...differences of life expectancy between men and women Latesha Mays Dr. Davis SOCI 402 May 9, 2006 Differences 2 Reasoning for differences of life expectancy between women and men In most countries the life expectancy at birth of women is longer than that if men. Historically it has been assumed that this was generally due to biological reasons. But on the basis of my graveyard data which consisted of 50 cases of people from High Point North Carolina, tables and graphs, the relationship between race, gender, and average age of death are summarized with four empirical generalizations that I got from the data. I will only present three to adequately summarize the data because only three have similar commonalities to express why women live longer than men. The first empirical generalization was on the basis of the gender table. The data showed that males have a 36 percent average age of death and females have a 64 percent average age of death and therefore males have 28 percentage points lower average age of death than females. The second empirical generalization was on the basis of the race and gender graph. In this graph females had a higher median age of death than any other category. The last empirical generalization expresses a graph that shows the data of race and sex. The data showed that white females have a significantly higher median age of death than men and black females, as well as black females had a higher average than men...
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...Again it is important to stress that 1. There is no single point at which a person automatically becomes old and 2. Chronological age is in any case an essentially arbitrary measure. Ageing and Stereotypes The term “ageism” was coined by Robert Butler, M.D., in 1968. Dr. Butler is a geriatrician who saw that society had developed myths, stereotypes and misunderstandings about people as they age. Graham Mulley in 2006 stated that the negative images of ageing (both historical and contemporary) have resulted in misconceptions which have influenced how we think, speak and behave. Evolution of these stereotypes according to Mulley: Sculptures: One of Norway’s artistic highlights is the sculpture park in Oslo. Vigeland has modeled over 600 life sized figures. All ages are represented: children play, young men and women dream and embrace. The section devoted to old age is austere – some subjects are ugly and others look depressed; disabled people are tended by ageing caregivers. Other European sculptors iterate the...
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...Impact of Human Life Expectancy Increases in life expectancy in the world’s human population has measurable effects on the environment. Since recorded history, the age that people die has expanded to approximately 75 years, on average. Most experts believe that this is due to social reforms and technology, rather than evolution. People did not start evolving to increased life expectancies; rather they became more efficient at using medicines, disease prevention, processing food and energy sources and this had an increasing effect in simply living longer. Sex, age, geographic location, demographic groups, time period and wealth certainly are factors when calculating life expectancy. In the middle ages, a child living past the age of five could potentially live well beyond a projected age of 25 years. This depended greatly on surviving birth or disease and if they happened to be a member of higher social class, having access to better or a higher abundance of food. Statistics for women actually surviving child-birth are much higher in recent history than 200 years ago, Simply because we are better suited medically to overcome the problems they experienced. Geographic and economic status are another big part of the increases. Developed nations have significant increases when compared to many lesser developed nations. The World Health Organization shows no real large increases in life expectancies in many nations in Africa and the Mid-East...
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...An analysis of the impact food consumption and healthcare may have on life expectancy. Econ413 SP2011 Introduction Life expectancy is important not only to individuals but also to the nation. To individuals, longer life expectancy gives people more time in their lives to do things they want and gives them opportunity to see their children and grandchildren grow up. To the nation, studying life expectancy helps the government plan for pension benefits and contributions. I want to analyze the impact of food consumption on life expectancy because today people care about eating healthier and America’s eating habit has been criticized for the consumption of too much unhealthy food. In order to measure the country’s eating habits, I used data over the past 40 years that includes annual meat consumption, fish consumption, milk consumption, fruits and vegetable consumption and etc. I will analyze the life expectancy over 1970-2008 and the corresponding food consumptions over that time period. In addition to eating habits, I believe that the nation’s healthcare spending and GDP are important determinants of life expectancy. Excluding them will result in a biased model. Therefore, I also included healthcare and GDP as independent variables in my analysis. Prior Research and Theory In the past few years, life expectancy and its determinants have been widely discussed in economics. In the U.S., life expectancy rapidly increased in the past century and led to a rapid aging of the...
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...and women have different risks when it comes to health and illness. Men are also twice as likely to have personality disorders, but women are more likely to have anxiety and depression than men are. Women have more accounts of sexual harassment and rape and this has a knock on effect to the amount of people with depression. Social class Different social classes have different levels of financial stability, which is also directly linked to the health care that is available and the housing and area in which they live. People in the lower class have higher levels of illness and bad health, as they cannot afford private healthcare so would then have to wait for appointments and go to public hospitals where they may be very busy and have a low amount of appointments available. Also people from the lower class may not be eating as well as others as they are on a strict budget this means they may be missing certain vitamins and minerals from their diet. Eating cheap microwave meals and processed food is not as good as eating fresh meals and organic fruit and vegetables. Table – poverty.org 2015. As you can see in this table four types of diseases are more common in lower class societies. In middle and higher classes the illness rate is lower and less diseases as they have the money to look after themselves better as they can go to private hospitals or afford to travel to better public hospitals for specialist treatment. Also they can afford to eat healthily and go to a gym...
