was very common for a project to be rejected by one or more studios before it finally received financial support. Furthermore, studios often backed out of projects after investing initial time or money, but before beginning principal photography.
No
Distribution
Typically, the studio that produced or financed a particular movie also distributed it. When producers financed negative costs without help from studios, they often engaged studios to simply pick up or distribute their films once they were completed. In their capacity as film distributors, the studios managed the circulation of movies to theaters, the licensing of films to pay and non-pay TV, and the duplication and distribution of videocassettes. They handled advertising, publicity, and promotion for the films they distributed. They also collected proceeds from theaters and ancillary revenue sources.
Do
The traditional contract between the distributor and the producer allowed the distributor to charge distribution expenses and distribution fees, which were deducted from the revenue the distributor collected from theaters and ancillary markets. Distribution expenses included the direct costs of distributing the film, while distribution fees were charged to cover the distributor’s overhead and profit.
4It also included the costs of line producers who were hired by the financiers or producers of a movie. Line producers managed the day-to-day physical production of the movie, from pre- to post-production. They also oversaw production costs and hired and fired personnel. Their screen credits included executive producer, producer, and associate producer.
5While it took about a year to complete most production, a script might hibernate in pre-production development for several months or years before the beginning of principal photography if a producer could not easily arrange financing or if a studio was not very interested in the project.
6Sometimes interest charges on loans to finance production were included in negative costs. Here, interest charges are excluded from negative costs.
3
Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp.harvard.edu or 617-783-7860.
292-140
Arundel Partners: The Sequel Project
op y
Distribution expenses These expenses primarily represented the costs of advertising in newspapers and on television, of making prints of the film for theaters, and of duplicating videocassettes. Advertising costs were ordinarily the largest single distribution expense by a wide margin, and occasionally exceeded a film’s negative cost. They varied with the length of time a movie played in theaters. In 1991, the average U.S. advertising cost for a major film was $10 million.
The cost of prints and videocassette duplication varied with the number of theaters a movie played in and the number of videocassettes sold, respectively. Other smaller distribution expenses were shipping and insurance costs and miscellaneous fees, duties, and taxes.
tC
Distribution fees Distributors traditionally charged a fixed percentage of the proceeds they received from the various theatrical and ancillary markets to cover their overhead and profit.
Because distribution fees were often calculated as a fixed percentage, they could be more or less than the overhead expenses actually incurred by the distributor.7 The studio in its role as a distributor generally charged lower fees when an independent producer (rather than the studio) financed the negative. In addition, fees varied by ancillary market and country. For example, fees were usually higher on non-U.S. proceeds than on U.S. proceeds.
For independently-financed films distributed by a studio, a common distribution fee was
22.5% of U.S. rentals and 32.5% of most non-U.S. rentals. However, if the movie was studio-financed, the fee was generally 30% of U.S. rentals and 40% of most non-U.S. rentals.8 Fees on home video and pay television revenues were often the same as those on theater rentals. U.S. network TV fees were sometimes several percentage points lower, while U.S. syndicated TV and non-U.S. TV fees were several percentage points greater.
Exhibition
No
Exhibition usually referred to projection of movies in theaters, but, defined broadly, encompassed ancillary markets as well. Films were released to the various markets in stages that spanned seven or more years from the date of initial release. U.S. films were typically released first to
U.S. movie theaters, about one year after going into production. Revenues from ticket sales in movie theaters were known as gross box office proceeds. During 1991, for each dollar of gross box office proceeds, about 50 cents was remitted to the distributor as film rentals.9
Do
About two months after their release in the United States, films were released to non-U.S. theaters. About eight months after theatrical release, videocassettes were sold in the United States and soon thereafter in non-U.S. markets. Movies normally appeared on pay TV in the beginning of the second year after release and shortly afterwards on non-U.S. pay TV. In the third year, films aired on U.S. network TV and non-U.S. TV. Finally, films might be licensed to independent television stations around the world six to eight years after their theatrical release. Exhibit 3 illustrates the sequence of releases to various markets.
7The distribution fee percentage was sometimes lowered once certain pre-determined dollar amounts were
reached.
8Under both scenarios, fees on U.K. and Canadian rentals were typically lower than for other countries. In
addition, distribution fees were generally lower when independent producers helped finance distribution expenses. 9A common arrangement between the distributor and the theater exhibitor provided that the distributor would receive the greater of: (a) 70% of the gross box office proceeds in the first two weeks (60% for the following two;
50% for the next two; 40% for the next two, and 35% for the remainder of the run) or (b) 90% of the gross box office proceeds after subtracting out a reasonable, and pre-determined, amount of cash to cover the costs of operating the theater.
4
Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp.harvard.edu or 617-783-7860.
Arundel Partners: The Sequel Project
292-140
op y
Calculation of Net Profits
After distribution expenses, distribution fees, the negative cost, and any other expenses were subtracted from all revenue, what remained were net profits.
For an independently-financed film distributed by a studio, the studio collected proceeds from the various revenue sources, subtracted distribution expenses and fees, and remitted the balance to the producer.10 After subtracting the cost of the film’s negative, the independent producer was left with the film’s net profits.11 See Exhibit 2 for the calculation of net profits for a typical movie. tC
For movies financed by a studio, the studio—rather than the producer—subtracted out the negative cost. Again, what remained was the film’s net profits. For taking on the risk of financing the film, the studio often kept 50% or more of the net profits and remitted what was left to the producer. If there were zero or negative net profits, the studio remitted nothing and bore any loss itself. Sequels and Arundel Partners
No
More than 60 films produced since 1970 had one or more sequels made subsequently. Not all commercially successful first films were followed by sequels, but practically all sequels followed successful films. Many of the most profitable movies of the past 20 years spawned one or more sequels. These included, for example, Airport, Back to the Future, Beverly Hills Cop, Friday the 13th,
Ghostbusters, The Godfather, Jaws, Police Academy, Raiders of the Lost Ark, Rocky, Star Trek, Star Wars,
Superman, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, and Terminator. The long-running James Bond film series had begun in 1962 with Dr. No, which was followed by 16 sequels.
Sequels were based on characters or situations portrayed in the initial movies. Scripts for sequels were usually written after the first film’s release, and in some cases were worked on by individuals other than those who had created the original. The median release date for a sequel was three years after the first film’s release, and most were released within one to five years.
