...Needs to Stop | | Chase Cooper | 12/13/2012 | Political Economy Dr.Ramos Abstract: The goal of my research paper is to analyze and present how John Maynard Keynes’ theory on government spending is being abused by the American government insofar that the American government is not following the guidelines and foundations that premised Keynes’ theory, and instead are picking the parts of the theory that allow them to spend at unsustainable levels, creating problems that, one way or another, eventually have to be resolved. My research will prove how the American government is conducting fiscal policy in a way that abuses Keynes’ theory on government spending, and, as a result, why Keynes would not support the American government in their spending endeavors, despite using his theory as their justification. I will be critiquing the application of Keynes’ theory from the Austrian, specifically the works of Friedrich A. Hayek, and Monetarist perspectives, supported by arguments given by Milton Friedman. Section 1: Keynes’ Theory on Government Spending John Maynard Keynes published his famous work, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, in 1936, during the Great Depression. Economies all over the world were suffering severely from the Great Depression, and there was little hope of economic recovery in the near future. Keynes agreed with the classical economist’s notion that the economy would correct itself in the long run, but was famously quoted, “In...
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...“offshoot” of virgin group which as at then was a key player in the pop and rock music. Since it was founded, it has enjoyed great success and rose to become Britain second largest carrier with more than 9000 employees and estimated to have carried more than 53 million passengers since it first operation in 1984(BBC Business, 2013). The ownership of the company share between virgin group who owns 51% and Delta airline owned 49%, an arrangement that was concluded in 1999 to form a more formidable global partnership; it has its corporate head office in Crawley, England. Gatwick remain the main base of VAA and operates a mixed fleet Airbus and Boeing wide-body jet between UK, North America, Caribbean, Africa and Middle East, it also operates from London Heathrow and Manchester which serves as its secondary base. Virgin Atlantic Airline has a mission to grow profitable airline where people love to fly and where people love to work. TASK ONE 1A: Purpose and objectives of (VAA) with Fire service. Organizations are into operation for various reasons; this could be for the purpose of making profit or for service rendering purpose. The legal structure which business chooses is fundamental to the way it operates, who shares in the profits and loss, tax to be paid and where legal liabilities rests are...
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...scientific knowledge that is applied for practical purposes (Oxford Dictionaries, 2016). Merriam-Webster (2015) defines technology as the implementation of science in various aspects, such as in industries and societies, in order to create a product or service or used to solve problems. Technology rapidly evolves, where the Second Circuit judges in the court case of Bensusan Restaurant Corp. v. King, ([1997], cited in Nye, 2006), states that, establishing law practices on areas like trademark law in the internet, which is rapidly developing, “is somewhat like trying to board a moving bus.” Technology is considered as a necessity to a great extent in the modern world. Technology enables an increase in the standards...
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...are not scarce command a price.Therefore economists try to explain how this economic problem is solved by different economic systems. There are three economic systems that exist in the world today that is the free market, command and mixed economy. These economic systems have different ways in which they try to answer the fundamental economic questions of “What? How? And for whom to produce for? Samelson and Nordhaus define a market economy as an elaborate mechanism for cording people, activities and business through the a system of price and markets. Production is mainly driven by the market forces of demand and supply, which determine price hence it is termed as the price mechanism. The USA is an example of what can be simply classified as a market economy. Thus by matching sellers and buyers in each market, the three fundamental questions of what? How?, for whom?. Consumers determine what goods and services will be produced by their dollar votes, which means their daily purchasing decisions. Firms in the market economy are profit motivated therefore they abandon areas where they are losing profits and lured by high profits into production of goods in high demand. The question of “How” goods and services are produced is determined by the competition among different producers. Hence the best way for firms to remain competitive in the market economy, is to keeps costs at minimum by the adopting of the most cost efficient methods of production. According to Stanlake this can...
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...OBJECTIVES • To appreciate the importance of the economic analysis of foreign markets • To identify the major dimensions of international economic analysis • To compare and contrast the economic indicators of countries • To profile the characteristics of the types of economic systems • To discuss the idea of economic freedom • To profile the idea, drivers, and constraints of economic transition CHAPTER OVERVIEW When companies source, manufacture, and/or market products in foreign countries, they encounter fascinating and often challenging economic environments. Chapter Four first explores the economic environments of countries in which an MNE might want to operate by discussing the importance of economic analysis and identifying the major dimensions of that process. It then compares and contrasts key macroeconomic indicators, such as economic growth, inflation, and the surpluses and deficits reflected in the balance of payments. Finally, it reviews the characteristics of the major types of economic systems, explores the principles of economic freedom, and concludes by examining the idea, the drivers, and the constraints associated with the transition from a centrally-planned to a market-based economy. CHAPTER OUTLINE OPENING CASE: MCDONALD’S AND RUSSIA’S ECONOMIC TRANSITION [See Map 4.1.] This case exemplifies the extraordinary challenges of operating in a transition economy. In fascinating detail it explains how, despite enormous start-up costs...
