...Introduction: Social support can be interpreted as an interchange of resources comprising at least two individuals taken by the provider or receiver with the intention to boost the health of the receiver. Social support is also regarded as main determinant of health. The conditions of women’s life are now different from what they used to be a few decades ago..The positive aspect of an altered society, we find the material standard of the people leading a longer or healthier life. The possibilities of self-actualization have also emerged in them. The negative aspect is that the families are less stable. In fact the pressure of time and strian have increased for several women. Barrera et al. (1981) has been given in an early definition...
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...The Role of Social Support in Coping with HIV/AIDS The topic of HIV/AIDS is particularly relevant in a South African context due to the rate of infection in this country, as well as the government’s stance on HIV/AIDS policy. South has Africa has the highest rate of HIV infection in the world. The Mbeki regime’s policy has only recently been changed to increase the availability of antiretrovirals to those infected. While these antiretrovirals may be used to treat the virus itself, they are ineffective in dealing with the stressors associated with the virus. Indeed, it can be argued that environmental factors, specifically social support, have the greatest positive influence in this regard. This essay will consider whether this is the case by examining the role of social support in dealing with the HIV/AIDS diagnosis, related health decline and infections and the prejudice and stigma attached to said diagnosis. In order to do this, one must first examine the definition of social support. Thoits (1995) as cited in Mizuno, Purcell, Dawson-Rose, Parsons & The Sudis Team (2003 p.690) defines social support as “instrumental, emotional or informational assistance from significant others” and goes on to find social support “one of the major coping resources for people experiencing stressful life events or chronic strains.” “Significant others” is generally understood to mean partners, friends and family, but could also refer to traditional caregivers in a hospital environment. Friedland...
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...Gender. Studies of different researchers identified some factors that affect the gender specific towards their view of physical activity. Bottom line, family influences during childhood have a positive effect on the physical activity patterns that children develop. ii. Ethnicity. Children of Asian origin were less active than children in other ethnic groups. In terms of ethnic differences, Asian Americans and Latinos reported the lowest level of neighborhood safety for physical activity, and African Americans and Latinos reported the fewest convenient facilities for physical activity. African Americans reported the highest level of television viewing per week (Sallis et al, 1996). iii. Socioeconomic Status. A study of 2, 285 children in 4th-6th grades in multiethnic, low-income urban neighborhood revealed that 20% of the girls and 25% of the boys were inactive. It particularly influenced participation in organized sports at or outside of school. Cost of participation and transportation may have posed major problems to parents. b. Determinants of Physical Activity in Adults iv. Influences on physical activity for middle-age adults include: past program participation, self-efficacy, benefits, barriers, spouse support, peer support, perceived available time, and access to facilities (King et al, 2002). v. For older adults, perceived barriers, self-efficacy expectations, and age were found to be important predictors of...
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...back suggested a focused exploration of social support as a promotion of positive well-being (Cassel, 1976; Kaplan, Cassel & Gore, 1977). Following this suggestion the two major models underlying social support, the ‘main effect’ and ‘buffering hypothesis’ (Cohen, 2004; Cohen & Willis, 1985) have been used in various health contexts to promote healthy living. Nevertheless, there are still some issues with disparities in conceptualization and the complexity of dimensions resulting in different approaches to research and health related programs using social support (Broadhead et al., 1983; Callaghan & Morrissey, 1999; Kaplan, Cassel & Gore, 1977). These issues may limit our understanding of how social support...
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...THE EFFECTS OF JAIL VISITATION ON INMATE MISCONDUCT The Effects of Jail Visitation on Inmate Misconduct Liuhong Yang Case Western Reserve University The Effects of Jail Visitation on Inmate Misconduct The emergence of mass incarceration has led many scholars to devote considerable attention to inmates’ experiences and behaviors during incarceration. In general, the goals of correctional facilities are to operate in systematic and structured ways that can assure and promote “internal safety and order” (Siennick, Mears, & Bales, 2013, p. 418; Bottoms, 1999) and to increase positive reentry outcomes for released inmates (Cullen & Jonson, 2012). Therefore, promoting compliance with correctional rules and ultimately desistance...