The average negative cost for a sequel was higher than for the first film. For sequels made after 1970, the inflation-adjusted negative cost was about 120% of the first film’s negative cost, according to one estimate. This was partly because the commercial success of the first film enhanced the bargaining power of key creative talent, who demanded higher compensation for the sequel.
Do
A similar analysis showed that the average sequel produced only 70% of the (real) rentals that the initial film had earned. Exhibit 4 displays comparative, inflation-adjusted cost and revenue data for a sample of first films and their sequels. Exhibit 5 shows rental data for a small number of
10Occasionally, a major actor’s contract specified that he or she would receive a percentage of the film’s
revenues. In that case, these gross participations were often paid out of the distributor’s proceeds before fees and expenses. 11Sometimes creative talent received net profit participations, or percentages or any positive net profits the film made. The arrangement described in the text, wherein fees were deducted by the distributor, was fairly standard in the industry and was called a distribution fee deal or net deal. In the 1980s, two other kinds of deals became common. These were the gross percentage deal and adjusted gross percentage deal. In the gross percentage deal, the producer received a fixed percentage of the film's proceeds received by the distributor. In the adjusted gross percentage deal, the producer received a fixed percentage of the distributor's proceeds after certain items were first subtracted.
5
Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp.harvard.edu or 617-783-7860.
292-140
Arundel Partners: The Sequel Project
The Sequel Project
op y
films that spawned more than one sequel. For most such film series, rentals declined with each additional installment in the series.
Arundel Partners would be interested in purchasing the sequel rights for one or more studios’ entire production over an extended period of not less than a year. If a particular film was a hit, and Arundel thought a sequel would be profitable, it would exercise its rights by producing the sequel itself or hiring professionals to do so. Alternatively, it could sell the rights to the highest bidder. Inevitably, most first films would not justify sequels, and for them the sequel rights would simply not be exercised. As a practical matter, for most movies it would be very clear after their first few weeks in U.S. theaters whether a sequel would be economical or not.
tC
It would be critically important to Arundel that a number of films and a price per film be agreed upon before either Arundel or the studio knew which films would be produced. Once production started, the studio would gradually but inevitably form an opinion about the movie, and
Arundel would not want to have to bargain over individual projects about which it knew less than the studio.
No
Otherwise, many details of a potential contract between Arundel and the prospective studio still needed to be worked out. For example, in addition to the price of the rights, a satisfactory method of payment had to be agreed upon. The simplest approach would be for Arundel to make payments to an escrow account when a first film went into production. These payments could then be disbursed to the studio as the movie progressed through production. Certain films might have to be excluded from the arrangement if the studio itself did not already own their sequel rights. To keep the studio committed to the success of possible sequels, it probably would be desirable to have the studio retain an interest in the revenues or the net profits of the sequel, or to have rights for subsequent sequels, i.e., third, fourth, and other future films, revert to the studio.
For tax purposes, it might be desirable to fix an expiration date for the sequel rights, perhaps three years from the first film’s release, by which time Arundel would have to declare its intentions or forfeit the rights. This would allow Arundel enough time to make a decision about making a sequel, and enable it to more quickly write off its investment in rights it chose not to exercise. If the studio were interested, Arundel could grant it a right of first refusal on any rights it planned to sell.
The contract also could provide that Arundel would use the original studio for distribution, assuming its distribution fees and expenses were competitive.
Available Movie Data
Do
The value of the sequel rights depended heavily on the statistical distribution that characterized the returns earned by first films. Actual data on realized returns for a large sample of first films were not publicly available, although rough estimates could be made for hundreds of films based on public information. Further, Paul Kagan Associates, Inc. had assembled a proprietary database on which even more reliable estimates could be based for an even larger sample of recent movies. Estimates of the financial performance of all first films released by six major studios during
1989 are presented in Exhibit 6.12 These estimates were used to compute the discounted cash flows presented in Exhibit 7, under the assumptions described in the Appendix. The discounted costs and
12Exhibits 6-9 exclude releases from Orion and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, both of which were experiencing severe financial problems in 1992. Orion was in Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings in April 1992.
6
Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp.harvard.edu or 617-783-7860.
Arundel Partners: The Sequel Project
292-140
op y
revenues were used to compute simple one-year returns for each film. As Exhibit 7 shows, returns were highly variable, ranging from 1,224% for Tri-Star’s Look Who’s Talking to -91% for Paramount’s
We’re No Angels.
Exhibits 6 and 7 also estimate costs, revenues and one-year returns for hypothetical sequels for each first film, according to the assumptions outlined in the Appendix. Essentially, these figures are projections of how a sequel would perform, assuming it was made, and assuming it was “typical”.
For example, Warner Brothers’ Batman was expected to result in a successful sequel, with a projected return of 225%. Not surprisingly, however, most movies’ hypothetical sequels performed poorly and undoubtedly would not be produced. Exhibit 8 presents histograms of the one-year returns tabulated in Exhibit 7 for first films and sequels. Exhibit 9 summarizes some characteristics of the distribution of hypothetical sequel returns for a sample of first films released in 1987 and 1988 that had negative costs of at least $14 million.
Do
No
tC
Because Arundel’s tax situation might be exceedingly complex, David Davis was asked to estimate the value of the sequel rights on a pre-tax basis. He had access to data such as that in
Exhibits 6-9 as well as the larger, more detailed dataset at Paul Kagan Associates. There were two obvious ways to begin analyzing the data. One was to use the projected financial performances of all the 1989 hypothetical sequels to decide which ones should be produced. Then it would be possible to estimate how much money they would make in total, and hence, how much per 1989 first film. The other approach would be to apply a simple option pricing model to the parameters of the distribution of sequel returns or sequel NPVs and so estimate directly the value of sequel rights for a random film in the available sample. Each approach would require some simplifying assumptions. Davis wondered what biases might be generated by the various assumptions, which methodology would give the more useful result, and whether either result was reliable enough to justify an investment of millions of dollars.
7
Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp.harvard.edu or 617-783-7860.
