...Theories of Communication – MCM 511 VU LESSON 01 COMMUNICATION Defining communication Communication is seen as central to our everyday ideas about what makes life worth living. It is not surprising that academicians have attempted to unravel the secrets of the communication process. In this section of the study we will examine the theorizing and theories of this discipline of communication. To understand communication theory we need to understand the nature of communication. Nature of communication People define terms in different ways, and those differences in definition can have a profound impact on the extent to which we understand each other and the way we move forward with both academic and everyday pursuits. Given the variety of ways in which words are used and understood, we are often ill-served to search for the single, so-called correct definition of a term. In other words, it is better to evaluate definition in terms of their utility rather than in terms of their correctness. So we should not assume that there is always a single right way to define a concept. There is a great deal of variation in the definitions. Some are very abstract and some are extremely specific. Few definitions are cited below. Communication is the process by which an individual (the communicator) transmits stimuli (usually verbal) to modify the behavior of other individuals (the audience). (Hovland Janis and Kelly in 1953) Communication is the process by which we understand others and in turn...
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...Research Article FM RADIO REVOLUTION IN PAKISTAN A case study - By Dr. Ahsan Akhtar Naz* Abstract Introduction Pakistani society is shifting towards change. Media is playing a vital role in this social change. In this regard, FM channels are being considered as more effective medium. These channels are running under the control of Pakistani Government. Now, these are spreading far and wide from metropolitans to towns. Due to this mass acceptance, these channels are acting as leverage of media revolution. The government regulatory authority PEMRA is regulating these channels. PEMRA has issued many licenses to cross media groups, businessmen, advertising agencies, public universities, etc. This analysis is about the popularity of these channels and examines the quality of different programs. This covers maximally the quality of different programs. Covering maximum aspects of FM radio channels in Pakistan as well as focusing on the freedom of information and public right to know. Some details of PEMRA's efficiency in four years have also been discussed. The relevant bodies can improve the role of these FM channels. A task is also added for previous, about FM channels in Lahore . Introduction Social scientists are feeling that Pakistani society is converting into information society, gradually. The majority of Pakistani population is economically poor .The governments have not paid proper attention towards education. As a result, they can't gain education properly. Despite...
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...Private Channels IMPACT OF PRIVATE CHANNELS ON PAKISTANI CULTURE Introduction: Media has occupied a major place in our daily lives by providing substance from our identities, put up meaning and organizes our survival. Individuals adapt their use of mass media to their own particular needs. Broadly speaking, we can say that people use the media in four ways: enjoyment, companionship, surveillance, and interpretation. Today media service is an anxious system of modern society. Electronic media, mainly television is the most important innovation in the communication technology. Teachers teach, government governs and religious leader preach but media totally changes the lifestyle of people and culture. Change is a natural phenomenon in the world. The occurrence of change is very immediate in Pakistan. Pakistan is also in the deep effect of change caused by private media. Youngsters, who considered the future of any country, always accept the urgent change. In the history of Pakistan last 8-10 years have revolutionaryIs this Essay helpful? Join OPPapers to read more and access more than 460,000 just like it! get better grades approach in the regard of change by private media. In the regard of historical outlook, Military ruler General Pervez Musharraf on 16 January 2001 called for facilitating free flow of information and directed the Ministry of Information and Media growth to...
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...Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. E-mail: zuabideen@gmail.com Salman Saleem Department of Business Administration, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan. E-mail: salmankhan302@gmail.com Abstract Advertising is a form of communication intended to convince an audience (viewers, readers or listeners) to purchase or take some action upon products, information, or services etc. This paper investigates the relationship between independent variables which are environmental response and emotional response with attitudinal and behavioral aspect of consumer buying behavior, by tapping the responses of 200 respondents using telecommunication services from Rawalpindi, Islamabad, and Lahore (cities of Pakistan). The major findings of the study demonstrate an overall normal association between the variables but in-depth analysis found that emotional response of consumer purchase behavior is the variable that results into strong association with the consumer buying behavior. It is true that people purchase those brands with which they are emotionally attached. This study reports new evidences in the field of consumer buying behavior of consumers pertaining to the local markets of these cities of Pakistan. Keywords: Environmental response, Emotional response, Consumer buying behavior. 1. Introduction Almost every one grows up in the world which is flooded with the mass media e.g. television, advertising, films, videos, billboards...