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...TABLE OF CONTENT 1.1 Understand the organizational purposes of business ……………………...………... 2 Vision….….………………………………………………………………………..…2 Mission..…….…………………………….....….………………….............................2 Objective……..…………………...…………………………………………………..3 Goal……….……………………..…...……………………………………………….3 2.1 Economic systems attempt to allocate resources effective………………..………......4 Economy market………..……………………………………………………………..4 Command market………….…….………………………………………………….....4 Mixed market……………...………..…………………………………………………4 2.2 The impact of fiscal and monetary policy on business organizations …….....…..…...6 Fiscal policy…....…………..…………………………………………………………6 Monetary policy………………………………………………………………………6 2.3 The impact of competition policy …………………………………………………....8 1.1Understand the organizational purposes of business. A) Vision Vision is the organization aims to grow in the future. It is seen as the key for any company or business want to achieve certain success. Nothing was ever created without a vision. It guides and gives organization direction and purpose, and can serve as a powerful motivate for it. For example: At Nestlé, Nestle believe that research can help them make better food so that people live a better life. Good Food is the primary source of Good Health throughout life. Nestle strive to bring consumers foods that are safe, of high quality and provide optimal nutrition to meet physiological...
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...“Who will buy the surpluses when the United States cannot?” The conventional wisdom has long held that strong spending by consumers in other nations would keep the world economy humming. However, by 2008, Greider’s question was taking on a new urgency and the conventional wisdom was being tested. An economic crisis that had its roots in lax subprime mortgage lending practices began to spread around the globe. In the United States, where the crisis began, economic misery was widespread: The housing market collapsed, real estate values plummeted, credit tightened, and job growth slowed (see Exhibit 2-1). As the price of oil passed the $100 per barrel benchmark, the average price of a gallon of gasoline rose to $4. American consumers were, indeed, less willing and less able to buy. However, the crisis was not confined to the United States alone. Consumer-goods exporters in Asia, which Exhibit 2-1: The bursting of the global real estate bubble was only one aspect of the worst recession in decades. The ripple effects from the economic turmoil were felt around the world. In 2007, just before the onset of the crisis, Mexico’s Cemex SAB acquired an Australian company, Rinker Materials, for $15.3 billion. Unfortunately, one of Rinker’s primary sources of revenue was the United States housing market. With that market collapsing, Cemex chief Lorenzo Zambrano was forced to sell assets and cut spending in an effort to trim his...
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...opportunities and challenges for Vietnam in WTO accession should clarify these factors. 1. New international context, opportunities and challenges in development for Vietnam In recent period, the world situation changed rapidly and profoundly as never before. The impact of globalization and the knowledge-based economy forces developing countries to join the world economy system, and the situation for them is much more difficult than before. In general, the level of development in the modern world is measured by the following indicators: First, high speed of change and the faster pace of shortening in the production and technology cycle. Second, the global network structure and the complex nexus of the world economy. Third, conditions for economic development become unstable and unpredictable. Fourth, the balance of power is profoundly changing and driving the world economy, with power concentrating in a few nations and transnational corporations. These new developments entail great challenges to the late comers as follows: First, the reaction by governments and firms should be prompt and effective in a high-speed global game. Second, the cost of integrating into the global economy is high, especially to the poor countries. Third, competition at the global scale becomes vigorous. The traditional comparative advantage based on natural...
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...University Tad Ransopher Georgia State University Abstract Egypt, one of the largest Middle East economies, is beginning its transition to a market economy. As a developing nation, Egypt has witnessed several changes in its accounting system during last two decades. This case provides an analysis of the Egyptian accounting system with emphasis on the development of the Egyptian Accounting Standards. In addition, this case makes recommendations for the reformation of the Egyptian accounting system. Keywords: Egypt, International accounting standards, Egyptian accounting standards, Egyptian accounting system, Privatization, Culture The state of accounting, Page 1 Journal of Business Cases and Applications 1. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this case is twofold. The first goal is to present an analysis of the development of the Egyptian accounting system. The second goal is to provide several recommendations to facilitate the Egyptian accounting reformation. Once accounting reformation occurs, Egyptian companies can prepare financial reports that will be of greater benefit than those at present. To Egyptian companies the result will be an increase in foreign investment and funds raised from external sources. With these goals as the objective, Egyptians need to comprehend successful accounting systems and extract that which may be applied to the Egyptian system. The process of accounting reformation in Egypt and the politics of setting standards are the main...
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...Challenges Project Management in Bangladesh : Positive Factors: 1. Growing economy, scope for fresh and new projects, need for infrastructural facilities. 2. Availability of resources. 3. Abundance of manpower. 4. Urge for development. 5. Adaptability of manpower vis-à-vis technologies. Negative Factors: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. Poor & very inadequate technical bases. Inadequacy of research & trained manpower. Serious brain drain. Lack & inadequacy of infra-structural facilities. Corruption (resource utilization is only 40% effectively). Very poor project planning. Data bank lacking & highly inaccurate. Dearth of experienced & hardworking and honest entrepreneurs. Poor general economic conditions & low per capita income. Size of market & buying capacities. Uncongenial legal framework. Absence of good governance. Unfriendly administrative machinery. Irrational fiscal policy. Weak & ineffective capital market. Inefficient monitoring of banking structure & banking policy. Default culture. Absence of business ethics. Lack of political will. High political risk including instability. Precarious law & order situation. Bangladesh is classified as “high risk” country. Low savings - GDP ratio. Majority of the population lives below poverty level. Low literacy rate & lack of civic sense, patriotism, and sense of belongingness. Unhealthy distribution of income and concentration of most of the wealth of the...
