...Egocentrism in older adults: Paget’s Three Mountains Task Revisited Egocentrism may be defined as ‘the error of assuming that one’s subjective impression of a situation equates to its objective reality, or (erroneously) believing that other people’s perceptions and knowledge bases are the same as one’s own.(Stuart Hamilton). The first theory that was described was preschool (3 to 5 years) Imitative vs. . . . . Guilt- Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose. The next stage that was defined was school age (6-to 11 years) Industry vs. Inferiority-Children needs to cope with new social and academic demands. These two theories are surrender with Piglet the mountain task of logical development. These two theories are described upon a demonstration known as the three mountain task The first experiment is when a child is place in front of a tabletop model of three mountains, and is asked to select a picture showing the view he or she can see from a set of alternatives. This is usually done correctly and shows that he/she understands what they just did. However the next experiment is when the child is shown a doll and sitting at another table. The child is asked the same question but instead ask the view that the doll can see. Children under 8 have trouble with this task which refers to Erikson theory that children need to cope with new social and academic demands. The child basically had to try to determine the angle in which the doll was looking. There was a test assessed...
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...be ageism. Ageism is a prejudice or discrimination against an individual or group in society on the basis of one's conception of age. Writing this paper I learned their was more to this issue than I had known. To begin with, everyone constantly grows older, no one’s age continues to remain the same, and therefore everyone will experience some form of ageism at some stage in their life. Many people that experience ageism feel excluded and a lack of respect. In the past older adults and elderly people used to have a lot of respect and power due to them been seen as having extensive knowledge and wisdom on matters and subjects that could not be obtained otherwise. But due to fast changes in technology and society ageism against old people arose. Ageism is an inequality that can be overcome through government institutions’ support, community support and raising awareness of the problem. The Age Discrimination Act 2004 is an example of a government implementing legislation to help with this problem in society. If ageism is not resolved and overcome then discrimination will continue causing a lack of equality. Ageism can happen to anyone, young or old. Many times when discussing Ageism or age discrimination, most people consider older generations as those affected, like I once thought but the reality is that younger generations can be affected by Ageism as well. Ageism is growing in America today, and there are many significant issues that are being associated with this form of discrimination...
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...CHILD DEVELOPMENT Principles & Perspectives © 2005 Joan Littlefield Cook Greg Cook 0-205-40028-0 Exam Copy ISBN 0-205-31411-2 Bookstore ISBN Visit www.ablongman.com/replocator to contact your local Allyn & Bacon/Longman representative. s a m p l e c h a p t e r The pages of this Sample Chapter may have slight variations in final published form. Allyn & Bacon 75 Arlington St., Suite 300 Boston, MA 02116 www.ablongman.com Cognitive Development Piagetian and Sociocultural Views CHAPTER PREVIEW Piaget’s Constructivist View of Cognitive Development Vygotsky’s Sociocultural View of Cognitive Development • Piaget as a Child Prodigy • Constructivism and Interaction with the Environment Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development • Vygotsky’s Background: The Sociocultural Context for a New Theory • The Role of Speech and Language • Mediation: With a Little Help from Your Friends • The Zone of Proximal Development • Scaffolding: Support during Learning Recent Sociocultural Views of Cognitive Development • Stage 1: Sensorimotor Thought (Birth to 2 Years) • Stage 2: Preoperational Thought (2 to 7 Years) • Stage 3: Concrete Operational Thought (7 to 11 Years) • Stage 4: Formal Operational Thought (Approximately Age 12 and Above) • Evaluation of Piaget’s Theory • Piaget’s Legacy • Situated Cognition • Guided Participation • Thinking as Socially Shared Cognition: Two Heads Are Better than One “Maria wants to pick the best school for her sons, so she...