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...beyond to social and cultural level. Patient behavior significantly impact to the other family members, friends and other employees related to him. Sometimes behavior of health care provider also impact sometimes organization where patient treatment occur like hospitals and clinic, professional societies, regulatory agencies and insurance carriers all playing active role. Economic also plying great roll because of load of work and other factors person become ill and now when a person get ill they have to think about do they have insurance to pay the bill? Doctors fee, and all these tighten the belt of their budget of their illness. And if someone has insurance then they have higher co-pay, higher out of pocket money, higher deductable plus charges into the coverage of their beneficiary. As we see these all the effect of health on person behavior, economic and social structure.Question: Describe the three stages of medical technology development. Stage one: Institutionalization of health care This stage...
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...______________________________________________ 2 Research Questions & Information from other studies ______________________ 3 Results Introduction to Results ________________________________________________ 4 The impact of CO2 Emissions __________________________________________ 5 Does income contain a correlation? ______________________________________ 6 How does smoking affect our life expectancy ______________________________ 7 How the leading causes of death relate ___________________________________ 8 How the health care has affected life expectancy ____________________________ 9 Future Studies Thing’s that could have been improved on _______________________________ 10 Conclusion A restatement of the work that has been done...
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...shareholders. Methods such as budget forecasting and capital budgeting techniques are utilised and performed by accountants to determine which projects should be undertaken to maximise profits. They construct and provide the financial information necessary for directors to make an informed and calculated decision on where to invest the funds provided by shareholders. Companies have an endless life span and to simply focus on either short term or long term profits would be contrary to the interests of the company and its shareholders. Investors will react strongly to every investment and dividend decision by either increasing or decreasing the share price. A strong focus must therefore be given to every investment and dividend decision made by the company to continue to maintain the confidence of the real owners of the company. By making good financial decisions today and creating wealth for the shareholders, the company will have greater funds to make financial decisions in the future. Question A-2 Part A (i) Robert’s total life expectancy at his retirement age is 84 years (ii) The life...
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...NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES IMPLICATIONS OF POPULATION AGING FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH David E. Bloom David Canning Günther Fink Working Paper 16705 http://www.nber.org/papers/w16705 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 January 2011 Support for this work was provided by the Program on the Global Demography of Aging at Harvard University, funded by Award Number P30AG024409 from the National Institute on Aging. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute on Aging or the National Institutes of Health. The authors thank Marija Ozolins and Larry Rosenberg for their assistance in the preparation of this paper. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peerreviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2011 by David E. Bloom, David Canning, and Günther Fink. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Implications of Population Aging for Economic Growth David E. Bloom, David Canning, and Günther Fink NBER Working Paper No. 16705 January 2011 JEL No....
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...Australia | Lesotho | Life expectancy at birth (years) | 81.9 | 45.9 | Internet users per 100 people | 70.8 | 3.6 | GDP per capita ($US) | $40,286 | $1,605 | Inequality-adjusted income index | 0.720 | 0.234 | Death of women per 100,000 live births | 4 | 960 | Protected areas (%) | 10.5 | 0.5 | Homicide Rate (per 100,000) | 1.2 | 36.7 | HDI value | 0.937 | 0.427 | By comparing Australia and Lesotho, it is easy to determine which of the two the developed country is and which is the developing. It is very noticeable that there is a significant difference in the two countries. You can see this in the GDP per capita, the life expectancy at birth, and as well the death of women while pregnant and as well the number of internet users per 100 people. Seeing the huge difference in GDP per capita ($US) indicates how rich the country is. Basically everything depends on the GDP per capita. For instance, health, technology and standard of living. Seeing that Australia has a relatively high GDP per capita, being $40,286, it shows that Australia has a high standard of living and can provide all the basic necessities to the population where as in Lesotho; the GDP per capita is $ 1,605. Lesotho has a weak GDP and therefore indicates that there is not enough money to provide the population with the basics to sustain life. The life expectancy at birth is significantly different between Australia and Lesotho. Being measured in years, Australia has a life expectancy of 81.9, while...