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...Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences (PJSS) Vol. 29, No. 2 (December 2009), pp. 377-386 Adoption of Cellular Phone Technology in Urban Pakistan: A Diffusion of Innovation Approach Muhammad Ashraf Khan Chairman, Department of Mass Communication, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Email : ashraf_1963@yahoo.com Aqsa Iram Shahzadi Khan Lecturer, Department of Mass Communication, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Email : mrsaqsairam@yahoo.com Abstract This paper focuses on the theory of adoption of cellular phone as an innovation and its diffusion and penetration in the Pakistani society and to confirm Roger’s theory of diffusion of innovation. More specifically, the study aims to test if five categories of adopters and five stages of adoption [as suggested by Roger (1976)] adequately explain the behavior of cellular phone users in Pakistan. The study also aims to evaluate the role played by advertising in the process of diffusion of innovation. An attempt is also made to study relationships among other variables of interest. To achieve its objectives, this study formulates the diffusion of innovation theory using survey research method from population of Pakistan(a sample of200 respondents are approached) and various statistical techniques are applied on the information gathered before drawing any conclusions. Our results support the theory of diffusion of innovation. We do not find an evidence to believe that advertising plays a statistically...
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...terrorism(psychological warfare) Islam and prohibition of Terrorism 1. Meaning of word ISLAM: derived from word “Salam” meaning: peace 2.Quranic Verses 3.Ahadith 4.Examples from Islamic History 5. Misunderstaing of Islam • False media projection 6.How to remove false misperception • Mass awareness • Reconstructing OIC Terrorism past & Present Scenario 1. Terrorism as a Religious Imperative 2. Trends in Terrorism 3. The Future Terrorist Threat Pakistan’s role in the war on Terror 1. Wazirastan 2. Actions 3. Effect of Pakistan role in war • On international level • Within Pakistan • Western involvement in terrorism in Pakistan 4. Future concern Causes of Terrorism 1. Social and political injustice 2. Psychological Causes of Terrorism, Violence and Extremism 3. Educational Causes of Terrorism and Extremism 4. Rapid modernization and urbanization 5. Discrimination on the basis of ethnic or religious 6. Repression by foreign occupation or colonial powers 7. Historical antecedents of political violence 8. Poverty & Economic deprivation 9. Undemocratic Governments 10. Free flow of weapons 11. Indoctrination 12. Hopelessness 13. Charities that Aren't Charities/ Business Terrorism 14. Training of non-military personnel Effects of Terrorism 1. Political Instability 2. Psychological problems 3. Social problem 4. Poverty 5. Unemployment 6. Backwardness & Illiteracy 7. Lack of Social Safety Network 8. Inflation 9. Economical Drop down • Direct...
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...Chapter No. 1 Introduction Before going to any further about Dramas effect on our society, first of all we have to know about what drama is? Then we can easily make further research on this topic. Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance.“Drama is watching one person changed by another. If two people exchange views, but neither is changed by the interaction, you have literature. If two people have an enormous physical fight but their relationship remains unchanged, you have spectacle. But if one is altered by the other, then you have drama.” Johnston (1979). In every drama, there’s always a thing called elements of drama. The elements of drama is like an analysis of it, it tells us how the play goes on and how it will end. The elements of drama consist of four main parts and they are Plot, Character, Setting and Theme. Drama doesn’t mean vulgarity, it is a source to promote any society culture. A people without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture is like a tree without roots. Culture, then, is a study of perfection, and perfection which insists on becoming something rather than in having something, in an inward condition of the mind and spirit, not in an outward set of circumstances...