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...theory is a general, unifying story of how biology and experience sculpt cognitive development. 1. Piaget thought that just as our physical bodies have structures that enable us to adapt to the world, we build mental structures to adapt to the world. 2. He emphasized that children actively construct their own cognitive worlds; he sought to discover how children at different points in their development think about the world and how systematic changes in their thinking occur. B. Processes of development: 3. Schemes are actions or mental representations that organize knowledge; behavioral schemes (physical activities, characterize infancy, and mental schemes (cognitive activities) develop in childhood. a) Older children have schemes that include strategies and plans for solving problems; b) By the time we reach adulthood, we have constructed an enormous number of diverse schemes. 2. Assimilation occurs when new information is incorporated into existing schemes. 3. Accommodation occurs when learners adjust their schemes to fit new information and experiences. 4. Equilibration is the grouping isolated behaviors and thoughts into higher-order system. Continual refinement is an inherent part of development. C. Equilibration and Stages of Development 1. Equilibrium is a mechanism to explain how children shift...
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...all right” (316). She also has a desire for a relationship with a boy. Connie tries acting like an adult, wanting to seem older than she is. Throughout the story, we see Connie’s attitude develop from a girl desperately trying to be an adult, back into a scared little girl. The arrival of Arnold at her doorstep (321) causes her to quickly realize the realities of adulthood, and it is not at all what she imagines. Connie was pulled out...
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...Developmental StagesMatrix Developmental Stage Physical changes Cognitive changes Socioemotional changes Infancy Rapid growth rate: birth weight doubles at 6 months and triples at a year, great head and chest expansion: permits development of vital organs (heart, lungs, and brain) bones began to harden Objective permanence, recognition, learning how to play with toys rather than just banging toys, learning their name, construction of words can began. Piaget found that there are permanence of objects, imitation, and other accomplishments such as sensory motor. These are often know to happen earlier and have different variation then what Piaget thought . Attachment to familiar faces, voices, and caregivers, become uneasy in the presence of strangers, anxiety occurs with separation, start learning the word “no”, “cover-up” when they’ve done something wrong, starting “to and fro” play with others than the caregivers Early Childhood Slim down in weight, gain muscle and lose fat. Able to start some motor skills such as somersaults, cartwheels, dancing and being able to get a swing going is a possibility of motor skills as well. The proportions of the body is changing and this is what is helping the children achieve their goals. Advance language, understanding of social situations, able to think quicker than before, and are able to name what...
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...Developmental Stages Essay Adolescence is probably the most difficult period in life of every individual since it is a transitional stage between childhood and adulthood. In this period adolescent undergo significant changes in physiological, psychological and social aspects. Naturally, these changes produce a significant impact on their lifestyle, behaviour, psychology, etc. Traditionally, adolescence is considered to start at preteens, i.e. from 9-10 years of age till 19-20 years of age. Basically, adolescence may be divided into three main stages middle childhood (8-11), early adolescence (11-14), and middle adolescence (15-18) while the last years of adolescence may be characterised as the last years when individuals completely grew into adults. Middle Childhood The first stage when children actually start to transform into adolescents begins at preteens and lasts until 11 years of age. This stage marks the start of a fast physical growth since at this stage uneven growth of bones, muscles, and organs starts that may result in certain awkward appearance. Some children, especially girls begin puberty at this age that creates certain difficulties for them, so they need access to information about sexuality appropriate for their age. On the cognitive level, some elements of childhood are combined with elements of adolescence. To put it more precisely, logical thinking starts to develop, though children are still have limited abstract concepts. Also they accumulate general knowledge...
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...Development Adolescence is probably the most difficult period in life of every individual since it is a transitional stage between childhood and adulthood. In this period adolescents undergo significant changes in physiological, psychological and social aspects. Naturally, these changes produce a significant impact on their lifestyle, behaviour, psychology, etc. Traditionally, adolescence is considered to start at preteens, mostly from around 9-10 years of age till 19-20 years of age. Basically, adolescence may be divided into three main stages middle childhood (8-11), early adolescence (11-14), and middle adolescence (15-18) while the last years of adolescence may be characterised as the last years when individuals completely grew into adults. Adolescence is a time of great change for a child. It is a time where they begin to explore who they are as individuals and develop their own identities as they get closer into adulthood. Erik Erikson theorized that in adolescence “the main task is developing an identity” and that a healthy identity is developed when they try on alternate identities and reflect on these experiences (Pressley &ump; McCormick, 2007, p.147). Michael Nakkula says “identity is not the culmination of a key event or series of events, although key events can play an important role in the larger process. It is rather, the lived experience of an ongoing process-the process of integrating successes, failures, routines, habits, rituals, novelties, thrills, threats...