292-140
Arundel Partners: The Sequel Project
Selected Motion Picture Industry Data, 1980-1991
op y
Exhibit 1
North American Theatrical Film Rental Shares of Major Film Distributors a,b
20%
14
16
10
9
16
20
21
14
10
13
14
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
MetroGoldwyn
Mayer
12%
13
7
12
9
8
11
10
21
14
13
16
2%
3
6
10
4
4
9
7
10
11
9
7
Paramount
12%
15
14
15
20
22
10
21
14
14
15
16
MCA
Universal
Warner
Brothers
11%
13
17
10
8
9
16
8
13
30
14
20
14%
13
17
11
13
12
18
19
17
10
18
14
Buena
Vistad
Orion
Total
Majors
14%
16
14
19
14
10
3
4
3
4
3
4
9%
6
4
7
10
7
5
5
4
3
1
2
93%
93
95
94
87
88
92
95
96
96
86
93
tC
Sonyc
20th
Century
Fox
Aggregate Box Office Data
U.S. and
Canada
Gross Box
Office
(millions)
No
Number of Films Released in the
U.S. by Major and Independent
Distributorse
Major
Releases
150
158
157
153
122
133
138
152
166
150
145
134
274
221
292
319
365
286
251
256
230
211
NA
NA
$4,803
5,022
5,033
4,458
4,253
3,778
3,749
4,031
3,766
3,453
2,967
2,749
U.S. Rentalsf
(millions)
U.S. Average Theater
Ticket Price
$2,160
2,260
2,165
1,920
1,830
1,650
1,635
1,800
1,700
1,555
1,335
1,235
$4.89
4.75
4.45
4.11
3.91
3.71
3.55
3.36
3.15
2.94
2.78
2.69
Do
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
Independent
Releases
Sources:
Goldman Sachs Investment Research, Movie Industry Update 1992; MPAA, 1991 U.S. Economic Review; and industry sources. aSeveral companies have undergone various transformations since 1980. The chart shows the company’s current name. bIncludes re-releases of films that were first released in earlier years. cIncludes films distributed by Columbia and Tri-Star. Tri-Star began operations in 1984. dBuena Vista distributes films by The Walt Disney Company, and includes films produced by the Disney, Touchstone, and
Hollywood Pictures studios. eExcludes re-releases of films first issued in prior years. fExcludes independent films.
8
Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp.harvard.edu or 617-783-7860.
Arundel Partners: The Sequel Project
Revenue and Cost Estimates for “Typical” Film Distributed by a Major Studioa,b
(in millions of 1991 $)
op y
Exhibit 2
292-140
Percent of
U.S.Theatrical
Rentals
Revenue Collected by Distributor
U.S. theater rentals
Non-U.S. theater rentals
Worldwide home video
Worldwide pay TV
Worldwide TVc
Total
Distribution Expenses
Worldwide theater
Worldwide home video
Worldwide pay TV
Worldwide TV
Total
Negative Costd
100%
90
150
55
70
465%
22%
19
32
12
15
100%
$ 12.5
50%
40
15
20
125%
11%
9
3
4
27%
$ 15.5
120%
35
–
–
155%
26%
8
–
–
33%
$10.0
9.0
15.0
5.5
7.0
$ 46.5
$5.0
4.0
1.5
2.0
tC
Distribution Fees
Worldwide theater
Worldwide home video
Worldwide pay TV
Worldwide TV
Total
Percent of
Total
Revenue
$0.5
No
Story rights/script development
$12.0
3.5
–
–
6.0
1.0
1.0
2.0
1.5
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.3
1.0
Film editing
Music
Other postproduction
0.7
0.4
0.8
All other
1.5
Do
Actors/director
Production management
Production crew
Set design/construction
Transportation/locations
Wardrobe/makeup/hair
Extras/props
Lighting
Special effects
Other principal photography
Total negative cost
Pretax net profitse
$ 18.0
$ 0.5
aThe figures represent estimates of a typical film, not the average film. bFee structure assumes film is independently financed. cIn this chart, worldwide TV includes U.S. network, U.S. syndicated, and non-U.S. television. dThe negative cost breakdown is shown for illustrative purposes only, and provides one possible breakdown of a film’s cost. eExcludes interest charges. Assumes no gross participations.
9
Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp.harvard.edu or 617-783-7860.
Do
Exhibit 3
Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp.harvard.edu or 617-783-7860.
Year
292-140
No
-10-
Typical Beginning Dates for Film Production and Release
Film Production
Release Schedule
U.S. Movie Theaters
Non-U.S. Movie Theaters
U.S. Home Video
Non-U.S. Home Video
U.S. Pay Per View
U.S. Pay TV
Non-U.S. Pay TV
U.S. Network TV
Non-U.S. TV
U.S. Syndicated TV
Non-U.S. TV, 2nd Run
0.0
X
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
S¹
tC
X
X
opy
1) S= a possible sequel's most likely beginning date of production. The rest of the pattern for a sequel was expected to be similar to that of the first film.
X
X
Arundel Partners: The Sequel Project
op y
Comparative Cost and Revenue Data of First Films and Their Sequels
Do
No
tC
Exhibit 4
292-140
11
Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp.harvard.edu or 617-783-7860.
Do
Exhibit 5
292-140
Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp.harvard.edu or 617-783-7860.
No
U.S. Theater Rental Data for Several Films Having More Than One Sequel
tC
opy
-12-
Arundel Partners: The Sequel Project
Estimated Revenues and Costs for Films Released in 1989 by Six Major Studios and
Hypothetical Sequelsa (in millions of 1991 $)
op y
Exhibit 6
292-140
First Film
Studio/Movie Title
U.S.
Theater
Rentals
MCA UNIVERSAL
1 PARENTHOOD
2 BORN ON THE FOURTH OF JULY
3 FIELD OF DREAMS
4 UNCLE BUCK
5 SEA OF LOVE
6 ALWAYS
7 K-9
8 THE ‘BURBS
9 THE DREAM TEAM
10 DO THE RIGHT THING
11 DAD
12 SHOCKER
13 THE WIZARD
14 RENEGADES
$55.0
40.5
33.6
33.3
31.5
22.0
20.5
19.0
15.8
14.6
11.9
8.3
5.5
4.6
$146.1
110.9
94.1
93.6
89.0
66.1
62.3
58.9
51.1
48.2
41.5
32.7
26.1
23.9
PARAMOUNT PICTURES
15 HARLEM NIGHTS
16 PET SEMATARY
17 BLACK RAIN
18 MAJOR LEAGUE
19 COUSINS
20 WE’RE NO ANGELS
21 LET IT RIDE
22 SHIRLEY VALENTINE
23 FAT MAN AND LITTLE BOY
24 THE EXPERTS
$36.3
29.1
27.5
23.7
11.0
5.5
2.3
2.3
1.5
0.0
$100.8
83.2
79.4
70.1
39.4
26.1
18.3
18.3
16.5
12.7
Hypothetical Sequel
Distribution
Expense
Negative
Cost
U.S.
