...MASS MEDIA EFFECTS In partial fulfillment of the requirements of Theories of Communication (LAC 701) A paper prepared by Group Four John Fasisi (91817) Kalim Gazal (136615) Moyofade Ipadeola (95580) Nwachukwu Egbunike (147181) Oluwaseun Oti (168137) Seyi Bodunde (168139) Victor Eze (167521) And submitted to: Professor F. A. Adesanoye Department of Communication and Language Arts Faculty of Arts University of Ibadan November 27, 2012 ABSTRACT This literature-driven study examined mass media effects. The work peered into the history of the ‘powerful media’. An in-depth review of relevant theories of mass media effects was analyzed. Findings pointed towards both positive and negative impacts of mass media. However, there was no empirical evidence to substantiate a direct cause and effect relationship of mass media messages with the actions of the consumer of the information. Consequently we can only assert that the mass media impacts on society but does not necessarily have an effect since other factors also influence people other than information consumed from the media. As such, this study asserts that the mass media influences public opinion but does not necessarily cause it. Key words: powerful media, mass media effects, theories of mass media effects, impact of media messages INTRODUCTION The mass media involve organisations that are responsible for the dissemination of information to a large number of people. Basically, the mass media...
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...The media of mass communication have long played a fundamental role in people’s lives. The media informs, persuades, entertains, and even sells. For the most part; mass media is only owned by a few private companies, as we learned in the “media ownership” discussion. According to the “Telecommunications Act of 1996,”, this act was to spawn some competition the broadcast companies. It also eased the restrictions on the number of television stations one individual company can own. The media, controlled by power corporations and government organizations, has positioned itself to influence people in all manner of ways, but no one group controls the system as a whole. 90% of all television media is controlled by only six broadcast corporations. Media can provide companionship, shape perception. They are fundamental to an informed and educated public.(Pavlik, McIntosh 2004). “An important aspect of digitization is that the boundaries between different media have brought into question, and a presupposition has the developer that we are in an era of media convergence” (Storsul,Fagerjord (2008). Strosul and Fagerjord believe that “blurring the border between media does not have to mean convergence. There is also development toward stronger differentiation of media in which elements from earlier separate media and sectors are combined in new ways.” In communication, there are three forms of interpersonal, intrapersonal...
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...Abstract: Mass Communication is often use in today’s modern society to establish the superior communication and the simplest way for everyone to get information. We will uncover that Mass Media also has a theory and we will find out more definition of it from the other developers who will give us more idea. For today, we are definitely living in communication and in an information-filled society, where in every day in our lives we uses it. As I check my notes in Speech and Oral Communication, I have read that Mass Communication is a communication that uses mass media like radio, television, ads, prints and films, and as I research even via internet is part of mass media. Through reading, I found out that the technology has the biggest share in mass media. According to Arthur Asa Berger (1995) “mass communication involves the use of print or electronic media, such as newspapers, magazines, film, radio, or television, to communicate to large numbers of people who are located in various places- often scattered all over the country or world” (pg. 9). Mass Communication is a process in which a person or a group of people and organization sends their message to the large group of people or massively spread out the information through the use of technologies in mass media. It thinks about the effects of mass media’s information to the receiver’s emotion, opinion, behavior and attitude. Mass media also has a theory. According to George Gerbner and Marshall McLuhan (1976), Cultivation...
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...MODELS OF COMMUNICATION Models: • Aim to present communication as a process. • It is like a map, representing features of a territory. But it cannot be comprehensive. • We need therefore to be selective, knowing why we are using it and what we hope to gain from it. Transmission models - criticism The Shannon and Weaver and Lasswell model are typical of so-called transmission models of communication. These two models also typically underlie many others in the American tradition of research, showing Source-Message/Channel-Receiver as the basic process of communication. In such models, communication is reduced to a question of transmitting information. Although transmission models have been highly influential in the study of human communication, it can be argued that, although Shannon's and Weaver's work was very fertile in fields such as information theory and cybernetics, it may actually be misleading in the study of human communication. Some criticisms which could be made of such models are: The conduit metaphor Their model presents us with what has been called the 'conduit metaphor' of communication (Reddy (1979) The source puts ideas into words and sends the words to the receiver, who therefore receives the ideas. The whole notion of 'sending' and 'receiving' may be misleading, since, after all, once I've 'sent' a message, I still have it. The underlying metaphor is of putting objects into a container and sending them through some sort of conduit...