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...Below-the-line activities, word of mouth, endorsements etc. This unconventional marketing has been applied in Pakistan also where instead of executing Above-the-line promotions (which usually work very well in Pakistan and communicate to a larger audience), they have stuck to their unusual styles of marketing and have up till now sustained their position. But whether or not these unconventional strategies can carry on being effective with competitors like Sting and Speed emerging and keeping in mind the behaviors of the Pakistani consumers, is yet to be answered. The difference of Red Bull customers outside Pakistan and Pakistani consumers is vast and hence those extreme sports, club partying do not entirely relate to them. This needs to be addressed any marketing activities should be planned keeping in mind the different nature of the Pakistani consumer who are usually more susceptible to what they see on television, print and radio. The emergence of competitors like Sting and Speed means that Red Bull can now face a problem if they do not start extensive marketing campaign through not just BTL but also ATL methods too, just like its competitors are currently doing. If Red Bull remains in myopia, its downfall may soon be inevitable at the hands of big brands like Sting who are backed up by Pepsi and Speed who comes from the house of Shezan. Introduction of Red Bull in Pakistan Born in Thailand, developed in Austria and sold throughout the world, Red Bull is now a global and leading...
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...Table Of Contents | Page number | 11.11.21.3 22.12.2 33.13.2 4 5 6 | Introduction MissionCompany objectiveThe world of advertisementIndustry and competitorsClients Environmental Analysis Internal Environment External Environment PromotionAbove the lineBelow the line BudgetTelevisionPrint MediaRadio Control World most top ten advertising agencies | 455567 7810 141517 18 21 22 | About Interflow Communications (Pvt) Ltd. Our commitment is to Brands and only Brands For almost three decades, Interflow Communications has been one of the pioneers of marketing communication services in Pakistan. With offices in Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad Interflow Communications brings creative, media and advertising management acumen of around 300 professionals to the industry. From mass effectiveness of electronic, print and out of home media to the intimacy of new media, Interflow has the true grit it takes to deliver beyond expectations. History Grew to become the largest advertising agency within 5 years and have maintained leadership position since then On July 1, 1983, one man's determination to change the way advertising services were being delivered, gave birth to Interflow Communications. Over the last three decades, this man – Taher A. Khan – and his dedicated team has revolutionized the industry itself. Branded as one of the most innovative advertising agencies in the country, Interflow has built and re-built...
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...7(2) 201-227). Bledwin & lewis. (1972). policy; costs and benefits. In G. Gerber, Violence and terror in mass media (p. 8). philadelplia: university of pennslyvania. boaz, G. (2000). defining terrorism : is one man terrorist another...
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...Types of food people like in Pakistan: The Pakistani cosines are rich in oil and chillies. Unlike the Indian food, Pakistani dishes must include meat, chicken and beef, though pork is totally forbidden as per Islamic teachings. Although eating habits differ from regions to region, the mainstay of the Pakistani diet is "chapati or roti" made from flour. "Lassi" a usual drink made like a milkshake in a home made utencil from curd/yogurt and water is usually taken at lunch time, specially during the summers as it beats the effects of hard weather. It is usually customary to eat a dessert after the dinner, which mainly comprises "Kheer" (made from rice and milk) and sweetened rice "Zarda". Rice though scarcely eaten in many parts, pulla´o (lightly fried rice with vegetables) and biryani (rice with meat or vegetables and spices) are the tw very favourite dishes of rice, specially on marriages. "Mithai" a kind of sweet made of corn flour, sugar and milk is the favourite sweet for all ages Pakistanis generally eat three meals a day: breakfast, lunch, and dinner. During the evening, many families have green tea without sugar which goes along with baked/fried snacks from local bakery (or prepared at home). During the Islamic holy month of Ramadan, the eating patterns change to: sehri and iftar. It is considered proper to eat only with the right hand as per Islamic tradition (also a tradition in many other Asian cultures). Many Pakistani families, particularly when guests are too many...