Theater
Rentals
Distribution
Fees
Other
Revenue
Negative
Cost
$43.1
33.1
31.6
30.2
32.0
28.0
20.9
22.9
19.0
14.6
20.0
14.6
9.5
13.1
$22.0
19.8
17.6
16.5
27.5
34.1
13.2
18.7
16.5
7.7
20.9
6.6
8.8
13.2
$38.5
28.4
23.5
23.3
22.0
15.4
14.3
13.3
11.1
10.2
8.3
5.8
3.9
3.2
$106.1
81.4
69.7
69.3
66.1
50.1
47.5
45.0
39.6
37.6
32.9
26.7
22.1
20.6
$38.5
29.2
24.8
24.7
23.5
17.4
16.4
15.5
13.5
12.7
11.0
8.6
6.9
6.3
$32.6
26.0
22.9
22.8
22.0
17.7
17.0
16.4
14.9
14.4
13.1
11.5
10.3
9.9
$26.4
23.7
21.1
19.8
33.0
40.9
15.8
22.4
19.8
9.2
25.0
7.9
10.5
15.8
$36.5
29.9
28.5
25.0
13.4
8.4
5.5
5.5
4.8
3.4
$41.7
27.1
31.6
26.1
14.4
19.9
10.8
5.6
9.2
0.8
$33.0
12.1
33.0
13.2
14.3
24.2
19.8
8.8
20.9
13.2
$25.4
20.3
19.3
16.6
7.7
3.9
1.6
1.6
1.1
0.0
$74.4
62.0
59.4
52.9
31.4
22.1
16.7
16.7
15.3
12.7
$26.6
21.9
20.9
18.5
10.4
6.9
4.8
4.8
4.3
3.4
$24.1
20.9
20.2
18.4
12.8
10.3
8.8
8.8
8.5
7.8
$39.5
14.5
39.5
15.8
17.1
29.0
23.7
10.5
25.0
15.8
No
$75.8
46.1
44.0
22.5
14.9
14.3
8.8
8.1
7.2
6.6
5.7
5.0
$196.5
124.5
119.4
67.1
48.7
47.4
34.1
32.5
30.1
28.7
26.6
24.7
$72.6
45.4
43.5
23.8
16.9
16.4
11.4
10.8
9.9
9.4
8.6
7.9
$51.7
38.1
35.9
23.1
22.5
14.5
16.1
17.1
15.4
16.5
12.2
13.2
$11.0
20.9
24.2
19.8
23.1
23.1
18.7
27.5
19.8
19.8
16.5
15.4
$53.1
32.3
30.8
15.7
10.4
10.0
6.2
5.7
5.0
4.6
4.0
3.5
$141.4
91.0
87.4
50.8
37.9
37.0
27.7
26.6
24.9
23.9
22.4
21.1
$51.8
32.8
31.5
17.7
12.8
12.5
9.0
8.6
7.9
7.6
7.0
6.5
$41.9
28.5
27.6
17.9
14.5
14.2
11.8
11.5
11.0
10.8
10.4
10.0
$13.2
25.0
29.0
23.7
27.7
27.7
22.4
33.0
23.7
23.7
19.8
18.5
4.3
4.1
4.0
3.9
3.4
2.9
2.8
2.3
2.0
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.0
0.8
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.1
23.1
22.6
22.3
22.1
21.0
19.7
19.4
18.3
17.5
16.7
16.5
16.5
15.1
14.6
13.8
13.0
13.0
13.0
7.3
7.1
7.0
6.9
6.5
6.0
5.9
5.5
5.2
4.9
4.8
4.8
4.3
4.1
3.8
3.5
3.5
3.5
7.8
12.8
11.5
11.4
10.0
9.7
8.4
12.1
12.0
9.2
6.6
10.5
9.0
6.3
4.9
6.0
0.8
1.5
57.1
15.4
19.8
16.5
8.8
22.0
19.8
15.4
16.5
18.7
37.3
11.0
15.4
17.6
15.4
8.8
8.8
6.6
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.4
2.0
1.9
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.1
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
20.0
19.6
19.5
19.3
18.5
17.6
17.4
16.7
16.1
15.5
15.3
15.3
14.4
14.0
13.5
12.9
12.9
12.9
6.1
6.0
5.9
5.8
5.5
5.2
5.1
4.8
4.6
4.4
4.3
4.3
4.0
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.4
3.4
9.7
9.6
9.6
9.5
9.3
9.1
9.0
8.8
8.7
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.2
8.1
8.0
7.8
7.8
7.8
68.5
18.5
23.7
19.8
10.5
26.4
23.7
18.5
19.8
22.4
44.8
13.2
18.5
21.1
18.5
10.5
10.5
7.9
Do
SONY PICTURES ENTERTAINMENTb
25 LOOK WHO’S TALKING (TS)
26 WHEN HARRY MET SALLY (C)
27 STEEL MAGNOLIAS (TS)
28 SEE NO EVIL; HEAR NO EVIL (TS)
29 THE BEAR (TS)
30 GLORY (TS)
31 LOOK UP (TS)
32 CASUALTIES OF WAR (C)
33 CHANCES ARE (TS)
34 FAMILY BUSINESS (TS)
35 SHE’S OUT OF CONTROL (C)
36 WHO’S HARRY CRUMB? (TS)
37 ADVENTURES OF BARON
MUNCHAUSEN (C)
38 TRUE BELIEVER (C)
39 TROOP BEVERLY HILLS (C)
40 TAP (TS)
41 DEEPSTAR SIX (TS)
42 JOHNNY HANDSOME (TS)
43 MUSIC BOX (TS)
44 IMMEDIATE FAMILY (C)
45 LISTEN TO ME (C)
46 PHYSICAL EVIDENCE (C)
47 OLD GRINGO (C)
48 LOVERBOY (TS)
49 SING (TS)
50 WINTER PEOPLE (C)
51 WELCOME HOME (C)
52 ADVENTURES OF MILO AND OTIS (C)
53 THE BIG PICTURE (C)
54 SLAVES OF NEW YORK (TS)
Distribution
Expense
$53.6
40.3
34.0
33.8
32.1
23.4
22.0
20.7
17.8
16.7
14.2
10.9
8.4
7.6
tC
Other
Revenue
Distribution
Fees
13
Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp.harvard.edu or 617-783-7860.