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...Zaka Mahmood Ethical Concepts in Health Care Davenport University HLTH 230 Patricia Spiegel Abstract Primary health care as we see is an essential base of building our health system. Advanced development and new tools must consist of operational and supportive relations with the primary health care, along with recommending arrangements to ensure the population of their coverage as to their relevant needs, and be dependable with ethical guidelines linked to the public’s health and the health care. Heading The task of this presentation is to collaborate different issues. Consisting of new development in the health sector, critically providing more effective and indifferent health care along with an improving attitude towards the health population, mainly in developing countries. Primary health care as we see is an essential base of building our health system. Advanced development and new tools must consist of operational and supportive relations with the primary health care, along with recommending arrangements to ensure the population of their coverage as to their relevant needs, and be dependable with ethical guidelines linked to the public’s health and the health care. Most importantly, we would not like for the various advances health sector to utilize helplessly or isolate them self’s from one another, but take the effort to interact and advance complementary components of systems that have a global integrated nature. Now, we redirect to the three set of sources...
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...Life Expectancy According to the life expectancy calculator, my calculated life expectancy is 85 years. I have learned that in order to have a long and healthy life, I can’t live all by myself. I expected to have my life longer than the calculated life expectancy’s because I don’t drink, smoke, and avoid most of the things that harm my health. After I used this calculator, I found out that my family’s background plays the important role in my life calculation, and regular medical check-up and exercise can also lengthen my life. I have never learned that it is necessary for me to check the good (HDL)/bad (LDL) cholesterol in every three years which also effects my life expectancy. It is truly beneficial for me to learn that the mean number for total cholesterol level is 180 mg/dl (5 mmol/L). I didn’t know that flossing daily also have the direct impact on our lives to be lengthened. I used to think that it just effects on our dental hygiene. I also realized that having too much red meat as our main course is not good for our health and can shorten my life. I can lengthen my life expectancy by changing my daily diet plans, exercising regularly, and getting regular medical check-up. Additionally, I learned that keeping the family generation record is extremely valuable for not only me but also my future generation. In addition, I need to get rid of my bad habits such as eating too much and sleeping irregularly, and floss daily. These changes will help me to lengthen my expected...
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...classification. Firstly, it has quite a low life expectancy at birth, which is 58.2; this is most likely due to the country having a vast amount of their population in poverty, with an inadequate supply of food, clean water and healthcare. These factors also affect the dependency ration of Sierra Leone; it has a majority of youth dependency within the population of 77.1% however, a very low elderly dependency at 4.9%. This is to be expected as it has a low life expectancy and its median age is 19. With such a high dependency ratio, more specifically in the youth, this would be a challenge to sustain all of the...
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...children. Reasons for decline in the birth rate are.. Abortion | better nutrition | better medicine | improved housing | divorce | women do what they want | jobs | better knowledge of hygiene. Future trends in birth rates – page 48 Birth rates – fertility rates – family sizes are… falling. There has been a slight increase in births since 2001, because immigration. The projection for the period up to 2041 expects… annual number of births to be fairy constants, around 700-720,000 per a year. Effects in changes in fertility – page 49 Changes in the number of babies being born effect several aspects of society like.. family, the dependency ratio, public serives. The effect on the family is…smaller familes mean that women are more likely to be free and go to work. The dependency ratio is… the relationship between the sizes of the working or productive part of the population. The effect on the dependency ratio is… falling of number of children being born. The effect of public services and policies is… lower...
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...of health status, Bhargava, et al. (2001) finds positive relationship between adult survival rate and economic growth. Results remains similar when adult survival rate is replaced by life expectancy. However, fertility rate have a negative relationship with economic growth. Because life expectancy is highly influenced by the child mortality. Growth in workforce is mostly lower than population growth. Resultantly high fertility rate reduce the economic growth by putting extra burden on scare resources. Mayer (2001) also uses the probability of adult survival by gender and age group as a measure of health status. By using Granger-type, causality test study concludes that health status causes economic growth in Latin America generally, and specifically in Brazil and Mexico. Improvements in adult health are associated with 0.8-1.5 percent increase in annual income. Moreover, the growth impact is higher for improvements in health of female compared with health of male. Bloom, et al. (2004) by using 2SLS technique finds that life expectancy and schooling have a positive and significant effect on GDP. Improvements in health increase the output not only through labour productivity, but also through the Capital accumulation. Study also finds that improvement of one year in a population's life expectancy resulted into an increase of 4...
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