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...music | 39-40 | 2. | Preference of music by people for different genre | 41-42 | 3.(i) | Number of people preferring Indian singers/music | 43-44 | (ii) | Number of people preferring Pakistani singers | 45-46 | 4. | Number of people favouring Pakistani singers in IMI | 47-48 | Introduction The term 'mass' denotes great volume, range or extent (of people or production) and reception of messages. The term 'mass' suggests that the recipients of media products constitute a vast sea of passive, undifferentiated individuals. With the advancement in Media Technology, people are no longer receiving gratification without questioning the grounds on which it is based. Instead, people are engaging themselves more with media products such as computers, cell phones and Internet. These have gradually become vital tools for communications in society today. The aspect of 'communication' refers to the giving and taking of meaning, the transmission and reception of messages. The word 'communication' is really equated with 'transmission', as viewed by the sender, rather than in the fuller meaning, which includes the notions of response, sharing and interaction. Mass media refers...
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...Language Policy in Pakistan Masooma Kazmi Introduction Pakistan is a multilingual and multiethnic country with six major and over 57 small languages. However, the languages of the domains of power—government, corporate sector, media, and education etc.—are Urdu and English (Rahman 1996). Urdu, which is spoken by just 7% of the population, is the national language, while English is the official language. The small languages are under tremendous pressure, some of which have become extinct, while others are about to extinct because of the state’s favoring Urdu and English at the expense of others. Urdu is spoken by the people who migrated from India to Pakistan at the time of partition. They are called Mohajirs, which itself is an Urdu word meaning ‘refugees’ or ‘settlers’. Almost all of them settled in urban Sindh, southern province of Pakistan. Since they were educated, they dominated the bureaucracy of Pakistan despite their numerical weakness: they were just 3% of the total population of Pakistan. Now that Urdu has become the language of domain of power, indigenous people have to learn Urdu and English, which is the official language, to get a job in public and private sectors. Thus indigenous languages lost their vitality for their own people for pragmatic reasons. Rahman (2003: 4) says members of the elite class had a stake in the continuation of English because it differentiated them from the masses and constituted a class-identity marker. Thus Urdu and English relegated...
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...Final Exam: Spring 2015 Dr. Heath What is urbanization? population shift from urban to rural areas...What disciplines contribute to our understanding of urbanization? What factors are considered in determining if an area is “an urbanized area”? How is urbanization related to psychology? Is urbanization increasing or decreasing in the U.S.? Worldwide? What percentage of the world citizens currently are estimated to live in an urban area? What percentage is projected to live in an urban area by 2050? What part of the world will have most of the biggest cities, the developed countries or the developing countries? How does increasing urbanization create stressors for poor urban dwellers? On what measure is Global Burden of Disease (GBD) based? What does this formula mean: DALY = YLL + YLD ?disabilty-adjusted life year =YLL = years of life lost due to premature mortalityYLD = years lived with disability. Do mental disorders contribute to YLL or YLD or both? What is WHO? World health organization...What classification scheme does the WHO use to classify mental disorders? What classification scheme does the USA use to classify mental disorders?International classification of diseases!! What are ICD-10(above) and DSM? diagnostic and statistical maual of mental disorder!!!!Why does it matter what a person’s disorder is classified as? What is depression? What physical diseases does depression correlate with (and probably contribute to)? What are some likely mechanisms by which...
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...Copyright and Book Piracy in Pakistan Khalid Mahmood Department of Library & Information Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore Muhammad Ilyas Department of Library & Information Science, University of Balochistan, Quetta Copyright Defined Copyright is a legal term describing rights given to creators for their literary and artistic works. Kinds of works covered by copyright include: literary works such as novels, poems, plays, reference works, newspapers and computer programs; databases; films, musical compositions, and choreography; artistic works such as paintings, drawings, photographs and sculpture; architecture; and advertisements, maps and technical drawings. Legal Definition of Copyright According to The Copyright Ordinance, 1962 The exclusive right to reproduce the work in any material form to publish the work to perform the work in public to produce, reproduce, perform or publish any translation of the work to broadcast the work to make any adaptation of the work Book Piracy Deliberate infringement of copyright on intellectual property and an absolute disregard for ownership or authorship of literary works OR Using another person’s opinion, ideas or works as if they were one’s own and without making any attempt at acknowledging their true source The Berne Convention Adopted by an international conference held in 1886 at Berne, Switzerland 8th amendment in 1979 Salient features: National treatment ...
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