292-140
Arundel Partners: The Sequel Project
55
56
57
58
EAT A BOWL OF TEA (C)
TO KILL A PRIEST (C)
ME AND HIM (C)
BLOODHOUNDS OF
BROADWAY (C)
TWENTIETH CENTURY FOX
59 THE WAR OF THE ROSES
60 THE ABYSS
61 WEEKEND AT BERNIE’S
62 SAY ANYTHING
63 SKIN DEEP
64 THE FABULOUS BAKER
BOYS
65 MILLENNIUM
66 WORTH WINNING
67 GLEAMING THE CUBE
68 HOW I GOT INTO COLLEGE
69 WHEN THE WHALES CAME
First Film
Distribution
Fees
U.S.
Theater
Rentals
Other
Revenue
$ 0.1
0.0
0.0
$ 13.0
12.7
12.7
$ 3.5
3.4
3.4
0.0
12.7
3.4
$45.6
31.6
15.4
9.8
9.4
$123.2
89.3
50.1
36.5
35.4
$44.9
32.2
17.4
12.3
11.9
8.8
2.6
1.7
1.2
0.6
0.0
34.1
19.1
16.7
15.7
14.1
12.7
11.4
5.8
4.9
4.5
3.9
3.4
$414.2
147.4
93.0
51.1
37.3
31.4
30.9
28.7
22.1
21.5
19.4
18.6
17.0
15.4
Negative
Cost
U.S.
Theater
Rentals
$ 0.8
0.8
0.8
$ 2.2
11.0
8.8
$ 0.1
0.0
0.0
$ 12.9
12.7
12.7
$ 3.4
3.4
3.4
$ 7.8
7.8
7.8
$ 2.6
13.2
10.5
0.8
3.3
0.0
12.7
3.4
7.8
4.0
$39.1
37.2
16.3
15.2
15.0
$27.5
49.4
11.0
14.3
11.0
$31.9
22.1
10.8
6.9
6.5
$90.0
66.3
38.9
29.4
28.6
$32.5
23.5
13.2
9.6
9.3
$28.3
22.0
14.7
12.2
12.0
$33.0
59.3
13.2
17.1
13.2
16.1
7.1
10.5
6.5
8.8
1.4
14.3
16.5
14.3
12.1
13.2
4.4
6.2
1.8
1.2
0.8
0.4
0.0
27.7
17.2
15.5
14.8
13.7
12.7
9.0
5.0
4.4
4.1
3.7
3.4
11.8
9.0
8.5
8.3
8.0
7.8
17.1
19.8
17.1
14.5
15.8
5.3
$154.5
54.1
33.6
17.8
12.6
10.4
10.2
9.4
6.9
6.7
5.9
5.6
5.0
4.4
$102.0
43.3
40.4
17.7
16.6
14.3
16.8
11.3
11.4
10.1
9.7
9.6
9.3
5.1
$54.9
8.8
60.4
16.5
22.0
13.2
20.9
4.4
15.4
9.9
11.0
18.7
19.8
14.3
$115.9
38.9
23.2
11.1
7.1
5.4
5.2
4.6
2.7
2.5
1.9
1.7
1.2
0.8
$293.7
107.0
68.9
39.6
29.9
25.8
25.4
23.9
19.3
18.9
17.4
16.8
15.7
14.6
$109.2
38.9
24.5
13.5
9.8
8.3
8.1
7.6
5.8
5.7
5.1
4.9
4.5
4.1
$82.3
32.8
22.7
14.9
12.4
11.3
11.2
10.8
9.5
9.4
9.0
8.9
8.6
8.3
$65.9
10.5
72.5
19.8
26.4
15.8
25.0
5.3
18.5
11.9
13.2
22.4
23.7
17.1
13.3
13.0
3.6
3.5
0.9
0.8
5.5
4.4
0.2
0.1
13.1
12.9
3.5
3.4
7.9
7.8
6.6
5.3
12.7
3.4
1.4
14.3
0.0
12.7
3.4
7.8
17.1
12.7
12.7
3.4
3.4
0.8
0.8
8.8
5.5
0.0
0.0
12.7
12.7
3.4
3.4
7.8
7.8
10.5
6.6
$80.0
53.3
44.2
38.8
20.4
11.6
9.9
5.2
5.1
4.4
4.4
$206.7
141.8
120.0
106.9
62.1
40.7
36.7
25.3
25.0
23.4
23.4
$76.4
52.0
43.7
38.8
21.9
13.9
12.4
8.1
8.0
7.4
7.4
$58.6
46.2
38.6
32.5
22.2
17.2
17.8
10.7
13.2
11.7
10.4
$24.2
22.0
22.0
19.8
18.7
18.7
19.8
20.9
13.2
12.1
7.7
$56.0
37.3
31.0
27.2
14.3
8.1
6.9
3.6
3.5
3.1
3.1
$148.5
103.1
87.8
78.6
47.3
32.3
29.5
21.5
21.3
20.2
20.2
$54.5
37.4
31.6
28.2
16.4
10.7
9.7
6.7
6.6
6.2
6.2
$43.8
31.8
27.7
25.3
17.0
13.0
12.3
10.1
10.1
9.8
9.8
$29.0
26.4
26.4
23.7
22.4
22.4
23.7
25.0
15.8
14.5
9.2
$14.9
$48.8
$16.9
$17.4
$17.6
$10.4
$38.0
$12.9
$14.5
$21.2
No
WARNER BROTHERS
70 BATMAN
$165.6
71 DRIVING MISS DAISY
55.6
72 TANGO & CASH
33.1
73 LEAN ON ME
15.8
74 HER ALIBI
10.1
75 NEXT OF KIN
7.7
76 PINK CADILLAC
7.5
77 YOUNG EINSTEIN
6.6
78 DEAD-BANG
3.9
79 DEAD CALM
3.6
80 SECOND SIGHT
2.8
81 SEE YOU IN THE MORNING
2.4
82 IN COUNTRY
1.8
83 COOKIE
1.1
84 HOW TO GET AHEAD IN
ADVERTISING
0.2
85 POWWOW HIGHWAY
0.1
86 BERT RIGBY, YOU’RE A
FOOL
0.0
87 PENN & TELLER GET
KILLED
0.0
88 CHECKING OUT
0.0
Do
THE WALT DISNEY COMPANYb
89 HONEY, I SHRUNK THE
KIDS (W)
90 DEAD POETS SOCIETY (T)
91 THE LITTLE MERMAID (W)
92 TURNER & HOOTCH (T)
93 THREE FUGITIVES (T)
94 AN INNOCENT MAN (T)
95 BLAZE (T)
96 NEW YORK STORIES (T)
97 GROSS ANATOMY (T)
98 DISORGANIZED CRIME (T)
99 CHEETAH (W)
AVERAGES
Hypothetical Sequel
DistriDistriOther
bution bution Revenue
Fees
Expense
Distribution
Expense
tC
Studio/Movie Title
op y
Exhibit 6 (continued)
Negative
Cost
aMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Orion are excluded. Fees assume films were financed by an independent producer. Costs exclude gross participations and interest charges. bC=Columbia Pictures; TS=Tri-Star. W=Walt Disney; T=Touchstone.