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...Personal growth and social support as an effective prevention method to overcome burnout problems on employees Burnout is nowadays a common crisis among workers, and an effective program to reduce its level is needed (Aro, Naatanen & Nurmi, 2004). According to Dierendonck, Garssen & Visser (2005) burnout can be defined as an unrelenting, job-related state of mind in ‘normal’ persons that is mainly characterized by tiredness, which is accompanied by exhaustion, a sense of reduced efficiency, decreased enthusiasm, and the development of dysfunctional behaviors at work. The unhappiness and detachment burnout can threaten people toward their job, their interpersonal relationships, and risking their own health (Dierendonck, Schaufeli & Buunk, 1998). However, problem related to burnout can be solved (Dierendonck, Garssen & Visser, 2005). Simply by recognize the cues and signs of burnout in its early stage; several burn out management strategies may be adequate to prevent the problem (Guglielmi &Tatrow, 1998). In the later stages of burnout, psychological improvement may takes more time and effort, but people can still recover their balance by reassessing their priorities, making time for themselves, and seeking for social support (Dierendonck, Schaufeli & Buunk, 1998). Furthermore, there are two main prevention management program that help people cope with burnout. The first one called personal growth program, which is a program based on people’ cognitive and behavior factors,...
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...involved in their studies seem to perform better than students who reported being emotionally more exhausted (Kotze & Kleynhans, 2013). This study will focus on whether and to what extent social supports, cognitive assessments, and coping skills affects the management of stress and academic performance of college students. In other to determine the effects of the above issues, the involvements of the students in stressful circumstances must be understood. For this study a survey design will be use to get a cross-section of the particular involvements of all students in stressful situations and to find out to what degree their stress management skills is affected by coping skills, cognitive assessments, and social supports. Samples from the college individuals will provide precise and particular experiences of this population and it will show how their use of coping skills, cognitive assessments and social supports affect their management of stress and their academic performances. Purpose Statement The purpose statement of this study will be to find out whether and what degree cognitive assessments, copping skills, and social supports affect college students stress management and their academic performance. With stress being prevalent in the lives of individuals, finding the effects of cognitive...
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...Supporting significant life events Introduction The social change such as passing away of a loved one makes a lot of impact on the behavior and the individuals, especially when they are aged or disabled. The case study points out to an elderly lady, who is mentally disadvantaged and the impact of the passing away of her spouse of 40 years. In this short reflection, we are going to assess the Physical, Psychological and Social Impact of Bereavement on Individuals, look at the different group responses to the bereavement of individuals and the impact and implication of the people in health and social care when an individual is bereaved. 1.1 Explain the impact of significant life events on individuals. Bereavement is the condition of having being deprived of something or someone valued, especially through death. The individual feels yearning, pining and longing for the one who has died. The bereaved feels empty inside. It can greatly impact the way in which a person deals with events in later stages of life. We also call it grief. One of the biggest reasons of grief in humans is the loss of loved ones. The grief can have multifaceted effects on physical, psychological and social behavior of the people. When grief overpowers an individual, he can be adversely affected in various ways. If an individual hears the news of loss of loved ones, this shock causes the adrenal system to release adrenaline steroids in body causing a variety of physical reactions. It can cause...
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...Almost every nursing home with patients having dementia has observed these behavioral symptoms that can lead to social isolation, poor health outcomes and a decrease in physical functioning. (Cohen-Mansfield, Marx, & Rosenthal, 1989; Dyer, Pavlik, Murphy, & Hyman, 2000; Galynker, Roane, Miner, Feinberg, & Watts, 1995; Harwood, Barker, Ownby, & Ducra, 2000). Agitation is a state of anxiety and passivity is a state of not being active, which result in patients worrying without knowing why, and not being able to calm themselves. This leads to higher stress levels and eventually poor health outcomes and a decrease in QoL. The absence of suitable stimulation from the social and physical surroundings may be the reason for these two behavioral...
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...still at the center of things; along with love, it is the most important element of a satisfying and happy life. In ordinary life, the ideal of “meaningful work,” or work that has sufficient scope for self-direction, complexity, and consequential effects to support pride and a sense of purpose, is more relevant than ever. Few still believe that a different economic and political order can bring a fundamental improvement to the human condition. Good purposes and fulfilling activities are hard to specify impersonally in any case and any attempt to do so would insult individuals’ freedom to define such things for themselves. In this view, no single ideal of meaningful work could cover the variety of individual tastes and inclinations, nor accommodate the remarkable ability of people to invest their work with meaning even when the work has little to offer in the way of variety, authority, complexity, or social standing. 2) 1) In everyday life, work is still at the center of things; along with love, it is the most important element of a satisfying and happy life. In ordinary life, the ideal of “meaningful work,” or work that has sufficient scope for self-direction, complexity, and consequential effects to support pride and a sense of purpose, is more relevant than ever. Few still believe that a different economic and political order can bring a fundamental improvement to the human condition. Good purposes and fulfilling activities are hard to specify impersonally...