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...Theories of Communication – MCM 511 VU LESSON 01 COMMUNICATION Defining communication Communication is seen as central to our everyday ideas about what makes life worth living. It is not surprising that academicians have attempted to unravel the secrets of the communication process. In this section of the study we will examine the theorizing and theories of this discipline of communication. To understand communication theory we need to understand the nature of communication. Nature of communication People define terms in different ways, and those differences in definition can have a profound impact on the extent to which we understand each other and the way we move forward with both academic and everyday pursuits. Given the variety of ways in which words are used and understood, we are often ill-served to search for the single, so-called correct definition of a term. In other words, it is better to evaluate definition in terms of their utility rather than in terms of their correctness. So we should not assume that there is always a single right way to define a concept. There is a great deal of variation in the definitions. Some are very abstract and some are extremely specific. Few definitions are cited below. Communication is the process by which an individual (the communicator) transmits stimuli (usually verbal) to modify the behavior of other individuals (the audience). (Hovland Janis and Kelly in 1953) Communication is the process by which we understand others and in turn...
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... Research into the reasons why individuals use mass media dates back more than 50 years. Early forms of gratifications research attempted to understand why people used certain media content. In the process, it explored the functions of the media and the role of the audiences' needs and expectations (e.g., Herzog, 1940; Lazarsfeld & Stanton, 1941; Lazarsfeld & Stanton, 1949). These early studies preceded any formal conceptualization of the uses and gratifications paradigm later proposed by Katz, Blumler and Gurevitch (1974) and Rosengren (1974). Instead of asking what effects the media have on individuals and collective audience behavior, the questions were, what are people seeking and what do they believe they are deriving from mass media? According to Katz (1959), "it is the program that asks the question, not 'What do the media do to people?,' but 'What do people do with the media?'" (p. 2). In more familiar terms, "Ask not what the media can do to people, but what the people can do with media." The uses and gratifications paradigm provides one way of conceptualizing the relationship between the producer of messages (sender) and the audience (receiver). It presents a departure from the powerful (direct) effects models of communication research that dominated the field of communication between 1930-1960 and to some extent still dominates the field today. Volumes three and four of the Journal of Communication (1993) trace the history of this debate in detail...
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...Rethinking Mass Communication and Mass Media Bruce Mutsvairo: Defining Mass Communication • Mass communication refers to ways through which individuals and organizations use mass media to disseminate information to large segments of the population at the same time. • Newspapers, magazine publishing, radio, television, film and lately the Internet help the media relay information to targeted audiences • The study is mostly centred on evaluating media effects on society • ‘Mass’ refers to the media’s ability to simultaneously reach out to a wider audience. Characteristics of Mass Communication (John Thompson 1995) • Has both technical and institutional methods of production and distribution • Relies on commodification of symbolic forms • There are separate contexts between the production and reception of information • Reaches to those 'far removed' in time and space • Maintains a ‘one to many’ information distribution responsibility How mass media works • Source: Every mass media message has a source. Production requires team effort. • Message: Mass media has a message to disseminate. Mostly complex. Eg. News report • Channel: Where there is no channel there is no mass media • Audiences: Someone has to be there to watch, read and comment on what’s on the news • Feedback: Has to be minimal Media’s role in society • Provides entertainment • Acts as our trusted interpreter • We can use media for surveillance purposes • Provides information • Acts...