14
Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp.harvard.edu or 617-783-7860.
Arundel Partners: The Sequel Project
Estimated Expected Present Values and One-Year Holding Period Returns Based on Data in Exhibit 6 (in millions of dollars)
PV of
Net Inflows at Year 1a
Studio/Movie Title
First Film
PV of
Negative
Cost at
Year 0
One-Year
Returnb
$100.1
74.5
59.1
60.0
53.5
34.3
37.8
32.2
28.4
30.0
17.7
14.3
12.7
6.9
$21.5
19.4
17.2
16.1
26.9
33.3
12.9
18.3
16.1
7.5
20.4
6.5
8.6
12.9
3.65
2.85
2.44
2.72
0.99
0.03
1.93
0.76
0.76
2.98
(0.13)
1.22
0.48
(0.46)
$76.8
56.8
47.3
47.0
44.4
31.4
29.3
27.3
22.9
21.2
17.4
12.4
8.7
7.4
$28.2
25.4
22.6
21.2
35.3
43.7
16.9
24.0
21.2
9.9
26.8
8.5
11.3
16.9
1.72
1.24
1.10
1.22
0.26
(0.28)
0.73
0.14
0.08
1.15
(0.35)
0.47
(0.23)
(0.56)
$55.4
52.6
44.1
40.3
21.2
2.1
3.6
8.9
3.3
8.2
$32.3
11.8
32.3
12.9
14.0
23.7
19.4
8.6
20.4
12.9
0.72
3.45
0.37
2.12
0.52
(0.91)
(0.82)
0.04
(0.84)
(0.36)
$51.1
41.1
39.0
33.7
16.2
8.7
4.3
4.3
3.2
1.1
$42.3
15.5
42.3
16.9
18.3
31.0
25.4
11.3
26.8
16.9
0.21
1.65
(0.08)
0.99
(0.11)
(0.72)
(0.83)
(0.62)
(0.88)
(0.94)
$142.3
83.3
80.4
40.5
22.4
29.3
14.1
11.4
10.8
8.3
10.5
7.6
11.6
5.8
6.9
6.7
7.1
6.0
7.1
2.2
1.6
3.6
6.0
2.0
2.2
4.4
5.1
3.1
8.4
7.8
8.4
8.2
$10.8
20.4
23.7
19.4
22.6
22.6
18.3
26.9
19.4
19.4
16.1
15.1
55.9
15.1
19.4
16.1
8.6
21.5
19.4
15.1
16.1
18.3
36.6
10.8
15.1
17.2
15.1
8.6
8.6
6.5
2.2
10.8
12.24
3.08
2.40
1.09
(0.01)
0.30
(0.23)
(0.57)
(0.44)
(0.57)
(0.35)
(0.49)
(0.79)
(0.61)
(0.64)
(0.58)
(0.17)
(0.72)
(0.63)
(0.85)
(0.90)
(0.80)
(0.84)
(0.81)
(0.85)
(0.74)
(0.66)
(0.64)
(0.02)
0.20
2.92
(0.24)
$105.5
64.6
61.7
32.0
21.5
20.8
13.2
12.3
10.9
10.2
9.0
7.9
7.0
6.7
6.5
6.4
5.8
5.0
4.9
4.3
3.8
3.4
3.2
3.2
2.4
2.1
1.7
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
$14.1
26.8
31.0
25.4
29.6
29.6
24.0
35.3
25.4
25.4
21.2
19.7
73.4
19.7
25.4
21.2
11.3
28.2
25.4
19.7
21.2
24.0
48.0
14.1
19.7
22.6
19.7
11.3
11.3
8.5
2.8
14.1
6.48
1.41
0.99
0.26
(0.27)
(0.30)
(0.45)
(0.65)
(0.57)
(0.60)
(0.58)
(0.60)
(0.90)
(0.66)
(0.74)
(0.70)
(0.49)
(0.82)
(0.81)
(0.78)
(0.82)
(0.86)
(0.93)
(0.77)
(0.88)
(0.91)
(0.91)
(0.89)
(0.89)
(0.85)
(0.56)
(0.92)
Hypothetical Sequel
PV of
Negative
PV of Net
Cost at
One-Year
Inflows at
Year 3
Returnb
Year 4a
No
tC
MCA UNIVERSAL
1 PARENTHOOD
2 BORN ON THE FOURTH OF JULY
3 FIELD OF DREAMS
4 UNCLE BUCK
5 SEA OF LOVE
6 ALWAYS
7 K-9
8 THE ‘BURBS
9 THE DREAM TEAM
10 DO THE RIGHT THING
11 DAD
12 SHOCKER
13 THE WIZARD
14 RENEGADES
PARAMOUNT PICTURES
15 HARLEM NIGHTS
16 PET SEMATARY
17 BLACK RAIN
18 MAJOR LEAGUE
19 COUSINS
20 WE’RE NO ANGELS
21 LET IT RIDE
22 SHIRLEY VALENTINE
23 FAT MAN AND LITTLE BOY
24 THE EXPERTS
op y
Exhibit 7
292-140
Do
SONY PICTURES ENTERTAINMENTc
25 LOOK WHO’S TALKING (TS)
26 WHEN HARRY MET SALLY (C)
27 STEEL MAGNOLIAS (TS)
28 SEE NO EVIL; HEAR NO EVIL (TS)
29 THE BEAR (TS)
30 GLORY (TS)
31 LOOK UP (TS)
32 CASUALTIES OF WAR (C)
33 CHANCES ARE (TS)
34 FAMILY BUSINESS (TS)
35 SHE’S OUT OF CONTROL (C)
36 WHO’S HARRY CRUMB? (TS)
37 ADVENTURES OF BARON MUNCHAUSEN (C)
38 TRUE BELIEVER (C)
39 TROOP BEVERLY HILLS (C)
40 TAP (TS)
41 DEEPSTAR SIX (TS)
42 JOHNNY HANDSOME (TS)
43 MUSIC BOX (TS)
44 IMMEDIATE FAMILY (C)
45 LISTEN TO ME (C)
46 PHYSICAL EVIDENCE (C)
47 OLD GRINGO (C)
48 LOVERBOY (TS)
49 SING (TS)
50 WINTER PEOPLE (C)
51 WELCOME HOME (C)
52 ADVENTURES OF MILO AND OTIS (C)
53 THE BIG PICTURE (C)
54 SLAVES OF NEW YORK (TS)
55 EAT A BOWL OF TEA (C)
56 TO KILL A PRIEST (C)
15
Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp.harvard.edu or 617-783-7860.