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...Development Adolescence is probably the most difficult period in life of every individual since it is a transitional stage between childhood and adulthood. In this period adolescents undergo significant changes in physiological, psychological and social aspects. Naturally, these changes produce a significant impact on their lifestyle, behaviour, psychology, etc. Traditionally, adolescence is considered to start at preteens, mostly from around 9-10 years of age till 19-20 years of age. Basically, adolescence may be divided into three main stages middle childhood (8-11), early adolescence (11-14), and middle adolescence (15-18) while the last years of adolescence may be characterised as the last years when individuals completely grew into adults. Adolescence is a time of great change for a child. It is a time where they begin to explore who they are as individuals and develop their own identities as they get closer into adulthood. Erik Erikson theorized that in adolescence “the main task is developing an identity” and that a healthy identity is developed when they try on alternate identities and reflect on these experiences (Pressley &ump; McCormick, 2007, p.147). Michael Nakkula says “identity is not the culmination of a key event or series of events, although key events can play an important role in the larger process. It is rather, the lived experience of an ongoing process-the process of integrating successes, failures, routines, habits, rituals, novelties, thrills, threats...
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...Development: this term is normally used to describe changes that might be complex and involve a change in the quality of some ability for example, Lionel Messi’s shooting ability developed during the course of his career. He is now more prone to taking shots outside the box. Development could be a change in measured quantity such as Messi’s height or weight. The changes in the Messi’s social, intellectual and emotional aspects of his life are described in terms of development. Growth: This is usually confused as having the same definition as development however, that is not case. Growth is an increase in a measured quantity. For example height or weight. Developmental norms: These are expectations/standards by which the progress of a child's development can be measured. For example, the average age at which a child walks, learns to talk, or reaches puberty would be such a standard and would be used to judge whether the child is progressing normally. Developmental milestones: These are milestones are behaviours or physical skills seen in infants and children as they grow and develop. For example, a baby rolling over is considered as a milestone. The milestones are different for each age bracket. Life courses: Maturation: Life expectancy: INFANCY 0-3 YEARS Lionel Messi was born with growth hormone deficiency. This is when the pituitary gland does not make enough growth hormone. Which means during his development in the womb and infancy he was slow in growth development...
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...Relationships, Divorce, Resilience, Development, Behavior INTRODUCTION It is estimated that forty percent of all marriages in the United States ended in divorce in 2011 (CDC, 2011). Of the forty percent, more than half of those divorces involved children and/or adolescents (Amato, 2000). Adolescence is a confusing time filled with body changes, the challenge of no longer being a child, but not quite ready for adulthood, and the need to establish their own identity. When a teenager’s parents make the decision to divorce it complicates the teenagers life and interrupts the stability that they need during adolescence. DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS The adolescent years are a time when children become teenagers on their journey towards eventually becoming adults. A major developmental shift happens between the ages of twelve and eighteen as teenagers begin to develop their identity. These adolescents have the task of discovering their purpose and place in the world. They are attempting to limit their reliance on their parents although they are not completely ready for independence. Teenagers are attempting to establish their own life through friendships, social networking and activities while they are expected to maintain a stable family relationship. This is a challenging and...