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...1 THE ROLE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN ENHANCING CUSTOMERS’ SATI STATION (A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN AIRWAYS ENUGU ) 2 THE IMPACT OF NEWS COMMENTARIES ON RADIO LISTENERS (A CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL RADIO CORPORATION OF NIGERIA ENUGU) 3 HAZARDS OF JOURNALISM PROFESSION UNDER MILITARY REGIME (FROM 1993 – 1998) 4 MASS MEDIA COVERAGE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT NEWS. A CONTENT ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE GUARDIAN, DAILY CHAMPION, PUNCH AND DAILY STAR NEWSPAPERS. 5 THE ROLE OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY IN ACHIEVING COMMUNICATION EFFICIENCY IN NIGERIA 6 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND THE CHANGING ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN NIGERIA A DISCOURSE ON THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND MEDIA DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA 7 THE ROLE OF THE BROADCASTING MEDIA IN UPLIFTING THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OF ENUGU STATE. (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU METROPOLIS ) 8 A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON “THE IMPORTANCE OF PIDGIN ENGLISH IN BROADCASTING” (A CASE STUDY OF THE ESBS ENUGU 9 THE IMPACT OF TESTIMONIAL USE ON ADVERTISING EFFECTIVENESS (A CASE STUDY OF KANU NWANKWO IN PEAR MILK ADVERTISMENT) 10 AN A****SMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF TELEVISION PROGRAMMES ON YOUTHS. (A CASE STUDY OF CAMPUS CIRCUIT ON MINAJ BROADCAST INTERNATIONAL) 11 THE ROLE OF RADIO IN DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA) 12 THE ROLE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN ENHANCING CUSTOMERS SATISFACTION IN A GOVERNMENT PERASTATTALS 13 THE ROLE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN ENHANCING CUSTOMERS SATISFACTION IN A GOVERNMENT PERASTATTALS 14 THE ROLE OF...
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...Introduction to Media Industries Media Visualization Essay Media Usage Mass media has become a powerful tool in shaping our culture, and is largely reflective of our society today. According to our text book and class lecture notes, mass media can be loosely defined as the technological vehicles through which mass communication takes place, along with the industries which control them. Over the years, mass media, has had a profound effect on American society, on its culture, and on the individuals exposed to the media. Mass media effects people differently because of varied amounts of exposure and formats; however with the convergence of media, todays society fails to recognize the immense influence that mass communication has on every one of us. While keeping track of my involvement in mass communication and media for three days, I became eminently aware of the influence mass media has on me through varied amounts of exposure and mediums. I created six classes of mediums through which mass communication presents itself- television, movies (film), radio, phone (including both landlines and cellular devices), internet, and print. After noting how I received media through differing technological vehicles, I than created my own categories for the roles it plays in my life- entertainment, advertisement, research (both school and personal related), and interpersonal communication. Observing my participation in media through these four lenses produced for me, a better understanding...
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...Effects of Mass Media In the last several decades Mass Media has had a tremendous effect on the American society. One of the first instruments of media was the radio, which was used in the early 1900’s mainly for national news about the war overseas. Since then mass media has expanded from the radio to smart phones, at the palm of your hand you can access the internet from just about anywhere. Mass media has countless influences on today’s America, both good and bad. The development of Mass Media began with oral communication. Material and facts first dispersed through oral traditions passed on by writers, teachers, and tribal storytellers (Campbell, Martin, & Fabos, 2012). Oral communication had no way of reaching a mass audience so information and knowledge stayed within the population or community. But when the alphabet emerged, written material began to develop; therefore, the writing era arose. Oral traditions began to be documented and the inscribed word conquered spoken. The oral and written eras in communication, defined the future expansions of mass media. Succeeding the oral and written ages was the print era, which was a vast change in mass communication. First printing was costly and only the rich could manage to pay for books and papers. Then printing equipment improved, and the cost of printed supplies went down, so they became obtainable to more people. Books became the first mass-marketed invention in history (Campbell, Martin, & Fabos, 2012)...
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...Mass Media Messages and Effects Mass Media Messages and Effects When it comes to mass media, it is important to not only understand the different roles the media has in society but to also recognize with every message, there is an effect. The message that the media source is giving may have a negative or positive effect on an individual, a group of people or on society as a whole. Messages from mass media can and will have an effect also on their own organization and at times have had to certain repercussions when not following certain rules set that they must adhere to. In many situations, mass media uses what people consider an unethical approach to influence society. Due to the many laws that exist to protect society, the government has made sure to have an involvement on mass media to regulate what type of content can be released as well as protecting the rights of the people. The audience has an expectation with the messages that the media is providing to society. Society expects mass media to be honest and ethical which is how a media source can earn the respect of its audience, which will lead to a regular return by viewers. Because there is no set of rules that apply to the requirement of ethics in media, it is in the Medias best interest to consider the golden rule and the “do unto others” as this is something that people tend to expect from others. At many times, it may appear that mass media try to brain wash, persuade, or decide for society what...