292-140
Arundel Partners: The Sequel Project
op y
Exhibit 7 (continued)
First Film
PV of
Net Inflows at Year 1a
Studio/Movie Title
57 ME AND HIM (C)
58 BLOODHOUNDS OF BROADWAY (C)
$8.2
8.2
$8.6
3.2
$80.8
48.4
30.2
17.5
16.6
14.1
8.2
2.2
5.3
1.3
7.5
Hypothetical Sequel
PV of
Net Inflows at Year 4a
PV of
Negative
Cost at
Year 3
One-Year
Returnb
(0.05)
1.54
$1.1
1.1
$11.3
4.2
(0.90)
(0.74)
$26.9
48.4
10.8
14.0
10.8
14.0
16.1
14.0
11.8
12.9
4.3
2.01
0.00
1.81
0.25
0.54
0.01
(0.49)
(0.84)
(0.55)
(0.90)
0.75
$63.8
44.6
22.3
14.6
14.0
13.2
4.7
3.4
2.7
1.8
1.1
$35.3
63.5
14.1
18.3
14.1
18.3
21.2
18.3
15.5
16.9
5.6
0.81
(0.30)
0.58
(0.21)
(0.01)
(0.28)
(0.78)
(0.82)
(0.82)
(0.89)
(0.81)
One-Year
Returnb
tC
TWENTIETH CENTURY FOX
59 THE WAR OF THE ROSES
60 THE ABYSS
61 WEEKEND AT BERNIE’S
62 SAY ANYTHING
63 SKIN DEEP
64 THE FABULOUS BAKER BOYS
65 MILLENNIUM
66 WORTH WINNING
67 GLEAMING THE CUBE
68 HOW I GOT INTO COLLEGE
69 WHEN THE WHALES CAME
PV of
Negative
Cost at
Year 0
$311.5
101.2
48.9
29.8
16.8
13.2
10.1
13.6
6.7
7.6
5.8
5.1
3.8
6.4
8.6
8.4
7.5
8.2
8.2
$53.8
8.6
59.1
16.1
21.5
12.9
20.4
4.3
15.1
9.7
10.8
18.3
19.4
14.0
5.4
4.3
14.0
8.6
5.4
4.80
10.76
(0.17)
0.85
(0.22)
0.02
(0.51)
2.17
(0.55)
(0.22)
(0.46)
(0.72)
(0.80)
(0.54)
0.61
0.96
(0.46)
(0.05)
0.53
$229.1
77.6
46.7
22.9
15.0
11.7
11.4
10.2
6.4
6.1
4.9
4.4
3.5
2.6
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
$70.5
11.3
77.6
21.2
28.2
16.9
26.8
5.6
19.7
12.7
14.1
24.0
25.4
18.3
7.1
5.6
18.3
11.3
7.1
2.25
5.87
(0.40)
0.08
(0.47)
(0.31)
(0.58)
0.80
(0.68)
(0.52)
(0.65)
(0.82)
(0.86)
(0.86)
(0.80)
(0.78)
(0.94)
(0.90)
(0.85)
THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY
89 HONEY, I SHRUNK THE KIDS (W)
90 DEAD POETS SOCIETY (T)
91 THE LITTLE MERMAID (W)
92 TURNER & HOOTCH (T)
93 THREE FUGITIVES (T)
94 AN INNOCENT MAN (T)
95 BLAZE (T)
96 NEW YORK STORIES (T)
97 GROSS ANATOMY (T)
98 DISORGANIZED CRIME (T)
99 CHEETAH (W)
$145.5
92.5
78.1
71.2
36.3
19.7
15.0
10.7
7.8
7.8
9.2
$23.7
21.5
21.5
19.4
18.3
18.3
19.4
20.4
12.9
11.8
7.5
5.15
3.30
2.63
2.68
0.98
0.08
(0.22)
(0.47)
(0.39)
(0.34)
0.22
$111.2
74.4
62.0
54.6
29.1
17.0
14.7
8.2
8.1
7.1
7.1
$31.0
28.2
28.2
25.4
24.0
24.0
25.4
26.8
16.9
15.5
9.9
2.58
1.64
1.20
1.15
0.21
(0.29)
(0.42)
(0.69)
(0.52)
(0.54)
(0.28)
Do
No
WARNER BROTHERS
70 BATMAN
71 DRIVING MISS DAISY
72 TANGO & CASH
73 LEAN ON ME
74 HER ALIBI
75 NEXT OF KIN
76 PINK CADILLAC
77 YOUNG EINSTEIN
78 DEAD-BANG
79 DEAD CALM
80 SECOND SIGHT
81 SEE YOU IN THE MORNING
82 IN COUNTRY
83 COOKIE
84 HOW TO GET AHEAD IN ADVERTISING
85 POWWOW HIGHWAY
86 BERT RIGBY, YOU’RE A FOOL
87 PENN & TELLER GET KILLED
88 CHECKING OUT
Average:
Median:
Standard deviation:
$27.7
$10.5
$41.4
$17.3
$16.1
$10.1
0.67
(0.02)
2.07
$21.6
$ 8.7
$31.5
$22.6
$21.2
$13.3
(0.08)
(0.54)
1.21
Interquartile range:
$6.9 to
$34.3
$10.8 to
$20.4
(0.55) to
0.99
$ 3.4 to
$29.1
$14.1 to
$26.8
(0.82) to
0.21
aNet inflows consist of all revenues minus associated distribution fees and expenses. bOne-year return is defined as: [PV of net inflows minus PV of negative cost] divided by [PV of negative cost]. cC=Columbia Pictures; TS=Tri-Star. W=Walt Disney; T=Touchstone.