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...words, motivation is something that motivates a person into action and induces him to continue in the course of action enthusiastically. At the work, it determines the behavior of a person. Dwight D. Eisenhower defines motivation as: “motivation is getting people to do what you want them to do because they want to do it.” Dalton E. McFarland defines motivation as: Motivation refers to the way in which urges, desires, drives, striving, aspirations, or needs direct, control or explain the behavior of human being". The term 'motivation' is derived from the word 'motive'. Motive may be defined as wants, drives, needs or impulses within the individual. Motives are personal and internal because it is an expression of a person's needs. The term 'need' should not be associated with pressing desire or urgency for something. Simply it means something within an individual that prompts him to action. Behavior of a person starts from this needs or motives. These needs and motives start and maintain activity and eventually it determine the direction of a person. These motives give direction to human behavior because they are directed towards certain 'goals'...
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...organization’s IT infrastructure and reduce PC management costs. Results of this study indicate a direct correlation between the number of best practices adopted, the management technologies used, and the positive impact on reducing PC-related labor costs. Technical decision makers, especially those responsible for desktop PC environments, will gain insight into how they can better manage their IT environment with fewer financial resources. April 2006 William Barna, MBA Senior Program Manager Windows Enterprise Management Division The information contained in this document represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation on the issues discussed as of the date of publication. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft or its respective suppliers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information presented after the date of publication. This white paper is for informational purposes only. MICROSOFT AND ITS RESPECTIVE SUPPLIERS MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS DOCUMENT. Complying with all applicable copyright laws is the responsibility of the user. Without limiting the rights under copyright, no part of this document may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into...
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................................. 5 1.1 The Early Policies of Period One ................................................................................................... 5 1.1.1 War Communism .......................................................................................................................... 5 1.1.2 The New Economic Policy (NEP) ............................................................................................... 9 1.1.3 Democratic Centralism ............................................................................................................... 11 1.2 The Significance of Economic Planning on Living Standards ................................................. 13 1.3 Five-Year Centralized Plans and Effects on National Income ................................................. 20 1.3.1 Trade Imbalances ........................................................................................................................ 24 1.3.2 Golden Rule Capital Level of Stock...
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...Summary and excerpts from Thomas Friedman’s The World is Flat (2006) by Bill Altermatt CHAPTER 2: THE TEN FORCES THAT FLATTENED THE WORLD page 1 What Tom Friedman means by the phrase “The World is Flat” is that “the global competitive playing field is being leveled…It is now possible for more people than ever to collaborate and compete in real time with more other people on more different kinds of work from more different corners of the planet and on a more equal footing than at any previous time in the history of the world” (p. 8). Friedman believes that this “flattening” of the world is the result of ten factors, which he outlines in chapter 2 of his book: Flattener #1: “11/9/89, The New Age of Creativity: When the Walls Came Down and the Windows Went Up.” On 11/9/89, the Berlin Wall fell (“the Walls Came Down”) and the citizens of the former Soviet empire were suddenly able to participate in the global economy. Friedman uses the fall of the Berlin Wall as a symbol for a general global shift towards democratic governments and free-market economies (where consumers determine prices based on what they’re willing to pay) and away from authoritarian governments and centrally planned economies (in which prices are set by government officials). India made the conversion from a centrally planned economy to a free-market system two years after the Berlin Wall fell, when its economy was on the brink of collapse. Their annual rate of India’s growth soared from 3% per year to 7%. Friedman...
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...more integrated and interdependent world economy. International Business: Any business that has productive activities in two or more countries (multinational enterprise - MNE). *Globalisation of markets: Merging of historically distinct and separate national markets into a global marketplace in which the tastes and preferences of consumers in different nations are beginning to converge. However, significant differences in culture, politics and economies exist between countries and adaption of products and strategies to local conditions is often necessary for international business to succeed. *Globalisation of production: Sourcing goods and services from locations around the globe in an attempt to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production (labour, energy, land and capital), thereby allowing them to compete more effectively against their rivals Example: Boeing aircrafts use companies s for all over the world for different components (e.g UK, France, Canada, Sweden) Firms are better able to respond to international customer demand due to improvements in transportation technology e.g jet transport; temperature controlled containerized shipping and co-ordinated ship-rail truck systems *Globalisation of institutions: Institutions are needed to help manage, regulate and police the global marketplace and promote the establishment of multinational treaties to govern the global business system. Environmental factors facilitating...
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