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...Infancy (birth to 1 year) * Physical development * Reflexes: * Rooting reflex: The rooting reflex is present at birth; it assists in breastfeeding, disappearing at around four months of age as it gradually comes under voluntary control. * Sucking reflex: The sucking reflex is common to all mammals and is present at birth. It is linked with the rooting reflex and breastfeeding, and causes the child to instinctively suck at anything that touches the roof of their mouth and suddenly starts to suck simulating the way they naturally eat. * Gag reflex: gagging when the throat or back of the mouth is stimulated. * Startle reflex: pulling arms and legs in after hearing loud noise. * Babinski reflex: occurs when the big toe moves toward the top surface of the foot and the other toes fan out after the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked. * Social development * Social behavior based on the social relationship experienced Parenting Styles (enumerate and describe) Parenting Style | Parent Behavior | Child’s Behavior | 1 Authoritarian Parenting | These parents have high demands, but are not responsive to their children. According to Baumrind, these parents "are obedience- and status-oriented, and expect their orders to be obeyed without explanation" (1991). | Children resulting from this type of parenting may have less social competence because the parent generally tells the child what to do instead of allowing the child to choose by him...
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...early childhood? o Growth of representational skills- one objects stands/represents another ex. Banana as phone • Be able to describe the findings of the various conservation tasks. What do they tell us? o Conservation of number: young children (4-5 yo) don’t understand # of chips is still same b/c now occupy more space; older children understand concept of conservation o Conservation of length; area; mass; displaced liquid: all results are same as number task 4-5 yo unable to understand conservation concept; they think more now when still is same • What does the Judy Deloache model-room study examine? How do children do on this task at different time points in development? o 2 ½ - 3 ½ y.o watched as she hid toy in model room; Results: 2 y.o didn’t know tasks were related and searched larger room at random; 3 y.o searched in same location as model room o Study examines child’s representational skills: ability to recognize that one object stands for another ie. Small model room represented larger room • What are some of the tasks that examine egocentrism and theory of mind? What are the results for children at different ages? o Egocentrism- preschoolers cannot decenterLack of perspective taking task o 3 mountain experiment: task invented by Piaget and Inhelder, in which 4 y.o. children asked to look at model of landscape marked by hills and mountains and...
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...losing or breaking a favourite toy, or through parents being divorced, moving houses, the loss of familiar routines, schools, or friends, and also through the death of someone close to them (Corr, Charles; Balk, David. 2010). Regardless of the type of loss experienced, it will bring sadness and grief upon the child, and the way a child deals with the loss is dependant on their cognitive and psychosocial development. There are many different theorists with varying ideas on the developmental stages of life. A five-year-old child, in Jean Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory is explained to be in the preoperational period (2 to 7 years). During this period, children develop symbolic thought marked by irreversibility, centration, and egocentrism (Gill, A., 2012). This means that children are unable to completely grasp concrete logic and are unable to take in the point of view of other people. Children also increase their use of symbols and therefore increase in playing, role-playing and pretending (Cherry, K. 2004). The psychosocial development theory by Erik Erikson, describes a five-year-old child being in the initiative versus guilt stage. In this stage, Children try to function socially with their family and with other individuals. Success in this leads to self-confidence and a feeling of purpose. Yet, if the child thinks only of themself and only of their own needs, they may develop feelings of guilt and their self-esteem may suffer (Gill, A., 2012). Due to each developmental...
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...Cross sectional study – a study of development in which individuals of different ages are compared at the same time Longitudinal study – a study of development in which observations of the same individuals are compared at different times of their lives Prenatal Period – approx. nine months between conception and birth, development depends on genetic contribution from gametes - x chromosome inactivation is one example of this factor at work, one of two x chromosomes is silenced by women, most of its genes don't synthesize properly; determins whether chromosomes will be inherited from mother or father - x chromosome inactivation is an example of an epigenetic modificatoin zygote stage - where zygote divides many times and the internal organs begin to form embryonic stage – of prenatal development (2-8) weeks - zygote= embryo, fast development, most susceptible to chemicals and toxins like rubella - teratogens: substances, agents and events that can cause birth defects gonads will become either ovaries or testies if testies present, begin to secret sex hormones called androgens; most important = testosteronel development of female sex organs occurs naturally; doesn't need hormones Fetal stage= seven months. bone cells and ends with birth, 3rd = organ, 4th = heartbeat Kisilevsky and colleagues- mothers voice = faster heartt rate of baby salapatek – 1-2 month babies their scanning strategy is limited to fixations on a few parts object 4 and 5 months – can descriminate...
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