16
Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp.harvard.edu or 617-783-7860.
Arundel Partners: The Sequel Project
op y
Histograms of One-Year Returns for First Films and Hypothetical Sequels (based on data calculated in Exhibit 7)
Do
No
tC
Exhibit 8
292-140
17
Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp.harvard.edu or 617-783-7860.
292-140
Table A
Summary Statistics for Samples of Films Released in 1987 and 1988a (dollar figures in millions) 1987 Data
First Film
U.S.
Theater
Rentals
Average (in 1991 $):
$21.3
Other
Revenue
$64.4
op y
Exhibit 9
Arundel Partners: The Sequel Project
Hypothetical Sequel
Distribution
Fees
Distribution
Expense
$22.8
$21.5
Negative
Cost
$26.3
First Film
U.S.
Theater
Rentals
$14.9
Other
Revenue
$48.9
Distribution
Fees
$17.0
PV of Net
Inflows at
Year 4
$25.8
$22.3
$ 9.4
0.71
0.04
2.05
$30.4
$24.0
$29.4
$33.8
$29.3
$12.3
$18.8 to $29.3
(0.60) to 1.22
$ 8.8 to $40.2
$24.6 to $38.5
(0.75) to 0.31
PV of
Negative
Cost at
Year 3
OneYear
Returna
tC
U.S.
Theater
Rentals
Average (in 1991 $):
$31.6
0.01
(0.39)
1.20
$11.1 to $52.1
1988 Data
OneYear
Returna
No
Table B
PV of
Negative
Cost at
Year 0
$39.4
$30.9
$38.4
Interquartile range:
$17.4
Negative
Cost
Hypothetical Sequel
PV of Net
Inflows at
Year 1
Average:
Median:
Standard deviation:
Distribution
Expense
Other
Revenue
First Film
Distribution
Fees
$19.7
$60.5
$21.3
Distribution
Expense
$20.5
Negative
Cost
$24.4
First Film
PV of Net
Inflows at
Year 1
PV of
Negative
Cost at
Year 0
U.S.
Theater
Rentals
$13.8
Hypothetical Sequel
DistriDistriOther
bution bution Revenue
Fees
Expense
$46.1
$15.9
$16.7
Negative
Cost
$29.2
Hypothetical Sequel
OneYear
Returna
PV of Net
Inflows at
Year 4
PV of
Negative
Cost at
Year 3
OneYear
Returna
$36.4
$22.4
$38.2
$23.8
$20.3
$11.4
0.48
0.01
1.37
$28.2
$17.5
$29.3
$31.3
$26.6
$14.9
(0.13)
(0.40)
0.80
Interquartile range:
$ 9.3 to $42.1
$16.9 to $24.8
(0.48) to 0.93
$ 7.5 to $32.5
$22.2 to $32.5
(0.69) to 0.14
Do
Average:
Median:
Standard deviation:
aOne-year return is defined as: [PV of net inflows minus PV of negative cost] divided by [PV of negative cost].
18
Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp.harvard.edu or 617-783-7860.
292-140
op y
Arundel Partners: The Sequel Project
Appendix
This appendix describes how the estimates of first films’ and hypothetical sequels’ financial performance were produced for Exhibits 6 and 7 (Exhibit 9 is exactly analogous).
Exhibit 6: Revenues and Costs in 1991 Dollars
tC
Exhibit 6 presents estimates for the major categories of revenues and costs for first films released by six major studios in 1989, and corresponding estimates for a hypothetical sequel based on each. These are estimates of how each film would perform if independently financed (Arundel would finance its own productions). Figures in Exhibit 6 are based on film-by-film estimates of negative costs, U.S. rentals, and U.S. print and advertising costs published by the trade periodical
Variety between 1990-1992. Estimates of ancillary market revenues, distribution fees, and distribution expenses are based on expected relationships between each of these variables and one or more items of the Variety data. All items in Exhibit 6 are expressed in 1991 dollars to facilitate the use of expected relationships between real variables, as derived from various datasets.
No
Revenues for each of the ten ancillary markets listed in Exhibit 3 are projected from estimated U.S. rentals according to relationships derived from a large sample of films. Distribution fees are computed as a fixed percentage of the revenue from each source, assuming independent financing. Distribution expenses for the U.S. theatrical run are grossed up from Variety’s estimates of
U.S. print and advertising costs; distribution expenses for other, ancillary markets are based on expected relationships between a given market and its associated expenses. Negative costs are equal to Variety’s estimates, inflated to 1991 dollars.
Estimates of the performance of a hypothetical sequel for each first film were developed similarly. The sequel’s estimated negative cost and U.S. theater rentals are 120% and 70%, respectively, of the corresponding items for the first film, per Exhibit 4. However, ancillary market revenues and distribution fees and expenses are not 70% of the corresponding figures for first films, but only because the underlying relationship between ancillary revenues and U.S. theater rentals is not a fixed percentage.
Exhibit 7: Discounted Values and the Distribution of Returns
Do
Exhibit 7 uses data from Exhibit 6 to compute nominal cash flows; distribute them over time; discount them; and estimate one-year returns. In effect, Exhibit 7 treats film production as a one-year investment. For both first films and sequels, the producer invests the present value of the negative cost, and one year later receives the discounted value of all future net cash flows.
Films’ future net cash flows consist of all ancillary revenues minus associated distribution fees and expenses, each inflated to nominal dollars (at 1.5% semiannually) and arrayed in time according to Exhibit 3. Negative costs are spread evenly over the year in which production occurs, and partly inflated. Nominal negative costs are discounted (at 6% semiannually) to the point at which the production decision is made. Future net cash flows are discounted to a point one year later, at the assumed U.S. theatrical release date. The return on this one-year investment is computed simply as net cash flow minus cost, divided by cost. Sample statistics in Exhibit 7 are based on the sample of 99 films and corresponding sequels.
19
Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp.harvard.edu or 617-783-7860. 