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...is a lot of concern in the media and political circles about the effects of poll results on voters. For example, in September 2012 when Obama was dominating the polls, Republicans latched onto the idea that the polling industry was skewing polls in Obama’s favor to give him the air of inevitability. When Gallup’s likely voter model later gave Romney a 7 point lead in mid-October, everyone started wondering not only what this meant about the election, but if could affect the election. Finally, in a quiet period during the morning after the final presidential debate, the price of the contract for Mitt Romney to win the election escalated rapidly on Intrade, only to retreat back down almost as quickly. Had someone tried to manipulate the contract to make it appear that Romney won the debate or that the election was suddenly tied? Would that be a rational use of money? To answer the burning question, researchers have long observed that people often conform to majority opinion (i.e. during every election, some people jump on the bandwagon and shift their preference to the leading candidate or the most popular policy). During elections, and major public policy events, much of the media coverage focuses on the “horse race,” or fluctuations in support for a candidate or policy. Reporting on public opinion not only affects support, but levels of engagement: donations, volunteering and turnout. These bandwagon effects can make polls self-fulfilling prophecies; the predictions of the...
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...Question: Examine the effects and significance of class on the following; -health -education -employment -personality development Give examples to support your discussions HEALTH Social support is one of most important factors in predicting the physical health and well-being of everyone, ranging from childhood through older adults. The absence of social support shows some disadvantage among the impacted individuals. In most cases, it can predict the deterioration of physical and mental health among the victims. The initial social support given is also a determining factor in successfully overcoming life stress. The presence of social support significantly predicts the individual's ability to cope with stress. Knowing that they are valued by others is an important psychological factor in helping them to forget the negative aspects of their lives, and thinking more positively about their environment. Social support not only helps improve a person's well-being, it affects the immune system as well. Thus, it also a major factor in preventing negative symptoms such as depression and anxiety from developing. The social support and physical health are two very important factors that help the overall well-being of the individual. A general theory that has been drawn from many researchers over the past few decades postulation that social support essentially predicts the outcome of physical and mental health for everyone. There are six criteria of social support that researchers use...
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...In a study conducted by Neil Humphrey and Wendy Symes (2010) they studied how different sources and levels of social support relate to bullying among such pupils. The objectives of this study were to identify the role social support plays in determining the pupils response to bullying and identify barriers to the development and utilization of social support where bullying occurs (Humphrey and Symes, 2010). Bullying is an issue that many if not all schools battle with continuously, and school systems should not put the individuals with ASD who “lack social communication, and social interaction across multiple contexts (NIMPH)” into classroom settings where they are viewed as odd, increasing their likelihood of being bullied by their classmates. The study examined 36 individuals with from 12 different schools who have ASD. In the study conducted, research found that the incorporation of social support could be useful toward the inclusion of individuals with ASD. Social support is defined as “a multidimensional concept that includes the support actually received and the sources of the support, social support is recognized as important resource that protects children from the negative effects of life stressors” (Humphrey and Symes, 2010). Including social support helps increase the confidence and social abilities of students with...
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...characteristics may interact with the social environment to produce a violent event. However, rather than focus on the biological basis of crime, psychologists focus on how mental processes impact individual propensities for violence. Psychologists are often interested in the association between learning, intelligence, and personality and aggressive behaviour. In this section of the report, we briefly review some of the major psychological perspectives that have attempted to explain violent behaviour. These perspectives include the psychodynamic perspective, behavioural theory, cognitive theory and personality theory. We will also explore the possible relationship between mental illness and violence. Social learning theory Social learning theory is a theory that attempts to explain socialization and its effect of the development of the self. There are many different theories that explain how people become socialized, including psychoanalytic theory, functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interaction theory. Social learning theory, like these others, looks at the individual learning process, the formation of self, and the influence of society in socializing individuals. Social control theory gained prominence during the 1960s as sociologists sought differing conceptions of crime. It was during this period that Travis Hirschi put forth his innovative rendering of control theory, a theory built upon existing concepts of social control. Hirschi’s social control theory asserts that...
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...intercourse and 94 of them had only one sex partner while 92 had more than one sex partner. Two research instruments were developed for this study-Attitude towards Pre marital Sex Scale (ATPSS) and Parent Involvement Questionnaire (PIQ). The findings revealed a significant effect of home type in prediction of adolescents’ involvement in premarital sex at r=.569, r2 =.347, f (1,218) = 56.47 and <.05 significant level. There was a significant difference significant difference in involvement in premarital sex between adolescents from single parent and intact homes at X2-observed=22.46, 1degree of freedom and p <0.05. It was concluded that parental involvement is paramount in adolescents’ premarital sexual behaviour. It was recommended that government, religious bodies and individuals should uphold the sacred institution of marriage for wellbeing of our children. Adejumo, G. O (2011) Family Structure and Social Support as Determinants of Family Homelessness in Lagos Metropolis Journal of Functional Management, Leads University, Volume 3 No.1. Abstract Homelessness among families is tremendously destructive and exacts enormous human, social and economic costs. This study examined the family structure and social support as...
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