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...Com 1020 Assignment 2 Introduction Mass communication is the variety of all the media mediums together, and is aimed at a large audience. A ritual view is directed not towards the addition of messages in space but the maintenance of society in time, not the act of imparting information or influence but the creation, representation, and celebration of shared even if illusory beliefs, James,(1988: 43). This essay will discuss how mass communications has transformed the temporal and spatial foundations of the social-sphere. This essay will start by defining the key terms which are communication, mass communication, and the para-social. The separation of social space from the physical place by mass communications, time and space and mass communications will also be discussed in the essay. The para-social interactions, how mass communications transformed the temporal and spatial foundations of the social sphere will then follow. The ritual dimensions of communication will also be discussed, the essay will then sum up the essay and give the researcher’s opinion. Definition of key terms Communication refers to the transmission of meaningful messages; these messages are conveyed in images, language, gestures, or other symbols. Thompson. (1997:30) Anthony R, (2004), defines mass communication as the process in which professional communicators design and use media to disseminate messages widely, rapidly, and continuously in order to arouse intended meanings in large...
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...Mass media messages and effects Heather Gilliland BSCOM/268 06-06-16 Mabelle Reynoso Mass media messages and effects Introduction The mass media is in the business of steering your thoughts about subjects and controlling how the public thinks. The press, the television, and the radio play an important role in society. The mass media informs, educates, and entertains the public. They also influence how society looks at the world and can often alter that view. Mass media shapes public opinion on many different matters. When you want to see the most current events, read about the news or listen to get the latest gossip on celebrities, or learn the latest fashion trends, members of society usually turn on the television, the radio, or access the internet through your computer or smartphone. Mass media has developed a technology to reach the vast majority of the population. The mass media is constantly changing and growing as new technological advances are being made. The public is exposed to vast amounts of content in the stories they read and the news they listen to, and even though we depend on mass media for almost everything we listen to, all the stories may not be very ethical. There are many undependable sources of mass media out there, but there are also true, dependable and reliable sources that we are exposed to as well. As the public depends on the media to such a great degree, it is important to know which sources to trust, and which to disregard as unreliable...
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...not mean that it isn't deceptive. A liar knows that he is a liar, but one who speaks mere portions of truth in order to deceive is a craftsman of destruction.” No matter what form of communication or means we employ our ability to understand the message, the process, and manufacture an accurate, clear, and mindful message are required. Rather than deceive and destroy, whether we encode or decode in mass communication, we have a responsibility to be true rather than deceive and build rather than destroy. This brings me to the three most important terms media literacy, the third-person effect, and technological determinism. Our proficient understanding of any form of media is important because it cultivates our interpretations and views. Media literacy encompasses many elements and skills without them we are not capable of responsible communications. Second, the third-person effect is very dangerous especially when we overestimate the effect of a media message on others and under estimate the effect on our self. If we do not recognize the influence of a certain media message, our vulnerability to it is increased. In order to be objective, we need to recognize the influence of media on us as individuals so we can overcome this influence and objectively comprehend or compose a communication. Lastly, technological determinism not only changes how we do business, but also develops our intellect and transforms our inherited beliefs. Technology breaks down barriers and allows...
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...Effects of Mass Media Tamarra Burnett HUM/176 2/3/2013 Erin DiCesare, Ph. D. Effects of Mass Media Introduction The 20th century has brought about major developments in the evolution of mass media. Developments such as the television, newspapers, radio, internet, and the cellular phone have all contributed to the evolution of mass media. This essay will discuss each development of mass media and how it has influenced American culture as we know it. Major Developments of Mass Media in the 20th Century The newspaper happens to be one of the pioneers of mass media. In its early stages the newspaper was handwritten during the 15th century. Newspapers has steadily increased since its earlier days, but a new form of mass media was on the horizon with the introduction of the radio. Radio was first introduced in the “early decades of the 20th century” (pg. 31). This allowed for millions of people to access anything from presidential elections to advertising. The next form of mass media to come was the television. Following the end of World War II the television revolutionized the way we communicated through mass media. With continual enhancements to the television like the VCR and cable television, this allowed individuals the freedom to record and view television whenever and however they wanted. It wasn’t until the creation of the personal computer sometime around...
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